Voiceless dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants

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Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant
l̥
IPA number 155 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPA l_0
Voiceless postalveolar lateral approximant
l̠̊
Voiceless dental lateral approximant
l̪̊

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant:

  • Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
  • There are four specific variants of [l̥]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Norwegian Trondheim dialect[1] sælt [s̪al̪̊t̪] 'sold' Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of /l/. Also described as a fricative [ɬ̪].[2] See Norwegian phonology
Turkish[3] yol [ˈjo̞ɫ̪̊] 'way' Velarized laminal denti-alveolar.[3] It is a frequent realization of /ɫ/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.[4] See Turkish phonology

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Danish Standard[5] plads [ˈpl̥æs] 'square' Before /l/, aspiration in /pʰ, tˢ, kʰ/ is realized as devoicing of /l/.[5] See Danish phonology
Estonian[6] mahl [mɑ̝hːl̥] 'juice' Word-final allophone of /l/ after /t, s, h/.[6] See Estonian phonology
Moksha калхне [ˈkal̥nʲæ] 'these fishes' Contrasts plain voiceless, plain voiced, palatalized voiceless and palatalized voiced versions.
Tibetan ལྷ [l̥a] 'deity' Contrasts voiceless and voiced lateral approximants
Ukrainian[7] смисл [s̪mɪs̪l̥] 'sense' Word-final allophone of /l/ after voiceless consonants.[7] See Ukrainian phonology
Xumi Lower[8] [RPʁul̥o] 'head' Contrasts with the voiced /l/.[8][9]
Upper[9] [EPbəl̥ɐ] 'to open a lock'

Postalveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Turkish[3] dil [ˈd̪il̠̊ʲ] 'tongue' Palatalized.[3] It is a frequent realization of /l/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.[4] See Turkish phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Vanvik (1979:36)
  2. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000:79)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Zimmer & Orgun (1999:154–155)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Basbøll (2005:65–66)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:10)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.

References

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