Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition

File:LangfordYellowstoneLakeMap.JPG

Original Map of Yellowstone Lake from the Washburn Expedition

The Washburn Expedition of 1870, explored the region of northwestern Wyoming that two years later became Yellowstone National Park. Led by Henry Washburn, Nathaniel P. Langford and under U.S. Army escort led by Lt. Gustavus C. Doane, the expedition followed the general course of the Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition made the previous year.

During their explorations, members of the party made detailed maps and observations of the Yellowstone region, exploring numerous lakes, climbing several mountains and observing wildlife. The expedition visited both the Upper and Lower Geyser Basins, and after observing the regularity of eruptions of one geyser, decided to name it Old Faithful, since it erupted about once every 74 minutes.

One member of the expedition, a Montana writer and lawyer named Cornelius Hedges, later wrote a number of articles for a Helena, Montana based newspaper, describing the things the expedition had witnessed. In discussions with other members of the party, and in his writing for the newspaper, Hedges was a vocal supporter of setting aside the Yellowstone region as a National Park, an idea originally proposed by former acting Montana Territorial Governor Thomas Francis Meagher.

Encouragement

The Washburn party was clearly inspired by the journals kept by Cook and Folsom, as well as their personal accounts. Immediately after the Cook expedition, David Folsom went to work as a surveyor for Henry Washburn. Additionally, Nathaniel Langford had personal connections with Jay Cooke of the Northern Pacific Railroad well before their expedition. Cooke was interested in the potential of the Yellowstone region to attract railroad business. After the expedition, Cooke financed Langford's early 1871 speeches in Virginia City, Helena, New York, Philadelphia and Washington D.C. about the 1870 expedition on behalf of the Northern Pacific Railroad. On January 19, 1871 one of those speeches in Washington, D.C. was attended by geologist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden who became inspired to conduct his next geological survey in the Yellowstone region. The result was the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871

Members of the expedition

• Civilian Members
  • Henry Washburn - Elected leader, Surveyor-General of Montana
  • Nathaniel P. Langford - former U.S. Collector of Internal Revenue, Montana Territory
  • Truman C. Everts - former U.S. Assessor for the Montana Territory
  • Judge Cornelius Hedges - U.S. Attorney, Montana Territory
  • Samuel T. Hauser - President of the First National Bank, Helena, Montana; later a Governor of the Montana Territory
  • Warren C. Gillette - King and Gillette, Helena merchants.
  • Benjamin C. Stickney Jr. - Plant, Stickney & Ellis (Freight Merchants) of Helena
  • Walter Trumbull - son of U.S. Senator Lyman Trumbull (Illinois)
  • Jacob Smith - Montana Hide and Fur Co.
  • Mr. Reynolds and Elywn Bean - Packers
  • Two African-American cooks: Nute and Johnny
• Military escort
  • Lt. Gustavus C. Doane - Escort leader, U.S. Army 2nd Cavalry, Fort Ellis, Montana Territory
  • Sergeant William Baker - U.S. Army 2nd Cavalry Fort Ellis, Montana Territory
  • Privates Charles Moore, John Williamson, William Leipler, and George W. McConnell - U.S. Army 2nd Cavalry, Fort Ellis, Montana Territory

Members of the expedition

Henry Washburn, 1869  Nathaniel Pitt Langford, 1870  Truman C. Everts, circa 1870 Truman C. Everts, circa 1870  Samuel T. Hauser, circa 1870 Samuel T. Hauser, circa 1870  Judge Cornelius Hedges, circa 1870 Judge Cornelius Hedges, circa 1870  Jacob Smith, date unk Jacob Smith, date unk  Benjamin C. Stickney Jr., circa 1870 Benjamin C. Stickney Jr., circa 1870  William C. Gillette, date unk William C. Gillette, date unk  Lt. Gustavus C. Doane, 1875

Route and chronology of the expedition

Summarized from Langford (1871), Doane (1871) and Chittenden (1895)

• August 16, 1870 - Nine civilians, headed by Henry Washburn depart Helena, Montana en route to Fort Ellis just east of Bozeman, Montana
• August 22, 1870 - The Washburn party departs Fort Ellis with a cavalry escorts commanded by Lt Gustavus C. Doane en route to the Yellowstone River via Bozeman Pass and Trail Creek. Camped just west of the river near Trail Creek.
• August 26, 1870 - After four days travel up the western shore and foothills of the Yellowstone River and past the Devil's Slide, the party arrived and camped near the mouth of the Gardner River. The party traveled up the west side of the Yellowstone along the ridges above the river for several days to Tower Creek near Tower Fall.
• August 29, 1870 - After several days of local exploration, the party leaves Tower Creek and ascends what they later name Mount Washburn. From Mount Washburn the party can see south into the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Hayden Valley and Yellowstone Lake.
• August 30, 1870 - The party reached the Yellowstone Falls and spent several days exploring the canyon and thermal features near the river.
• September 3, 1870 - After crossing the Yellowstone river, the party proceeded up the valley to Yellowstone Lake, camping just east of the lake's outlet.
• September 7, 1870 - By this date, the party had traveled south along the eastern shore of Yellowstone Lakes to its headwaters. During this time, Langford and Doane ascended peaks in the Absaroka Range that were ultimately named for them: Mount Langford and Mount Doane.
• September 9, 1870 - The party reached Two Ocean Pass, near the headwaters of both the Snake River and Yellowstone River. It was in camp the evening of September 9 that the party discovered that T.C. Everts was missing.
• September 16, 1870 - After extensive unsuccessful searches for Mr. Everts, the party eventually traveled along the southern reaches of the lake to the West Thumb area.
• September 18, 1870 - Most of the party departed the lake, traveling west over what is now called Craig Pass into the Firehole basin. Mr. Gillette, Privates Moore and Williamson remained behind to continue the search for Mr. Everts. About noon on the 18th, the party after having traveled down the upper Firehole River emerged upon Old Faithful and the upper geyser basin.
• September 19, 1870 - The party, having explored the upper geyser basin and named seven geysers, traveled down the Firehole to the Madison River camping at what is now known as Madison Junction . National Park Mountain Video
• September 23, 1870 - After the party travels several days down the Madison, Lt Doane and his soldiers left the party on the Madison River near the trail to Virginia City and traveled back to Fort Ellis, arriving on the afternoon of the 24th. Washburn, Langford and the other civilians traveled back to Helena.
• October 2, 1870 - Gillette, Private Moore and Williamson arrive at Fort Ellis having been un-successful in their search for Mr. Everts.
• October 10, 1870 - Mr. Everts is found alive on the benches above the Gardner river by a three man search party organized in Helena.

Period Accounts by members of the expedition

• The report of Lieutenant Gustavus C. Doane upon the so-called Yellowstone Expedition of 1870, presented to the Secretary of War, February 1871
• The Washburn Yellowstone Expedition, accounts of Trumbull published in the Overland Monthly, Vol 6, No 5-6, May–June 1871

Drawings and art from original accounts

Castle Geyser Cone by Private Moore Castle Geyser Cone by Private Moore  Giant Geyser by Private Moore Giant Geyser by Private Moore  Lower Yellowstone Falls by Private Moore Lower Yellowstone Falls by Private Moore  Upper Yellowstone Falls by Private Moore Upper Yellowstone Falls by Private Moore  Jake Smith Doing Guard Duty, by Walter Trumbull Jake Smith Doing Guard Duty, by Walter Trumbull  Tower Fall, Private Moore Tower Fall, Private Moore

Park features named by the expedition

As documented by Yellowstone Place Names, Aubrey L. Haines, 1996

• Geysers
  • Old Faithful
  • Beehive Geyser
  • Giant Geyser
  • Giantess Geyser
  • Fan Geyser - Originally Fantail Geyser
  • Grotto Geyser
  • Castle Geyser
• Waterfalls
  • Tower Fall
• Peaks
  • Mount Washburn

Park features named to honor members of the expedition

• Mount Doane
• Hedges Peak
• Mount Langford
• Langford Cairn

See also

• Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition
• Hayden Geological Survey of 1871
• Expeditions and the protection of Yellowstone (1869-1890)