Holy Wednesday

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Holy Wednesday
Holy Wednesday procession in Vila-real 2015 09.jpg
Holy Wednesday procession in Villarreal, Spain (2015)
Also called Spy Wednesday
Good Wednesday
Holy and Great Wednesday
Observed by Christians
Type Christian
Significance commemorates the Bargain of Judas and the Parable of the Two Debtors
Observances Mass; Tenebrae
Date Wednesday before Easter
2023 date April 5 (Western) April 12 (Eastern)
2024 date March 27 (Western) May 1 (Eastern)
2025 date April 16 (Western) April 16 (Eastern)
2026 date April 1 (Western) April 8 (Eastern)
Frequency annual
Related to Holy Week
Miércoles Santo (Holy Wednesday) in Cádiz, Spain

In Christianity, Holy Wednesday, also called Spy Wednesday,[1] or Good Wednesday (in Western Christianity),[2] and Holy and Great Wednesday (in the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches), is the Wednesday of Holy Week, the week before Easter. It is followed by Maundy Thursday, also called Holy Thursday.

Biblical history

In the New Testament account of Holy Week, after Palm Sunday, the Sanhedrin gathered and plotted to kill Jesus before the feast of Pesach.[3] On the Wednesday before his death, Jesus was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the Leper. As he sat at the supper table with his disciples, a woman named Mary anointed Jesus' head and feet with a costly oil of spikenard.[4] The disciples were indignant, asking why the oil was not instead sold and the money given to the poor.[5] But Judas Iscariot wanted to keep the money for himself.[6][7] Then Judas went to the Sanhedrin and offered to deliver Jesus to them in exchange for money. From this moment on, Judas sought an opportunity to betray Jesus.[8]

In reference to Judas Iscariot's intent to betray Jesus, formed on Holy Wednesday, the day is sometimes called "Spy Wednesday".[9][10][11] (The word spy, as used in the term, means "ambush, ambuscade, snare".[12])

Liturgy

Catholic Christianity

Although it is sometimes celebrated on Maundy Thursday or Good Friday,[13] the Tenebrae is a liturgy that is often celebrated on Spy Wednesday. The word tenebrae comes from the Latin meaning darkness. In this service, all of the candles on the altar table are gradually extinguished until the sanctuary is in complete darkness. At the moment of darkness, a loud clash occurs symbolizing the death of Jesus.[14] The strepitus, as it is known more probably symbolizes the earthquake that followed Jesus' death: "And, behold, the veil of the Temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake, and the rocks rent". —Matthew 27:51 (AV).

Protestant Christianity

In traditional Methodist usage, The Book of Worship for Church and Home (1965) provides the following Collect for Spy Wednesday:[15]

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Assist us mercifully with thy help, O Lord God our salvation, that we may enter with joy upon the meditation of those mighty acts through wich thou hast given unto us life and immortality; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.[15]

Eastern Christianity

In the Orthodox Church, the theme of Holy and Great Wednesday is the commemoration of the sinful woman who anointed Jesus before his Crucifixion and Burial; a second theme is the agreement to betray Jesus made by Judas Iscariot.

The day begins with the celebration of the Presanctified Liturgy on Tuesday afternoon. Later that evening (in parish practice) or early the following morning, the matins follows the special Holy Week format known as the Bridegroom Service. Towards the end of matins, the Hymn of Kassiani is sung. The hymn, (written in the 9th century by Kassia) tells of the woman who washed Christ's feet in the house of Simon the Leper. (Luke 7:36–50) Much of the hymn is written from the perspective of the sinful woman:

O Lord, the woman who had fallen into many sins, sensing Your Divinity, takes upon herself the duty of a myrrh-bearer. With lamentations she brings you myrrh in anticipation of your entombment. "Woe to me!" she cries, "for me night has become a frenzy of licentiousness, a dark and moonless love of sin. Receive the fountain of my tears, O You who gather into clouds the waters of the sea. Incline unto me, unto the sighings of my heart, O You who bowed the heavens by your ineffable condescension. I will wash your immaculate feet with kisses and dry them again with the tresses of my hair; those very feet at whose sound Eve hid herself in fear when she heard You walking in Paradise in the twilight of the day. As for the multitude of my sins and the depths of Your judgments, who can search them out, O Savior of souls, my Savior? Do not disdain me Your handmaiden, O You who are boundless in mercy."

The Byzantine musical composition expresses the poetry so strongly that it often leaves many people in a state of prayerful tears. The Hymn can last upwards of 25 minutes and is liturgically and musically a highpoint of the entire year.

In Greece (and some other places the custom has spread to) all members of the church receive Holy Unction on Wednesday evening.[16]

It is on account of the agreement made by Judas to betray Jesus on this day that Orthodox Christians fast on Wednesdays (as well as Fridays) throughout the year.

Customs

  • Czech Republic: the day is traditionally called Ugly Wednesday, Soot-Sweeping Wednesday or Black Wednesday, because chimneys used to be swept on this day, to be clean for Easter.[17]
  • Malta: this day is known as L-Erbgħa tat-Tniebri (Wednesday of Shadows), referring to the liturgical darkness (tenebrae). In the past children went to the parish church and drummed on the chairs to make the sound of thunderstorms, as their version of the "strepitus" sound at Tenebrae Wednesday.
  • Scandinavia: this day is known as Dymmelonsdagen. A dymbil is a piece of wood. Historically, the metal clapper of the church bells were replaced by these dymbils on Holy Wednesday, to make a duller sound. The day is sometimes confused with Ash Wednesday, and to the public, the days have started to apply to one another.

Wednesday crucifixion theory

Although the consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, a growing body of Biblical scholars and commentators claim the traditional Holy Week calendar is inaccurate and Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday.[18][19] A Thursday crucifixion has also been proposed.[20]

Those promoting a Wednesday crucifixion date instead of Friday argue that Matthew 12:38–40 (ASV) indicates Jesus was to be dead for "three days and three nights," which would not have been possible if he was crucified on a Friday. Elsewhere Biblical texts reinforce the point that Jesus was to be dead for three days and three nights, including in Mark 8:31, where it is written that the Son of Man "must be killed and after three days rise again." In Matthew 27:62–64 the Pharisees quote Jesus as saying, "After three days I will rise again." Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a "day and night" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.[21][22][23] Other evidence weighing against the Wednesday crucifixion hypothesis comes from Jesus stating that he would rise on the third day, not after three days (Matthew 16:21, Matthew 17:23, Matthew 20:19, and Luke 24:46 NRSV).

The crucifixion's proximity to the Sabbath day has also factored into the theory. Mark 15:42 indicates that Jesus was crucified on "Preparation Day (that is, the day before Sabbath)." Since weekly Sabbath occurs on Saturday, it was presumed that Jesus was crucified on Good Friday, even though this would mean Jesus was dead for less than three days. The Wednesday Crucifixion theory accounts for this discrepancy. In the traditional Jewish calendar there were weekly Sabbaths on Saturday, as well as seven High Sabbaths, also called "High Days", some of which can fall on any day of the week. John 19:31 says that that particular Sabbath day before which Jesus was crucified was, in the Greek translation, a "great day" or "high day" (μεγάλη ἡ ἡμέρα).

Proponents of the Wednesday crucifixion theory argue that this special Sabbath was the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which commenced on the 15th day of the Jewish month of Nisan and was preceded with a passover meal on the 14th of Nisan. If Jesus was crucified in 30 A.D. or 31 A.D., the 14th of Nisan would have fallen on a Wednesday, with the next day being an Annual Sabbath. If true, the Wednesday crucifixion would have still occurred the day before a Sabbath, as recounted in Biblical text, and resulted in Jesus being dead for three full days.

Other Biblical texts add weight to the Wednesday crucifixion theory. Modern versions of Matthew 28:1 record the resurrection as occurring "After the Sabbath, at dawn on the first day of the week." But the Greek text reads "After the Sabbaths" (plural), meaning two Sabbaths had passed between the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus – the annual Sabbath and the weekly Sabbath.

Thus Jesus was on the cross on Wednesday afternoon, in the tomb for Wednesday Evening and Thursday daylight (the High Sabbath – the First Day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread) for the first Jewish day. He was in the tomb the Thursday Evening and Friday daylight (the second Jewish day – the day before the weekly Sabbath), and he was dead the Friday Evening and Saturday daylight of the Sabbath (third Jewish day). Sometime in the Saturday night and Sunday daylight, before dawn, Christ was risen from the dead. For this theory to be true, the argument must be made that the Resurrection was discovered near dawn but occurred some time before that. This complete Jewish day (night plus daylight) does not count any partial days (the daylight of Wednesday or the evening before Sunday) as time Jesus was dead in the tomb. This theory, although contrasting some traditions, specifies that Jesus was dead for three days and nights. Depending on other theological beliefs, some Christians believe that Jesus may have been storming the gates of hell, rescuing the souls of those who died temporally before he did.

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Matthew 26:3–5; Mark 14:1–2; Luke 22:1–2
  4. ↑ Matthew 26:6–7; Mark 14:3; John 12:3–4
  5. ↑ Matthew 26:8–9; Mark 14:4–5; John 12:5
  6. ↑ John 12:6
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Matthew 26:14–16; Mark 14:10–12; Luke 22:3–6
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Ken Collins: What is a Tenebrae Service?
  14. ↑ The United Methodist Church: What is a Tenebrae service?
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Great Lent, Holy Week, and Pascha: The Sacrament of Holy Unction: Holy Wednesday afternoon and Evening
  17. ↑ By Sun and Candlelight: Spy Wednesday Supper
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 pages 142–143
  21. ↑ New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN 0-310-31201-9 pages 167–168
  22. ↑ Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3, footnote on page 225
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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