Welwitschia

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Welwitschia
File:Welwitchia.jpg
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Gnetophyta
Class: Gnetopsida
Order: Welwitschiales
Family: Welwitschiaceae
Caruel
Genus: Welwitschia
Hook.f.
Species: W. mirabilis
Binomial name
Welwitschia mirabilis
Welwitschia Mirabilis Area of Circulation.png
Range
Synonyms[1]
  • Tumboa Welw. nom. rej.
  • Tumboa bainesii Hook. f. nom. inval.
  • Welwitschia bainesii (Hook. f.) Carrière
  • Tumboa strobilifera Welw. ex Hook. f. nom. inval.

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Welwitschia is a monotypic gymnosperm genus, comprising solely the distinctive Welwitschia mirabilis. The plant has no common name in English and is commonly known simply as welwitschia. It is called kharos or khurub in Nama, tweeblaarkanniedood in Afrikaans, nyanka in Damara, and onyanga in Herero. Welwitschia is the only genus of the family Welwitschiaceae and order Welwitschiales, in the division Gnetophyta. Informal sources commonly refer to the plant as a "living fossil".[2][3] Welwitschia mirabilis is endemic to the Namib desert within Namibia and Angola.

Scientific classification

Female cones, from Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1863)

Welwitschia is named after the Austrian botanist and doctor Friedrich Welwitsch who discovered the plant in 1859 in present day Angola. Welwitsch was so overwhelmed by the plant that he, "could do nothing but kneel down and gaze at it, half in fear lest a touch should prove it a figment of the imagination."[4] Joseph Dalton Hooker of the Linnean Society of London, using Welwitsch's description and collected material along with material from the artist Thomas Baines who had independently discovered the plant in Namibia, described the species.[5][6] Welwitsch proposed calling genus Tumboa after what he believed to be the aboriginal name "turbo." Hooker, however, asked Welwitsch for permission to name the genus Welwitschia instead. Welwitsch concurred and supplied some well-preserved material from which Hooker was able to make substantial progress in determining its botanical affinities.[7] The taxonomic placement of Welwitschia subsequently changed intermittently with the development of new classification systems (see Flowering plants: History of classification), however, modern usage is close to the conclusions that Hooker drew.

Most botanists have treated Welwitschia as a distinct monotypic genus in a monotypic family or even order. Most recent systems place Welwitschia mirabilis in its own family Welwitschiaceae in the gymnosperm order Gnetales.[8] The order Gnetales is most closely related to the order Pinales, which includes pines, spruces, larches and firs.[9] Genetic analyses indicate that the Gnetales arose from within the conifer group, and any morphological similarities between angiosperms and Gnetales are separately derived.[10] The ancestors of the extant gymnosperm orders--Gnetales, Coniferales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales--arose during the Late Paleozoic, and became the dominant component of the Late Permian and Mesozoic flora.[11] Fossil evidence indicates that members of the Welwitschiaceae were present in South America during the Lower Cretaceous (Mesozoic era).[12] Jacobson and Lester[13] suggest that these early habitats of Welwitschiaceae were more mesic than the current desert conditions, and that the present fragmented and isolated population distribution could be attributed to aridification during the Tertiary and Quaternary, which restricted the plants to locales providing sufficient water for their needs.

Biology

After germination, the cotyledons grow to 25–35 mm in length, and are followed shortly afterward by the appearance of two permanent leaves. The growth of the true leaves outstrips that of the cotyledons after about four months, after which the growing tips of the two cotyledons die. The true leaves are produced at right angles to the cotyledons, and continue to grow in length throughout the entire life of the plant; they are the only leaves that the plant will bear, since the stem is acephalous; its apical meristem dies after the first two leaves are produced.[14] Those two leaves grow continuously from a basal meristem in the plant's terminal groove. They eventually grow to a length of 2–4 m and usually become split, frayed and shredded into several well-separated strap-shaped sections by the distortions of the woody portions surrounding the apical slit, and also by wind and adventitious external injuries.[14][15] The largest specimens may be no more than 1.5m tall above ground, but the circumference of the leaves at contact with the sand may exceed 8m.[16]

Welwitschia has an elongated, but relatively shallow root system and a woody, fibrous unbranched stem.[16][14] Bornman appears to have investigated the matter more intimately at first hand than most authors, and describes the root system as "rather shallow and simple, consisting of a tapering taproot with one or more non-tapering extensions, some pronounced lateral roots, and a network of delicate spongy roots." He offers the guideline that the roots extend to a depth roughly equal to the span of the living leaves from tip to tip.[14]

The species is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. Fertilization, that is, the transfer of the pollen from the male to the female strobili, is carried out by insects. The insects responsible include flies and true bugs. The commonest of the true bugs attending Welwitschia is a member of the family Pyrrhocoridae: Odontopus sexpunctatus. The genus is also known as Probergrothius and the matter of which name is correct is still under discussion.[17] Though much associated with Welwitschia mirabilis however, Odontopus sexpunctatus may not be a Welwitschia specialist; there are claims that it also occurs on other plants, such as Adansonia, though it is not clear how well-supported these claims might be.[18] Infrequently, wasps and bees also play a role as pollinators of Welwitschia. At least some of the pollinators are attracted by "nectar" produced on both male and female strobili.[19]

W. mirabilis has been classified as a CAM plant (crassulacean acid metabolism) after reconciliation of some initially contradictory and confusing data.[20][21] There are however some very puzzling aspects to the matter; for example, the employment of the CAM metabolism is very slight, which was part of the reason that it took so long to establish its presence at all, and it is not understood why.

The age of individual plants is difficult to assess, but they are very long-lived, living 1000 years or more. Some individuals may be more than 2000 years old.[14] Because it only produces a single pair of functional leaves, it has been suspected that the plant is actually neotenic, but research shows that its anatomy is not that of an adult and giant seedling. Instead, it turns out that the plant is "handicapped" in having "lost its head" at an early stage.[22]

Geographic distribution

Welwitschia mirabilis is endemic to the Kaokoveld Centre;[23] the population is distributed southwards from the Nicolau River in southern Angola, to the Kuiseb River in Namibia[24] and up to 100 km inland of the coast.[14] The area is extremely arid: the coast is recorded as having almost zero rainfall, while less than 100mm of rain falls annually below the escarpment in the wet season from February to April.[23] Populations tend to occur in ephemeral water courses, indicating a dependence on ground water in addition to precipitation from fog.[25]

Cultivation

Welwitschia mirabilis grows readily from seed, which may be purchased from specialty seed dealers. The seeds have been shown to display orthodox seed behavior, which in general means that they may be stored for long periods at suitably low humidity and temperature. In fact Welwitschia seeds naturally develop suitably low water concentrations as they ripen.[26]

Removal of the outer seed coverings enhances germination performance, which suggests that the seeds may display non-deep physiological dormancy.[26] On planting the seed it is necessary to keep it moist, but not immersed in water, for the first couple of weeks of cultivation (soaking the seeds in water prior to planting has been suggested to interfere with germination).[26] Seeds collected from the wild often are heavily contaminated with spores of the fungus Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis,[27] which causes them to rot shortly after they germinate. The fungal inoculum infects the growing cones of W. mirabilis early during their development, and a sharp increase in infection occurs coincident with the appearance of the pollination drops, through which the fungal spores may gain access to the interior of the developing seed.[28] Seeds in the wild may therefore be obliterated through fungal action even before they are fully developed. Seeds from botanical gardens, or other cultivated sources are much cleaner and less likely to rot. The fungicide tebuconazole may be useful in controlling limited A. niger seed infection.[28]

Conservation

The population of Welwitschia mirabilis in the wild is reasonably satisfactory at present. Plants in Angola are better protected than those in Namibia, because of the relatively high concentration of land mines in Angola, which keep collectors away[citation needed].

Although Welwitschia mirabilis is not at present immediately threatened, there being abundant populations over a large area, its status is far from secure; its recruitment and growth rates are low, and its range, though wide, covers only a single compact, ecologically limited and vulnerable area. The remarkable longevity of Welwitschia favours its survival of temporary periods adverse to reproduction, but it offers no protection against circumstances of direct threat, such as overgrazing and disease. Fungal infection of female cones severely reduces seed viability, reducing already inherently low recruitment. Other threats include injury from off-road vehicles, collection of wild plants and overgrazing by zebra, rhino and domestic animals.[29]

Heraldry

The plant figures as a charge in the national coat of arms of Namibia.

Gallery

  • The largest known Welwitschia, nicknamed "The Big Welwitschia", stands 1.4 m tall and is over 4 m in diameter

  • Female plant

  • Female Welwitschia beginning to shed seeds

  • Detail photograph of ripe female cones after seed dispersal

  • Detail photograph of male plant and cones

  • Proportions

  • Welwitschia in the petrified forest of Khorixas (Namibia)

  • Welwitschia bug (Odontopus sexpunctatus)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tropicos, Welwitschia mirabilis and Topicos Tumboa Welw.
  2. ↑ Flowering Plants of Africa 57:2-8(2001)
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Hooker, Joseph Dalton. On Welwitschia, a new genus of Gnetaceae. Transactions of the Linnean Society v.24 (1864) pp 1-46. May be downloaded from http://archive.org/details/mobot31753002433701
  8. ↑ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APWeb/
  9. ↑ Christenhusz, M.J.M., J.L. Reveal, A. Farjon, M.F. Gardner, R.R. Mill, and M.W. Chase (2011). A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19:55-70. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p070.pdf
  10. ↑ Chaw S-M., C.L. Parkinson, Y. Cheng, T.M. Vincent and J. D. Palmer (2000) Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 97:4086-4091
  11. ↑ Wang, Z-Q. (2004) A new Permian Gnetalean cone fossil as evidence for supporting molecular phylogeny. Annals of Botany 94:281-288
  12. ↑ Dilcher, D.L., M. E. Bernardes-de-Oliveira, D. Pons and T.A. Lott (2005) Welwitschiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil. American Journal of Botany 92:1294-1310
  13. ↑ Jacobson, K.M. and E. Lester (2003). A first assessment of genetic variation in Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. Journal of Heredity 94:212-217
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Welwitschia and Ephedra: Remarkable Genera Of Gymnosperms
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Bornman, C.H., J.A. Elsworthy, V. Butler and C.E.J Botha (1972). Welwitschia mirabilis: Observations on general habit, seed, seedling, and leaf characteristics. Madoqua Series II 1:53-66.
  17. ↑ Robertson IAD. 2004. The Pyrrhocoroidea (Hemiptera – Heteroptera) of the Ethiopian region. 44pp. Journal of Insect Science, 4:14, Available online: insectscience.org/4.14
  18. ↑ [1]
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Eller, B.M, D. J. von Willert, E. Brinckmann and R. Baasch (1983). Ecophysiological studies on Welwitschia mirabilis in the Namib desert. South African Journal of Botany 2:209-223.
  21. ↑ von Willert, D.J. N. Armbruster, T. Drees and M. Zaborowski (2005). Welwitschia mirabilis: CAM or not CAM - what is the answer? Functional Plant Biology 32:389-395.
  22. ↑ Welwitschia mirabilis and Neoteny - JStor
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 van Wyk, A.E. and G.F. Smith (2001). Regions of Floristic Endemism in Southern Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield.
  24. ↑ Kers, L.E. (1967). The distribution of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. F. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 61:97-125
  25. ↑ Henchel, J.R. and M.K. Seely (2000). Long-term growth patterns of Welwitschia mirabilis, a long-lived plant of the Namib Desert (including a bibliography). Plant Ecology 150:7-26
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Whitaker, C., P. Berjak, H. Kolberg, and N.W. Pammenter (2004). Responses to various manipulations, and storage potential, of seeds of the unique desert gymnosperm, Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. fil. South African Journal of Botany 70: 622-630.
  27. ↑ Cooper-Driver, G.A., C. Wagner and H. Kolberg (2000). Patterns of Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis (Corda) Al-Musallam infection in Namibian populations of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. f. Journal of Arid Environments 46:181-198
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Whitaker, C., N. Pammenter, and P. Berjak(2008). Infection of the cones and seeds of Welwitschia mirabilis by Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis in the Namib-Naukluft Park. South African Journal of Botany 74:41-50
  29. ↑ [2]

External links

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