The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll

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"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll"
Song

"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" is a topical song written by the American musician Bob Dylan. Recorded on October 23, 1963, the song was released on Dylan's 1964 album, The Times They Are a-Changin' and gives a generally factual account of the killing of a 51-year-old African-American barmaid, Hattie Carroll, by William Devereux "Billy" Zantzinger (whom the song calls "William Zanzinger"), a young man from a wealthy white tobacco farming family in Charles County, Maryland, who had turned 24 the day before, and of his subsequent sentence to six months in a county jail, after being convicted of assault.

The lyrics are a commentary on 1960s racism. When Carroll was killed in 1963, Charles County was still strictly segregated by race in public facilities such as restaurants, churches, theaters, doctor's offices, buses, and the county fair. The schools of Charles County were not integrated until 1967.[1]

Killing

The main incident of the song took place in the early hours of February 9, 1963, at the white tie Spinsters' Ball at the Emerson Hotel in Baltimore. Using a toy cane, Zantzinger drunkenly assaulted at least three of the Emerson Hotel workers: a bellboy, a waitress, and — at about 1:30 in the morning of the 9th — Carroll, a 51 year old barmaid. Carroll "had borne 10 children" and was president of a black social club.[2][3][4]

Already drunk before he got to the Emerson Hotel that night, the 6'2" Zantzinger[1] had assaulted employees at Eager House, a prestigious Baltimore restaurant, with the same cane.[5] The cane was a 25-cent toy.[1] At the Spinsters' Ball, he called a 30-year-old waitress a "nigger" and hit her with the cane; she fled the room in tears.[5] Moments later, after ordering a bourbon that Carroll didn't bring immediately, Zantzinger cursed her, called her a "nigger",[1] then "you black son of a bitch", and struck her on the shoulder and across the head with the cane. In the words of the court notes: "He asked for a drink and called her 'a black bitch', and 'black s.o.b'. She replied, 'Just a moment' and started to prepare his drink. After a delay of perhaps a minute, he complained about her being slow and struck her a hard blow on her shoulder about half-way between the point of her shoulder and her neck." She handed him his drink.[6] After striking Carroll, he attacked his own wife, knocking her to the ground[5] and hitting her with his shoe.[1]

Very soon, within five minutes from the time of the blow, Carroll leaned heavily against the barmaid next to her and complained of feeling ill. Carroll told co-workers, "I feel deathly ill, that man has upset me so." The barmaid and another employee helped Carroll to the kitchen. Her arm became numb, her speech thick. She collapsed and was hospitalized. Carroll died eight hours after the assault.[5] Her autopsy showed hardened arteries, an enlarged heart, and high blood pressure. A spinal tap confirmed brain hemorrhage as the cause of death. She died in Mercy Hospital at 9 a.m. on February 9, 1963.[7]

Zantzinger was initially charged with murder. His defense was that he had been extremely drunk,[5] and he admitted to having no memory of the attack. His charge was reduced to manslaughter and assault, based on the likelihood that it was her stress reaction to his verbal and physical abuse that led to the intracranial bleeding, rather than blunt-force trauma from the blow that left no lasting mark. On August 28, Zantzinger was convicted of both charges and sentenced to six months' imprisonment. Time magazine covered the sentencing:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

In June, after Zantzinger's phalanx of five topflight attorneys won a change of venue to a court in Hagerstown, a three-judge panel reduced the murder charge to manslaughter. Following a three-day trial, Zantzinger was found guilty. For the assault on the hotel employees: a fine of $125. For the death of Hattie Carroll: six months in jail and a fine of $500. The judges considerately deferred the start of the jail sentence until September 15, to give Zantzinger time to harvest his tobacco crop.

— Time, "Deferred Sentence", time.com, September 6, 1963.

After the sentence was announced, the New York Herald Tribune conjectured he was given a sentence that short to keep him out of the largely black state prison, reasoning his notoriety would make him a target for abuse there. In the United States, sentences over a year are generally served in a state prison;[citation needed] sentences under a year are usually served in a county jail or city lockup. Zantzinger instead served his time in the comparative safety of the Washington County county jail, some 70 miles (110 km) from the scene of the crime. In September, the Herald Tribune quoted Zantzinger on his sentence: "I'll just miss a lot of snow." His then-wife, Jane, was quoted saying, "Nobody treats his negroes as well as Billy does around here."[1]

Song

Zantzinger was convicted of manslaughter on August 28, 1963, and was not tried by a jury of peers but by a panel of three judges. The sentence was handed down on the same day that Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington. Bob Dylan, 22 at that time, was one of the celebrities at the march and on the journey home to New York he read about the conviction of Zantzinger and decided to write a protest song about the case. According to a 1991 Washington Post report, Dylan wrote the song in Manhattan, sitting in an all-night cafe.[1] A recent radio documentary on the song said rather that he wrote it both in New York and at the home of his then-lover, Joan Baez, in Carmel. According to Nancy Carlin, a friend of Baez who visited, "He would stand in this cubbyhole, beautiful view across the hills, and peck type on an old typewriter... there was an old piano up at Joan's... and peck piano playing... up until noon he would drink black coffee then switch over to red wine, quit about five or six."[8] He recorded it on October 23, 1963, when the trial was still relatively fresh news, and incorporated it into his live repertoire immediately, before releasing the studio version on January 13, 1964.[citation needed]

The song juxtaposes Zantzinger's wealth and connections with the brevity of that sentence.[9] Despite the song's topical nature, Dylan has continued to perform it in concert as of May 2009.[10] His live-audience renditions of it appear on the albums The Bootleg Series Vol. 5: Bob Dylan Live 1975, The Rolling Thunder Revue (2002) and The Bootleg Series Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall (2004).

In Chronicles: Volume One, Dylan includes "Hattie Carroll" in a list of his early songs which he feels were influenced by his introduction to the work of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill. He describes writing out the words of "Pirate Jenny" (or "The Black Freighter") in order to understand how the Brecht–Weill song achieved its effect. Dylan writes: "Woody had never written a song like that. It wasn't a protest or a topical song and there was no love for people in it. I took the song apart and unzipped it—it was the free verse association, the structure and disregard for the known certainty of melodic pattern to make it seriously matter, give it its cutting edge. It also had the ideal chorus for the lyrics."[11]

Literary critic Christopher Ricks considers the song to be "one of Dylan's greatest" and the recording on The Times They Are A-Changin' to be "perfect". He devotes an entire chapter to it, analyzing both the meaning as well as the prosody in his book on Dylan's songs as poetry. "But here is a song that could not be written better."[12]

Impact on Zantzinger

After serving his sentence for manslaughter, Zantzinger returned to running the farm in Charles County and began selling real estate. He moved to more urban Waldorf, Maryland, still within Charles County. Eventually he moved to a 2-acre (8,100 m2) home in Port Tobacco, where he lived throughout the 1990s[1] until moving to a new home in St. Mary's County around 2001[13] in Chaptico, Maryland, called Bachelor's Hope.[14]

In addition to federal tax delinquencies, Zantzinger fell more than $18,000 behind on county taxes on properties he owned in two Charles County communities called Patuxent Woods and Indian Head, shanties he leased to poor blacks.[15][16] In 1986, the same year the IRS ruled against him, Charles County confiscated those properties. Nonetheless, Zantzinger continued to collect rents, raise rents, and even successfully prosecute his putative tenants for back rent.[1] In June 1991, Zantzinger was initially charged with a single count of "deceptive trade practices."[1] After some delay, Zantzinger pleaded guilty to 50 misdemeanor counts of unfair and deceptive trade practices.[17] He was sentenced to 19 months in prison and a $50,000 fine.[18] Some of his prison sentence was served in a work release program.[19]

In 2001, Zantzinger discussed the song with Howard Sounes for Down the Highway, the Life of Bob Dylan. He dismissed the song as a "total lie" and claimed "It's actually had no effect upon my life", but expressed scorn for Dylan, saying, "He's a no-account son of a bitch, he's just like a scum of a scum bag of the earth, I should have sued him and put him in jail."[20]

William "Billy" Zantzinger (February 7, 1939 – January 3, 2009) died at age 69.[20][where?]

Cover versions

See also

List of Bob Dylan songs based on earlier tunes

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 A Regular Old Southern Maryland Boy, by Peter Carlson The Washington Post, August 4, 1991.
  2. ↑ Profile, motherjones.com, November 2004; accessed December 14, 2014.
  3. ↑ Douglas Martin, "W.D. Zantzinger, Subject of Dylan Song, Dies at 69", New York Times January 9, 2009.
  4. ↑ The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll, BBC Radio Four, May 17, 2010, presented by Dylan biographer Howard Sounes — in this programme a neighbour of Carroll from northwest Baltimore says she was the mother of eight children, not eleven, although it is possible that only eight were alive at the time of their mother's death.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 The Spinsters' Ball, Time Magazine, February 22, 1963.
  6. ↑ The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll, presented by Howard Sounes, BBC Radio 4, May 2010
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ BBC Radio 4 documentary, The Lonesome death of Hattie Carroll, presented by Howard Sounes, May 17, 2010.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Track 5.
  10. ↑ Bob Dylan Glasgow concert (May 2, 2009), boblinks.com; accessed December 14, 2014.
  11. ↑ Dylan, Chronicles, Vol. 1, pp. 273–276. partial version available online
  12. ↑ Ricks, Christopher. Dylan's Visions of Sin. New York: Ecco Books, 2003. pp. 15, 233. partial version available online
  13. ↑ Ancestry Database: U.S. Phone and Address Directories, 1993–2002
  14. ↑ Fire Scorches Garage of High Society Killer, St. Mary's Today community news bulletin; accessed January 7, 2008.
  15. ↑ "'Md. Man Charged in Rental Scam," Washington Post, June 7, 1991.
  16. ↑ "'Landlord' Indicted in Rent Theft", Washington Post, September 7, 1991.
  17. ↑ "Former Landlord Guilty on 50 Counts", Washington Post, November 19, 1991.
  18. ↑ "Landlord Sentenced", Washington Post, January 4, 1992.
  19. ↑ "A Neighborhood Lost – And Finally Found", Washington Post, August 17, 1992.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Sources

  • Frazier, Ian, "Legacy of a Lonely Death". Mother Jones, November/December 2004, 42–47; partial version on line. Reprinted by The Guardian February 25, 2005, as "Life after a lonesome death" (full version with the full song lyrics).
  • "Farmer Convicted in Barmaid's Death", New York Times June 28, 1963. p. 11
  • "Farmer Sentenced in Barmaid's Death", New York Times August 29, 1963. p. 15
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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