Yukon Territorial Council

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The Yukon Territorial Council was a political body in the Canadian territory of Yukon, prior to the creation of the Yukon Legislative Assembly. Although not a full legislature, the council acted as an advisory body to the Commissioner of Yukon, and had the power to pass non-binding motions of legislation which would be forwarded to the commissioner for consideration.

Unlike the federal Governor General of Canada and the provincial Lieutenant Governors, who officially retain the power to approve or reject legislation from parliament or a provincial legislative assembly but in practice are bound by the will of the legislature with their powers of disallowance and reservation restricted to extraordinary circumstances, a territorial commissioner retains much stronger power over the territory's political affairs.[1] The council was, thus, not a fully democratic government; although an elected body, its powers were significantly more constrained than those of a provincial legislative assembly.[1]

History

First established in 1898 as an appointed body, the first election to the council took place in 1900 to elect two at-large members alongside the already-appointed ones. Until 1909, the council retained a mix of appointed and elected members, with the 1909 election being the first one to elect the entire body.[2] Elections to the council officially took place on a non-partisan basis, and no political parties were incorporated at the territorial level, although the electoral district associations of the federal Progressive Conservative, Liberal and New Democratic parties sometimes put forward unofficial slates of candidates. Many other candidates were actively involved in the federal political parties, and effectively served as representatives of their federal party even if they had not been part of an organized slate.

The number of seats on the council varied throughout its history, from as few as three to as many as twelve.

The council met in Dawson City until 1953, when the territory's capital was moved to Whitehorse.[3]

Evolution toward democratic government

In 1966, the territorial council passed a motion calling for an elected council of 15 members, the upgrading of Yukon's status from a territory to a full province within 12 years, and the creation of an executive committee with full cabinet powers.[1] Although the motion was disallowed, it did lead to the negotiation of a series of reforms in the 1970s which ultimately led to the establishment of the fully democratic Legislative Assembly of Yukon in 1978.[1]

Beginning in 1970 an executive committee was created, consisting of the commissioner, two civil servants from the commissioner's administration, and two members of the territorial council.[4] The two councillors on the executive committee were also given ministerial responsibilities over certain aspects of territorial governance — one minister would be responsible for education, while the other would be responsible for health and welfare — effectively making them much more powerful than their other colleagues on the council.[4] The first two executive councillors, Hilda Watson and Norman Chamberlist, were able to convince two other non-executive councillors to support them in an electoral bloc which gave them disproportionate control over all council business on the seven-member council.[4] Council business during this era regularly passed or failed on a consistent 4-3 split, based solely on whether Watson and Chamberlist supported or opposed the motion — thus effectively transforming the body from the consensus government model on which it had been based into a quasi-partisan majority government.

The new structure proved controversial,[4] and led to a period of internal dissension within the council and widespread dissatisfaction with its work among the general public.[4] Noted political conflicts during this era included a jurisdictional dispute with Whitehorse City Council in 1973 which led five of the six city councillors to resign their seats in protest,[5] and dissension over the introduction of medicare in 1974 which resulted in 4,000 of the territory's 6,651 registered voters signing a petition demanding the council's dissolution.[4]

For the subsequent 1974 election, federal Indian and Northern Affairs minister Jean Chrétien introduced legislation increasing the number of seats on the council from seven to 12, and the number of executive councillors from two to three.[1] In 1977, a fourth executive councillor was added, giving the territorial council the majority of the seats on the executive committee for the first time.[1]

The 1974 election was the last election of members to the territorial council.[1] After a change in the territory's election law formally established the Legislative Assembly and the political party structure that now prevails in Yukon politics, the body was dissolved, and the 1978 election was the first one contested under the new fully democratic structure.[1]

Appointed members

Appointments to the Council were chosen by the Government of Canada.

Appointed Members of the Territorial Council[6]
Name Date Appointed Date Left Reason
Joseph-Éna Girouard July 8, 1898 1908
Sam Steele July 8, 1898 September 5, 1899 Recalled to Ottawa by the federal government.[7]
Thomas McGuire July 8, 1898 October 7, 1898 Moved to the District of Saskatchewan.[8]
Frederick Wade July 8, 1898 October 17, 1898
Calixte-Aimé Dugas October 7, 1898
William Henry Clement October 17, 1898 March 13, 1901
Aylesworth Perry September 5, 1899 July 31, 1900
Edmund Senkler September 5, 1899
Zachary Taylor Wood July 31, 1900
Frederick Congdon March 13, 1901 September 14, 1901
Henry William Newlands September 14, 1901 1903 Appointed to Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories[9]
John T. Lithgow January 8, 1904

Elections

The first election held on October 18, 1900 elected two members at large. The council would divide the territory into districts for the second general election held on January 13, 1903. Appointed members during this period did not have to be reappointed, only seats to elected members were dissolved. The elections were called by the Yukon Commissioner, while electoral district boundaries were controlled by an act of legislation from the council.

1900

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1900

Arthur Wilson and Alex Prud'homme were both elected at large.

1903

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1903

Thompson resigned his seat on November 3, 1904 after being elected as Yukon's federal Member of Parliament, but no by-election was held to succeed him.

1905

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1905

1907

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1907

1909

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1909

For the 1909 election, the appointed seats were removed from the council, and the body became fully elected for the first time. Accordingly, each of the five electoral districts now elected two members to the council rather than one.

1912

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1912

Seguin and Lusk resigned their seats in 1914, and were succeeded in by-elections by Frederick Pearce in North Dawson and Donald McLennan in South Dawson.

1915

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1915

1917

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1917

1920

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1920

Due to a decline in Yukon's population since the end of the Klondike Gold Rush, the size of the council was reduced in 1920 from ten to three members. Each of the three electoral districts now elected just one member to the council instead of two.

1922

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1922

1925

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1925

Robert Lowe stepped down from the council shortly after the election to run in the 1925 federal election. Willard "Deacon" Phelps was acclaimed to the vacant seat.

1928

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1928

1931

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1931

1934

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1934

1937

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1937

1940

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1940

1944

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1944

1947

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1947

1949

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1949

1952

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1952

In 1952, the number of seats on the council was increased from three to five. Unlike the early councils of the 1910s, however, each of the five electoral districts elected a single member to the council rather than two.

  • Carmacks-Kluane - A. R. Hayes
  • Dawson - V. C. Mellor
  • Mayo - Alex Berry
  • Whitehorse East - John Phelps
  • Whitehorse West - Fred Locke

1955

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1955
  • Carmacks-Kluane - A. R. Hayes
  • Dawson - Vincent Mellor
  • Mayo - Duncan McGeachy
  • Whitehorse East - John Phelps
  • Whitehorse West - Jack Hulland

1958

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1958

1961

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1961

1964

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1964
  • Carmacks-Kluane - Robert McKinnon
  • Dawson - George Shaw
  • Mayo - Fred Southam
  • Watson Lake - Don Taylor
  • Whitehorse East - Herbert Boyd
  • Whitehorse North - Ken Thompson
  • Whitehorse West - John Watt

1967

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1967

1970

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1970

1974

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Main article: Yukon general election, 1974

In 1975, Phelps' election was overturned due to a conflict of interest ruling, and Watson resigned to recontest her seat in a by-election after allegations of voting irregularities in her district. Watson won her by-election and returned to the council, while Phelps was succeeded by Walt Lengerke.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Kenneth Coates and Judith Powell, The Modern North: People, Politics and the Rejection of Colonialism. Lorimer, 1999. ISBN 978-1550281200. p. 63.
  2. ↑ "First All-Elected Yukon Territorial Council". Whitehorse Star, July 9, 1909.
  3. ↑ "Mayor Gordon Armstrong – 1950". Hougen Group of Companies.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "Dissension racks council in Yukon". Montreal Gazette, April 4, 1972.
  5. ↑ "Five out of six Whitehorse aldermen resign over harassment, court battle with Yukon". The Globe and Mail, July 11, 1973.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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