2010 TK7

2010 TK₇

Asteroid 2010 TK7 (circled in green) in image from the WISE spacecraft
Discovery
Discovered by	WISE spacecraft
Discovery site	LEO, polar orbit
Discovery date	1 October 2010
Designations
Minor planet category	Earth trojan Aten (2014) Apollo (2013)
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 13 January 2016 (JD 2457400.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	768 days (2.10 yr)
Aphelion	1.1903 AU (178.07 Gm)
Perihelion	0.80918 AU (121.052 Gm)
Semi-major axis	0.99972 AU (149.556 Gm)
Eccentricity	0.19059
Orbital period	1.00 yr (365.10 d)
Average orbital speed	9.1 m/s
Mean anomaly	354.14°
Inclination	20.890°
Longitude of ascending node	96.498°
Argument of perihelion	45.927°
Earth MOID	0.0837911 AU (12.53497 Gm)
Jupiter MOID	3.88753 AU (581.566 Gm)
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	~300 m
Apparent magnitude	20.8 (when near Earth) to 23.6
Absolute magnitude (H)	20.8

2010 TK₇ is a near-Earth asteroid and the first Earth trojan discovered; it precedes Earth in its orbit around the Sun. Trojan objects are most easily conceived as orbiting at a Lagrangian point, a dynamically stable location (where gravitational and centrifugal forces balance) 60 degrees ahead of or behind a massive orbiting body, in a type of 1:1 orbital resonance. In reality, they oscillate (librate) around such a point. Such objects had previously been observed in the orbits of Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, and the Saturnian moons Tethys and Dione.

2010 TK₇ has a diameter of about 300 meters (1,000 ft). Its path oscillates about the Sun–Earth L₄ Lagrangian point (60 degrees ahead of Earth), shuttling between its closest approach to Earth and its closest approach to the L₃ point (180 degrees from Earth) about every 400 years.

The asteroid was discovered in October 2010 by the NEOWISE team of astronomers using NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).

Discovery

WISE, a space telescope launched into Earth orbit in December 2009, imaged 2010 TK₇ in October 2010 while carrying out a program to scan the entire sky from January 2010 to February 2011. Spotting an asteroid sharing Earth's orbit is normally difficult from the ground, because their potential locations are generally in the daytime sky. After follow-up work at the University of Hawaii and the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, its orbit was evaluated on 21 May 2011 and the trojan character of its motion was published in July 2011. The orbital information was published in the journal Nature by Paul Wiegert of the University of Western Ontario, Martin Connors of Athabasca University and Christian Veillet, the executive director of the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope.

Physical and orbital characteristics

Effective potential plot showing Earth's Lagrangian points (not to scale); contours around L₄ and L₅ represent tadpole loop paths

2010 TK₇'s spiraling path (green) relative to Earth and its orbit (blue dots) over the course of half a tadpole loop; each spiral turn represents a year's motion

2010 TK₇ has an absolute magnitude of luminosity (determinable because of its known location) of about 20.8. Based on an assumed albedo of 0.1, its estimated diameter is about 300 meters. No spectral data are yet available to shed light on its composition. 2010 TK₇ would exert a surface gravitational force of less than 1/20,000 times that of Earth.

At the time of discovery, the asteroid orbited the Sun with a period of 365.389 days, close to Earth's 365.256 days. As long as it remains in 1:1 resonance with Earth, its average period over long time intervals will exactly equal that of Earth. On its eccentric (e = 0.191) orbit, 2010 TK₇'s distance from the Sun varies annually from 0.81 AU to 1.19 AU. It orbits in a plane inclined about 21 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic.

Trojans do not orbit right at Lagrangian points but oscillate in tadpole-shaped loops around them (as viewed in a corotating reference frame in which the planet and Lagrangian points are stationary); 2010 TK₇ traverses its loop over a period of 395 years. 2010 TK₇'s loop is so elongated that it sometimes travels nearly to the opposite side of the Sun with respect to Earth. Its movements do not bring it any closer to Earth than 20 million kilometers (12.4 million miles), which is more than 50 times the distance to the Moon. In 2010/2011, 2010 TK₇ was at the near-Earth end of its tadpole, which facilitated its discovery.

2010 TK₇'s orbit has a chaotic character, making long-range predictions difficult. Prior to 500 AD, it may have been oscillating about the L₅ Lagrangian point (60 degrees behind Earth), before jumping to L₄ via L₃. Short-term unstable libration about L₃, and transitions to horseshoe orbits are also possible.

Accessibility from Earth

Position of 2010 TK₇ relative to Earth in 2011

Because Earth trojans share Earth's orbit and have little gravity of their own, it can sometimes be less energetically costly to reach them than the Moon, even though they are dozens of times more distant. However, 2010 TK₇ is not an energetically attractive target for a space mission because of its orbital inclination: It moves so far above and below Earth's orbit that the required change in velocity for a spacecraft to match its trajectory coming from Earth's would be 9.4 km/s, whereas some other near-Earth asteroids require less than 4 km/s.

During the 5 December 2012 Earth close approach of 0.197 AU (29,500,000 km; 18,300,000 mi), the asteroid only had an apparent magnitude of about 21.

See also

• Claimed moons of Earth
• Provisional designation in astronomy, the naming convention used for astronomical objects immediately following their discovery

External links

• MPC Database entry for 2010 TK₇
• NASA animation of its motion
• Alternate NASA animation of 2010 TK₇ motion
• 2010 TK7 at the JPL Small-Body Database

• Discovery · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters