August zu Eulenburg
August Graf zu Eulenburg | |
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File:August Graf zu Eulenburg.jpg | |
Spouse(s) | Adelaide von Witzleben |
Full name
August Ludwig Traugott Botho
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Father | Count Botho Heinrich zu Eulenburg |
Mother | Countess Therese von Dönhoff |
Born | Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia |
22 October 1838
Died | Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist. Berlin, Weimar Republic |
August Ludwig Traugott Botho Graf[lower-alpha 1] zu Eulenburg (22 October 1838 – 16 June 1921) was an officer in the Prussian, and later German armies, and official in the Prussian royal court. He was the younger brother of Count Botho zu Eulenburg, who served as Minister-President of Prussia from 1892 to 1894, and a second cousin of Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg-Hertefeld, the close friend of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Contents
Biography
Born into the Upper Saxon noble family of Eulenburg, August joined the army on 1 November 1856 as a grenadier in the 1st Foot Guard Regiment after his graduation from the Marienwerder Gymnasium. He was promoted to second lieutenant two years later on 13 April 1858, and between 1860 to 1862 he participated in the trade mission in East Asia as an attaché under his kinsman Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg.[1][2]
Upon his return to Prussia in 1865, Eulenburg pursued a career in the royal court; he was made a personal adjutant to the crown prince (the future Emperor Frederick III), before being appointed Marshal of the Royal Court in 1868, thus placing him in charge of the court's administrative affairs. He then served as a member of the General-Ordenskommission from 1879 to 1890, and served as Chief Master of Ceremonies between 1883 to 1914 and Grand Marshal of the Court and House (Oberhof- und Hausmarschall) to Kaiser Wilhelm II from 1890 to 1914. He was also a member of the Herrenhaus and Minister of the Royal House from 1907 to the end of Wilhelm II's reign in 1918.[2]
Following Otto von Bismarck's dismissal in 1890, Eulenburg mediated the reconciliation between the emperor and former chancellor. Conversely, he encouraged the rift between his brother Botho and Caprivi, in the hopes that the former would replace the latter as chancellor, as Botho was seen in conservative circles as a bulwark against the rising threat of social democracy; Wilhelm II would ultimately appoint Prince Hohenlohe.[1]
Eulenburg retired from active military service as a colonel in 1889, but was promoted to major-general in 1891 and lieutenant-general in 1895, before being made à la suite General of the Infantry on 18 October 1904.[2] He continued to serve as Chief Representative (General-Bevollmächtigter) of the House of Hohenzollern after the November Revolution for the remainder of his life.
He died in 1921 in Berlin, and was buried in the Holy Trinity Cemetery in the Kreuzberg district alongside his family.[3]
Honours
- German orders and decorations[4]
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Prussia:
- Iron Cross (1870), 2nd Class
- Landwehr Service Medal, 2nd Class
- Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar and in Diamonds
- Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, with Oak Leaves, Swords on Ring, and Crown
- Knight of the Prussian Crown, 1st Class
- Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern
Hohenzollern: Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class
Anhalt: Grand Cross of Albert the Bear, 1890;[5] with Crown
Baden:[6]
- Commander of the Zähringer Lion, 1st Class with Swords, 1870; Grand Cross, 1893
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1904
Bavaria:
- Grand Cross of the Merit Order of St. Michael, 1886[7]
- Grand Cross of Merit of the Bavarian Crown, 1897[7]
- Knight of St. Hubert, 1902[7]
- Knight of the Military Merit Order, 1st Class
Brunswick: Grand Cross of Henry the Lion
Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1874[8]
Hesse and by Rhine:
- Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order
- Grand Cross of Philip the Magnanimous, with Crown
Lippe-Detmold: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Lippe, 1st Class
Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Golden Crown
Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, 18 February 1878;[9] with Collar
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1876[10]
Saxony:
- Knight of the Rue Crown
- Grand Cross of the Albert Order, with Golden Star
Schaumburg-Lippe:
- Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1st Class
- Military Merit Medal
Waldeck and Pyrmont: Military Merit Cross (for Officers), 1st Class
Württemberg:[11]
- Knight of Honour of the Württemberg Crown, with Swords, 1870;[12] Grand Cross, 1892
- Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order, 1872
- Foreign orders and decorations[4]
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Austria-Hungary:[13]
- Knight of the Iron Crown, 1st Class, 1872
- Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1889
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1897; in Diamonds, 1908
Belgium:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
- Grand Cross of the African Star
Principality of Bulgaria:
- Grand Cross of St. Alexander
- Grand Cross of Civil Merit, in Diamonds
Denmark:[14]
- Grand Cross of the Dannebrog, 19 August 1873; in Diamonds, 29 June 1890
- Knight of the Elephant, 3 April 1903
- 23x15px Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
Kingdom of Italy:
- 23x15px Holy See: Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun
Luxembourg:
Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles
Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
Norway: Grand Cross of St. Olav
Ottoman Empire:
- Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class
- Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class
- Order of Glory
Persian Empire:
- Order of the August Portrait
- Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st Class
Portugal:
- Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz
Qing dynasty: Order of the Double Dragon, Class I Grade III
Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
Russian Empire:
- Knight of St. Andrew
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, in Diamonds
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class in Diamonds
- Knight of St. Vladimir, 2nd Class with Star
Kingdom of Serbia:
- 23x15px Siam: Grand Cross of the White Elephant
Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 12 July 1900[15]
Sweden:
- Commander Grand Cross of the Polar Star, 16 August 1873[16]
- Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, 31 August 1888[17]
- Knight of the Seraphim, 6 June 1908[18]
United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 23 November 1899[19]
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Born 1959, p. 679.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kocka & Neugebauer 2001, p. 350.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat (1908), Hofstaat p. 11
- ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (1894) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 20
- ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1910), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 43, 58
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern (1908), "Königliche Orden" p. 10, 26, 81
- ↑ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg (1884), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 35
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 42
- ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1897), "Königliche Orden" pp. 44, 96
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ The London Gazette, issue 27140, p. 8089
Literature
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- Articles containing German-language text
- Pages with broken file links
- 1838 births
- 1921 deaths
- People from the Province of Prussia
- People from Königsberg
- Counts of Germany
- Generals of Infantry (Prussia)
- Members of the Prussian House of Lords
- Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 2nd class
- Recipients of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
- Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
- Recipients of the Order of the Redeemer
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
- Knights of the Order of Saint Joseph
- Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
- Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
- Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
- Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
- Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
- Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
- Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo
- Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Vasa
- Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order