Biodiversity of Colombia
The biodiversity of Colombia is the variety of indigenous organisms in the country with the second-highest biodiversity in the world.[1] As of 2021, around 63,000 species are registered in Colombia, of which 14% are endemic. The country occupies worldwide the first position in number of orchids, birds and butterflies, second position in plants, amphibians and fresh water fish, third place in species of palm trees and reptiles and globally holds the sixth position in biodiversity of mammals.[2]
The country hosts 59 nationally designated protected areas. At the establishment of the most recent addition, Bahía Portete – Kaurrele National Natural Park, Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos said "Biodiversity is to Colombia, what oil is for the Arabs".[3][4]
In 2020, according to the Colombian Biodiversity Information System, 63,303 species were registered in the country,[5] of which more than 8,800 are considered endemic species.[6][7][8] The country occupies the first position in the world in number of orchid and bird species, second in plants, amphibians, butterflies and freshwater fish, third in palm and reptile species, and fourth in mammalian biodiversity.
According to a report by the WWF, half of Colombia's ecosystems are in a critical state of deterioration or in a state of danger. The organization said that environmental degradation is due to oil extraction, mineral and metal extraction and deforestation. Deteriorating ecosystems are threatening the existence of more than a third of Colombia's plants and 50 percent of its animals.[9]
Since 1998, the Humboldt Institute for Biological Resources has been collecting biodiversity samples. As of 2014, 16,469 samples, representing around 2,530 species of 1,289 genera, and 323 families from Colombian biodiversity have been stored in its archives. [10]
Contents
Description
Colombia is one of seventeen megadiverse countries in the world.[7] The country in northwestern South America contains 311 types of coastal and continental ecosystems.[1] As of the beginning of 2021, a total of between 63,000 and 71,000 species are registered in the country,[8][5] with 8803 endemic species, representing near the 14% of the total registered species.[6] Colombia is the country with the most páramos in the world; more than 60% of the Andean ecosystem is found within Colombian territories.[11] Boyacá is the department where 18.3% of the national total area is located.[12] Since December 20, 2014, Colombia hosts 59 protected areas.[13] The biodiversity is highest in the Andean natural region, followed by the Amazon natural region.[14] Since 1998, the Humboldt Institute for Biological Resources in the country has been collecting samples of biodiversity. As of 2014, 16,469 samples, representing around 2530 species from 1289 genera, and 323 families of the Colombian biodiversity have been stored in their archives.[15]
The biodiversity of Colombia is at risk, mainly because of habitat loss, urbanisation, deforestation and overfishing.[16] According to a study of 2001, 260,000 hectares (640,000 acres) of forested area is lost every year.[17] Around 1300 species are critically endangered, and 509 species are introduced in Colombia, 22 of which are classified as invasive species in Colombia.[2] Various plans to address the environmental issues are proposed.[18] The National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) is the administrator of protected areas.
Biodiversity in numbers
Class | Group | Pos | Species |
---|---|---|---|
Vertebrates | Mammals (list, primates) | 4 |
492
|
Birds (list, endemic) | 1 |
1941
|
|
Reptiles (list, lizards, snakes) | 3 |
537
|
|
Amphibians | 2 |
803
|
|
Marine fish |
2000
|
||
Freshwater fish (Magdalena River) |
1435
|
||
Invertebrates (arthropods) |
Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) | 1 |
3274
|
Ants |
900
|
||
Marine molluscs |
1250
|
||
Marine sponges |
1250
|
||
Corals |
139
|
||
Marine decapods |
560
|
||
Echinoderms |
296
|
||
Terrestrial molluscs |
650
|
||
Beetles |
7000
|
||
Arachnids |
1089
|
||
Bees |
398
|
||
Diptera |
3153
|
||
Flora (endemic) | Flowering plants |
22,840
|
|
Flowerless plants |
45
|
||
Orchids (endemic) | 1 |
4270
|
|
Ferns and relatives |
1643
|
||
Palm trees | 3 |
289
|
|
Mosses and relatives |
1649
|
||
Algae | Terrestrial algae |
1030
|
|
Marine algae |
565
|
||
Fungi | Lichen |
1674
|
|
Macrofungi |
1239
|
||
Rusts |
327
|
||
Smuts |
71
|
To commemorate the biodiversity of Colombia, the coins of the Colombian peso introduced in 2012 feature a species each.[19]
Natural regions
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Colombia is divided into six natural regions.
Caribbean natural region
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Surface area | 132,288 km2 (51,077 sq mi) | ||
Departments | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> | ||
National parks | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> | ||
Biodiversity | aquatic birds | 165 | |
amphibians | 39 | ||
reptiles | 129 | ||
plants | 3151 | ||
fish | 109 | ||
References |
Andean natural region
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Surface area | 282,540 km2 (109,090 sq mi) | ||
Departments | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> | ||
National parks | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> | ||
Biodiversity | aquatic birds | 14 | |
amphibians | 485 | ||
reptiles | 220 | ||
plants | 11,500 | ||
fish | 197 | ||
References |
Orinoquía natural region
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Surface area | 285,437 km2 (110,208 sq mi) | ||
Departments | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> | ||
National parks | La Macarena Los Picachos Tinigua El Tuparro |
||
Biodiversity | aquatic birds | 92 | |
amphibians | 57 | ||
reptiles | 119 | ||
plants | 2692 | ||
fish | 619 | ||
References |
Amazon natural region
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Surface area | 483,911 km2 (186,839 sq mi) | ||
Departments | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> | ||
National parks | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> | ||
Biodiversity | aquatic birds | 74 | |
amphibians | 158 | ||
reptiles | 195 | ||
plants | 5300 | ||
fish | 675 | ||
References |
Pacific/Chocó natural region
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Surface area | 83,170 km2 (32,110 sq mi) | ||
Departments | Cauca Chocó Nariño Valle del Cauca |
||
National parks | Los Katíos Sanquianga Uramba Bahía Málaga Utría |
||
Biodiversity | aquatic birds | 142 | |
amphibians | 154 | ||
reptiles | 177 | ||
plants | 4525 | ||
fish | 164 | ||
References |
Insular natural region
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Surface area | 300 km2 (120 sq mi) | ||
Departments | Bolívar Cauca San Andrés y Providencia Valle del Cauca |
||
National parks | Corales del Rosario Malpelo Old Providence Gorgona |
||
Biodiversity | Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo | ||
fish | 170 | ||
corals | 52 | ||
sponges | 25 | ||
molluscs & crustaceans | 100s | ||
Gorgona Island | |||
fish | Pseudobatos prahli | ||
Trichomycterus gorgona | |||
Malpelo Island | |||
fish | Acanthemblemaria stephensi | ||
Halichoeres malpelo | |||
Old Providence Lagoon | |||
birds | 74 | ||
References |
Biodiversity hotspots
Colombia hosts two biodiversity hotspots; the Tropical Andes and Tumbes–Chocó–Magdalena. The country is part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves with five biosphere reserves:[26]
Name | Since | First review |
Second review |
Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cinturón Andino |
1979
|
2001
|
2011
|
||
El Tuparro |
1979
|
2001
|
2011
|
||
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta |
1979
|
2001
|
2011
|
||
Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta |
2000
|
2011
|
|||
Seaflower |
2000
|
2011
|
Species
Selected fauna
Selected endemic flora
Name | Species | Image |
---|---|---|
Cattleya trianae national flower |
||
wax palm | Ceroxylon quindiuense national tree |
|
lulo | Solanum quitoense national fruit |
|
borojó | Alibertia patinoi | |
Ancipitia anthrax | ||
Comparettia macroplectron | ||
Dracula bella | ||
Dracula diabola | ||
Dracula lotax | ||
Erythroxylum novogranatense | ||
frailejón | Espeletia killipii | |
Heliconia bourgaeana | ||
Hypericum myricariifolium | ||
Ipomoea pes-caprae | ||
Lepanthes ophelma | ||
Lupinus alopecuroides | ||
Masdevallia mejiana | ||
Miconia salicifolia | ||
Monnina salicifolia | ||
Odontoglossum crispum | ||
Opuntia wentiana | ||
Paphinia rugosa | ||
Paphinia seegeri | ||
Passiflora loefgrenii | ||
Pentacalia vernicosa | ||
Phragmipedium schlimii | ||
color-changing Restrepia | Restrepia chameleon | |
copper-coloured Restrepia | Restrepia cuprea | |
Restrepia nittiorhyncha | ||
Restrepia pandurata | ||
Senecio formosoides | ||
Stanhopea platyceras | ||
Stanhopea pozoi | ||
Stanhopea shuttleworthii | ||
Stanhopea stevensonii |
Selected endemic fungi
Name | Species | Image |
---|---|---|
Cookeina tricholoma | ||
Favolus brasiliensis | ||
Oudemansiella platensis |
Panoramas
See also
- Biodiversity of the Eastern Hills, Bogotá
- Conservation biology
- Biodiversity of Thomas van der Hammen Natural Reserve
- Biodiversity of Cape Town, New Caledonia, New Zealand
- Biodiversity of Borneo, environmental issues in Colombia
- Environmental personhood
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Qué es la biodiversidad - Humboldt Institute Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Biodiversidad en cifras - SiB Colombia Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ Nuevo Parque Nacional Natural de Colombia Bahía Portete[permanent dead link] - Ministerio de Ambiente, Colombia Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ Bahía Portete, regalo de Navidad - El Espectador Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Biodiversidad en Cifras 2021 - SiB Colombia Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Especies endémicas, áreas protegidas y deforestación | Biodiversidad 2018 - Humboldt Institute Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Biodiversity A-Z
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Biodiversidad en Colombia Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ Colombia Viva:Informe 2017 - WWF-Colombia
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Five unmissable Colombian páramos begging to be explored
- ↑ Nieto Escalante et al., 2010, p.75
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Parques Nacionales de Colombia Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Estadísticas Biodiversidad Colombia Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ Arbeláez Cortés et al., 2015, p.163
- ↑ UNDP, 2014, p.18
- ↑ Rodríguez Becerra, 2001, p.10
- ↑ Plan de acción de biodiversidad Colombia 2016-2030 Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ Biodiversidad nuestra conexión vital - Banco de la República Script error: No such module "In lang".
- ↑ Woods, 2008, p.49
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ World Biosphere Reserves - Latin America & The Caribbean
- ↑ Cinturón Andino - World Biosphere Reserve
- ↑ El Tuparro - World Biosphere Reserve
- ↑ Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta - World Biosphere Reserve
- ↑ Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta - World Biosphere Reserve
- ↑ Sea Flower - World Biosphere Reserve
Bibliography
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[self-published source?]
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- Biodiversidad Colombia - Universidad de La Salle Script error: No such module "In lang".
- Colombia: Bajo Caguán-Caquetá Rapid Inventory [PDF]
- Colombia: La Lindosa, Capricho, Cerritos Rapid Inventory [PDF]
- Articles with dead external links from October 2023
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Articles with permanently dead external links
- Webarchive template wayback links
- Articles with short description
- Pages with broken file links
- Accuracy disputes from November 2022
- Environment of Colombia
- Lists of biota of Colombia
- Fauna of Colombia
- Flora of Colombia
- Endemic fauna of Colombia
- Endemic flora of Colombia
- Wildlife by country