Canthium
Canthium | |
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File:Canthium coromandelicum near Hyderabad W IMG 7604.jpg | |
Canthium coromandelicum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Gentianales |
Family: | Rubiaceae |
Subfamily: | Ixoroideae |
Tribe: | Vanguerieae |
Genus: | Canthium Lam. |
Type species | |
Canthium coromandelicum |
|
Synonyms | |
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Canthium is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny.
Distribution
They are native to India, Sri Lanka, eastern and southern Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and some of the islands of the Pacific.[1] Most species occur in tropical Asia and only a limited number of species are found on the African continent and islands.
Taxonomy
Canthium was named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1785 in Encyclopédie Méthodique.[2] The name is a latinisation of "kantankara", a Malayalam name from Kerala for Canthium coromandelicum. Kantan means "shining" and kara means "a spiny shrub".[3] The biological type for the genus consists of specimens originally described by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck as Canthium parviflorum[4] but this species is now included in Canthium coromandelicum.[1] Canthium is a member of Vanguerieae, a tribe that is monophyletic and easily recognized morphologically, but in which generic boundaries were, for a long time, very unclear.[5] Canthium was especially problematic, and until the 1980s, it was defined broadly and known to be polyphyletic. Psydrax was separated from it in 1985,[6] as was Keetia in 1986.[7] These were followed by Pyrostria and Multidentia in 1987.[8][9] The subgenus Afrocanthium was raised to generic rank in 2004,[10] followed by Bullockia in 2009.[11] A few species were transferred to Canthium from Rytigynia and other genera in 2004 but the final circumscription of Canthium will remain in doubt until phylogenetic studies achieve greater resolution for the clade containing Canthium coromandelicum and its closest relatives.[10]
Species
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- Canthium aciculatum Ridl.
- Canthium angustifolium Roxb.
- Canthium approximatum Korth.
- Canthium arboreum Vidal
- Canthium aurantiacum Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Canthium bakerianum Drake
- Canthium berberidifolium Geddes
- Canthium bipinnatum (Blanco) Merr.
- Canthium brunneum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium calvum Craib
- Canthium cambodianum Pit.
- Canthium campanulatum Thwaites
- Canthium carinatum (Baker) Summerh.
- Canthium cavaleriei H.Lév.
- Canthium ciliatum (D.Dietr.) Kuntze
- Canthium coffeoides Pierre ex Pit.
- Canthium confertum Korth.
- Canthium congestiflorum Ridl.
- Canthium cordatum Dillwyn
- Canthium coromandelicum (Brum.f.) Alston
- Canthium culionense (Elmer) Merr.
- Canthium depressinerve Ridl.
- Canthium ellipticum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium elmeri Merr.
- Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium ferrugineum Craib
- Canthium filipendulum Pierre ex Pit.
- Canthium fraternum Miq.
- Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr.
- Canthium glaucum Hiern
- Canthium gracilipes Kurz
- Canthium hainanense (Merr.) Lantz
- Canthium hirtellum Ridl.
- Canthium hispidonervosum (De Wild.) C.M.Evrard
- Canthium homolleanum Cavaco
- Canthium horridulum Craib
- Canthium horridum Blume
- Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze
- Canthium korthalsianum Miq.
- Canthium kuntzeanum Bridson
- Canthium laeve Teijsm. & Binn.
- Canthium lasianthoides Miq.
- Canthium leytense (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium libericum Dinkl.
- Canthium longipes Geddes
- Canthium lucidum R.Br.
- Canthium macrocarpum Thwaites
- Canthium megacarpum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium megistocarpum Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Canthium merrillianum Mabb.
- Canthium merrillii (Setch.) Christoph.
- Canthium mite Bartl. ex DC.
- Canthium molle King & Gamble
- Canthium moluccanum Roxb.
- Canthium monstrosum (A.Rich) Merr.
- Canthium neilgherrense Wight
- Canthium oblongifolium Quisumb. & Merr.
- Canthium oblongum (Valeton) Kaneh.
- Canthium oliganthum (Miq.) Boerl.
- Canthium oligocarpum Hiern
- Canthium parvifolium Roxb.
- Canthium paucinervium (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium pedunculare Cav.
- Canthium perakanthus ined.
- Canthium polyanthum Miq.
- Canthium puberulum Thwaites ex Hook.f.
- Canthium quadratum Craib
- Canthium rheedei DC.
- Canthium sarcocarpum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium sarmentosum Craib
- Canthium scabridum Ridl.
- Canthium scandens Blume
- Canthium schlechterianum Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Canthium sechellense Summerh.
- Canthium siamense (Harms) Pit.
- Canthium simile Merr. & Chun
- Canthium sordidum (K.Schum.) Bullock
- Canthium spinosum (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze
- Canthium spirostylum Miq.
- Canthium stellulatum Craib
- Canthium strigosum Craib
- Canthium strychnoides Craib
- Canthium subaureum Craib
- Canthium subcapitatum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium suberosum Codd
- Canthium subsessilifolium (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium sumatranum Miq.
- Canthium tavoyanum (R.Parker) Merr.
- Canthium travancoricum Bedd.
- Canthium trichophorum Quisumb. & Merr.
- Canthium umbelligerum Miq.
- Canthium vanwykii Tilney & Kok
- Canthium villarii Vidal
- Canthium violaceum Zoll. & Moritzi
- Canthium wenzelii (Merr.) Merr.
References
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- ↑ Canthium In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile
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External links
- Canthium At: List of Genera At: Rubiaceae At: List of families At: Families and Genera in GRIN At: Queries At: GRIN taxonomy for plants
- Canthium At:Index Nominum Genericorum At: References At: NMNH Department of Botany
- Canthium In: volume 1 Of: Encyclopédie méthodique: botanique /Par m. le chevalier de Lamarck. At: Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Canthium At: Search Page At: World Checklist of Rubiaceae At: Index by Team At: Projects At: Science Directory At: Scientific Research and Data At: Kew Gardens
- Canthium at the Encyclopedia of Life
- Canthium in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae