Changsha dialect

Changsha dialect
长沙话
Native to	China
Region	Changsha, Hunan province
Native speakers	6 million (date missing)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Chinese Xiang New Xiang (Chang-Yi) Changsha dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Linguist list	hsn-cha
Glottolog	None

Changsha dialect (simplified Chinese: 长沙话; traditional Chinese: 長沙話; pinyin: Chángshā-huà) is a dialect of New Xiang Chinese. It is spoken predominantly in Changsha, the capital of Hunan province. It is not mutually intelligible with Mandarin, the official language of China.

Classification

Changsha dialect is what Chinese dialectologists would call a New Xiang variety, as opposed to Old Xiang; the distinction is mainly based on the presence of the Middle Chinese voiced plosives and affricates. The Old Xiang varieties, being more conservative, have in general kept them while the New Xiang ones have altogether lost them and changed them to voiceless unaspirated consonants. Although most Chinese dialectologists treat New Xiang as part of the group, Zhou Zhenhe and You Rujie classify it as Southwestern Mandarin.

Geographic distribution

Changsha dialect is spoken in the city of Changsha and its neighbouring suburbs. However, there are some slight differences between the urban and suburban speech. For instance, the retroflex set is only heard in the suburbs, but not in the city and some words have a different final in the two varieties.

Dialects

There are no substantial differences between dialects in the neighbourhood of Changsha; however, age dialects do exist. For example, the distinction between alveolar and alveolo-palatal consonants is only made by the elderly while the younger generations do not normally distinguish them. The finals [-oŋ] and [-ioŋ] have become [-ən] and [-in] in the younger speech. Also, the initial consonant [ɲ] in the elderly's and middled-aged's speech is either dropped altogether or changed to [l].

Phonetics and Phonology

The Changsha dialect, together with other New Xiang varieties, has lost the Middle Chinese obstruents, which are changed to voiceless unaspirated consonants. It has also lost all the final plosives found in the rù tone in Middle Chinese.

Consonants

Consonants of the Changsha dialect

		Labial	Alveolar	Alveolo- palatal	Retroflex	Velar
Nasal		m	n	ɲ		ŋ
Plosive	voiceless unaspirated	p	t			k
	voiceless aspirated	pʰ	tʰ			kʰ
Affricate	voiceless unaspirated		ts	tɕ	tʂ
	aspirated		tsʰ	tɕʰ	tʂʰ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ɕ	ʂ	x
	voiced				ʐ
Lateral approximant			l

Tones

Changsha has 5 tones, which are neutralized in syllables ending in a stop.

Tone chart of the Changsha dialect

Tone number	Tone name	Tone contour	Description
1	yin ping (陰平)	˧ (3) or ā	mid
2	yang ping (陽平)	˩˧ (13) or ǎ	rising
3	shang sheng (上聲)	˦˩ (41) or â	falling
4	yin qu (陰去)	˥ (5) or á	high
5	yang qu (陽去)	˨˩ (21) or à	low
6	ru sheng (入聲)	˨˦ʔ (24′) or aʔ	checked

See also

• List of Chinese dialects

References

• Běijīng dàxué zhōngguóyǔyánwénxuéxì yǔyánxué jiàoyánshì. (1989) Hànyǔ fāngyīn zìhuì. Běijīng: Wénzìgǎigé chūbǎnshè.(北京大學中國語言文學系語言學教研室. 1989. 漢語方音字匯. 北京: 文字改革出版社)
• Norman, Jerry. [1988] (2002). Chinese. Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN 0-521-29653-6
• Wu, Yunji. (2005). A Synchronic and diachronic study of the grammar of the Chinese Xiang dialects. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-018366-8
• Yuán, jiāhuá (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào (An introduction to Chinese regional speech varieties). Beijing, China: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (袁家驊. 1989. 漢語方言概要. 北京:文字改革出版社.)

External links

• Cantonese and other dialects (in Chinese)
• Classification of Xiang Dialects from Glossika