Debar

For the social concept, see debarment.

Debar Dibër Дебaр
Town
Debar with Debar Lake to the left
Flag of DebarDibër Flag
Debar Dibër Location within Macedonia
Coordinates:
Country	Macedonia
Municipality	Debar Municipality
Government
• Mayor	Ruzhdi Lata (DUI)
Population (2002)
• Total	14,561
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	1250
Website	www.dibra.gov.mk/

Debar (Macedonian: Дебaр [ˈdɛːbar]; also known by other alternative names) is a city in the western part of the Republic of Macedonia, near the border with Albania, on the road from Struga to Gostivar. It is the seat of Debar Municipality. Debar has an ethnic Albanian majority and is the Republic of Macedonia's only city in which ethnic Macedonians do not rank first or second demographically.

Geography

Debar is surrounded by the Dešat, Stogovo, Jablanica and Bistra mountains. It is located 625 meters above sea level, next to Lake Debar, the Black Drin River and its smaller break-off river, Radika.

Population

According to the last census data from 2002, the city of Debar has a population of 14,561, made up of 10,768 (74.0%) Albanians, 1,415 (9.7%) Turks, 1,079 (7.2%) Romani, 1,054 (7.2%) Macedonians, and 245 (1.7%) others.

City of Debar population according to ethnic group 1948-2002

Ethnic group	census 1948		census 1953		census 1961		census 1971		census 1981		census 1994		census 2002
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Macedonians	..	..	1,110	20.1	1,009	16.0	1,276	14.5	1,106	9.1	1,431	10.7	1,054	7.3
Albanians	..	..	4,122	74.7	4,507	71.3	6,681	75.7	8,625	70.7	9,400	70.5	10,768	74.0
Turks	..	..	53	1.0	195	3.1	367	4.2	573	4.7	1,175	8.8	1,415	9.7
Romani	..	..	83	1.5	0	0.0	0	0.0	1,030	8.5	1,103	8.3	1,079	7.4
Vlachs	..	..	2	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	0.0	2	0.0
Serbs	..	..	87	1.6	57	0.9	105	1.2	37	0.3	34	0.3	22	0.2
Bosnians	..	..	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	2	0.0
Others	..	..	63	1.2	555	8.8	394	4.5	830	6.8	196	1.5	219	1.5
Total	4,698		5,520		6,323		8,823		12,201		13,340		14,561

Name

The name of the city in Macedonian is Debar (Дебар). In Albanian; Dibër/Dibra or Dibra e Madhe (meaning: Big Dibra, in contrast to the other Dibër in Albania). In Serbian Debar (Дебар), in Bulgarian Debǎr (Дебър), in Turkish Debre or Debre-i Bala, in Greek, Divrē (Δίβρη) or Divra (Δίβρα) and in Roman times as Deborus

History

Monastery of Saint Jovan Bigorski Monastery near Debar.

The earliest recording of Debar is under the name of ‘Deborus’ on a map drawn by the astronomer and cartographer Ptolomy in the 2nd century. The Byzantine emperor Basil II knew of its existence, and Felix Petancic referred to it as Dibri in 1502.

After Tsar Samoil was defeated in 1014 by Byzantine emperor Basil II, Debar was administered under the Bishopric of Bitola. In the latter half of the 14 century Debar was ruled by the Albanian Kastrioti clan, but fell under the rule of the Ottoman Empire when local Albanian ruler Gjon Kastrioti died shortly after his four children were taken hostage. It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1395 and subsequently became the seat of the Sanjak of Dibra. In 1440 Skanderbeg was appointed as its sanjakbey.

Gjergj Kastrioti, survived to take back his father’s land and untie all of Albania in 1444. A larger than life size statue of Skenderbeg adorns Debar’s centre, showing the fondness that the locals have for his cause. During the Ottoman-Albanian wars between 1443-1479 the Debar region was the borderline between the Ottomans and the League of Lezhë led by Skanderbeg and became an area of continuous conflict. There were two major battles near Debar, on June 29, 1444 and on September 27, 1446, both ending with the defeat of the Ottoman armies.

Debar was overrun once again by the Turks, and became known as Debre. The city constantly rebelled against Turkish rule, however, not least because of the wealth of the many Turkish bey and aga who lived there off local taxes and the fat of the land. But Turksih rule also brought trade to Debar and the city centre grew and became known for its crafts industry. Much of the architect from that period still survives.

In the early 19th century, when Debar rebelled against the Turkish Sultan, the French traveller, publicist, and scientist Ami Boue observed that Debar had 64 shops and 4,200 residents. It was first a sanjak centre in Scutari Vilayet before 1877, and afterwards in Manastir Vilayet between 1877-1912 as Debre or Debre-i Bala ("Upper Debre" in Ottoman Turkish, as contrasted with Debre-i Zir, which was Peshkopi's Turkish name). Debar was significantly involved in the national Albanian movement and on November 1, 1878 the Albanian leaders of the city participated in founding the League of Prizren. In 1907 the Congress of Dibra was held in the town, which made Albanian an official language within the Ottoman Empire. The congress allowed that Albanian be taught in schools legally for the first time within the Empire.

Balli Kombëtar forces in Debar

During the Balkan wars of 1912 – 13 Debar was taken back by the Albanians, but was then handed over to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as a reward for helping the Allies during World War I. Thereafter many Serbs and Montenegrins were encouraged to settle in Debar, a common tactic to ensure that newly acquired land became more integrated with the motherland.

From 1929 to 1941, Debar was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Debar was annexed, along with most of Western Macedonia, into the Italian-controlled Kingdom of Albania on 17 April 1941, following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during the Second World War. Greater Albania was officially a protectorate of Italy and therefore public administration duties were passed to Albanian authorities. Albanian-language schools, radio stations and newspapers were established in Debar. When Italy capitulated in September 1943, Debar passed into German hands. In 1944, after a two month struggle for the city between the communist Albanian National Liberation Front and German forces holding the city, including the SS Skanderbeg division, the communists led by Haxhi Lleshi finally secured Debar on August 30, 1944. After the cessation of hostilities with the end of WW2 and the establishment of communism in both Albania and Yugoslavia, Debar passed back into Yugoslav hands.

Culture

Statue of Skenderbeg in Debar

Some of the best craftsman, woodcarving masters and builders came from the Debar region and were recognized for their skills in creating detailed and impressive woodcarvings, painting beautiful icons and building unique architecture. In fact Debar was one of the then famous three woodcarving schools in the region, the other two being Samokov and Bansko. Their work can be seen in many churches and cultural buildings throughout the Balkan Peninsula. The Mijak School of woodcarving became noted for its artistic excellence, and an amazing example that can be seen today by tourists is the iconostasis in the nearby Monastery of Saint Jovan Bigorski, near the town of Debar. The monastery was rebuilt in the 19th century and is situated on the slopes of Mount Bistra, above the banks of the River Radika. The monastery was built on the remains of an older church dating from 1021.

Another important religious monument is the monastery of Saint Gjorgi in the village of Rajcica in the immediate vicinity of Debar. The monastery was recently built.

Grigor Parlichev was given the title Second Homer in 1860 in Athens for his poem The Serdar. Based on a folk poem, it deals with the exploits and heroic death of Kuzman Kapidan, a famous hero and protector of Christian people in the Debar region in their struggle with bandits.

Some of the oldest and richest Albanian epics still exist in the Debar regions and are part of the Albanian mythological heritage.

Notable people from Debar

• Gjon Kastrioti, father of Skanderbeg
• Nexhat Agolli, politician and deputy president of ASNOM
• Eqrem Basha, writer
• Abdurraman Dibra, politician, Minister in Ahmet Zogu's rule
• Fiqri Dine, former Prime Minister of Albania
• Akif Erdemgil, military officer in the Ottoman and Turkish armies
• Moisi Golemi, General in Skenderbeg's army
• John of Debar, Orthodox clergyman
• Sherif Lengu, modern Albania founding father
• Haki Stërmilli, writer
• Myfti Vehbi Dibra, modern Albania founding father

References

General references

• The History of Byzantine State by G. Ostrogorsky
• The Serdar by G. Prlicev