Forging temperature
Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature.[1] Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. The forging temperature of an alloy will lie between the temperatures of its component metals. For most metals, forging temperature will be approximately 60% of the melting temperature in Kelvin.
Selecting the maximum forging temperature allows metals to be forged more easily, lowering the forging pressure and thus the wear on metal-forming dies.[2] The temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect the performance of products used in manufacturing.[3]
| Material | Celsius | Fahrenheit |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon steel - 0.50% carbon content | 1230[2] | 2246 |
| Stainless steel (Nonmagnetic) | 1150 | 2102 |
| Stainless steel (Magnetic) | 1095 | 2003 |
| Nickel | 1095 | 2003 |
| Titanium | 955 | 1751 |
| Copper | 900 | 1652 |
| Brass (25 Alloy Types Utilising Different Ratios: Copper & Zinc) | 815 | 1499 |
| Commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% zinc) | 900 to 419.53 | 1652 to 787.154 |
| Aluminium | 300 - 480[4] | 600 - 900 |
| Zinc | 419.53 | 787.154 |
| Lead | 327.46 | 621.428 |
| Tin | 231.93 | 449.474 |
