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HMS Emerald (1795)

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For other ships with the same name, see HMS Emerald.
Vaisseau-Droits-de-lHomme.jpg
Emerald's sister ship Amazon (right) engaging the French frigate, Droits de l'Homme (centre), with HMS Indefatigable (left)
History
Royal Navy Ensign (1707–1801)
Name: HMS Emerald
Ordered: 24 May 1794
Builder: Thomas Pitcher
Cost: £14,419
Laid down: June 1794
Launched: 31 July 1795
Commissioned: August 1795
Fate: Broken up, January 1836
General characteristics
Class & type: Amazon-class fifth-rate frigate
Tons burthen: 933 ​67⁄94 (bm)
Length:
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  • Lua error in Module:Convert at line 452: attempt to index field 'titles' (a nil value). (keel)
Beam: 38 ft 4 in (11.68 m)
Depth of hold: 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m)
Propulsion: Sails
Complement: 264
Armament: 36 guns

HMS Emerald was one of the 36-gun Amazon-class frigates designed by Sir William Rule for the Royal Navy in 1794. She was ordered towards the end of May 1794 and work began the following month at Northfleet dockyard. She was completed on 12 October 1795 and sent to the Mediterranean to join the fleet there, under Sir John Jervis.

After the Battle of Cape St Vincent, Emerald was one of several vessels sent to hunt down and capture the crippled Santisima Trinidad which had managed to escape from the action. Emerald was supposed to have been present at the Battle of the Nile but in May 1798 she was separated from Horatio Nelson's squadron in a storm and arrived in Aboukir Bay nine days too late. She was part of Rear-admiral John Thomas Duckworth's squadron when she took part in the Action of 7 April 1800, off Cadiz.

In 1803 Emerald served in the Caribbean as part of Samuel Hood's fleet, and took part in the invasion of St Lucia in July, and Surinam the following spring. She returned to home waters for repairs in 1806 and served in the western approaches before joining a fleet under Admiral James Gambier, in 1809, and taking part in the Battle of the Basque Roads. In November 1811 she was taken to Portsmouth where she was laid up in ordinary, then in 1822 she was fitted out as a receiving ship. She was broken up in January 1836.

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Construction

Emerald was a fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy and was, along with her sister ship, Amazon, the first of the Amazon-class frigates, designed by William Rule.[1] The pair were ordered on 24 May 1794 and both were built to the same dimensions: 143 feet 2.5 inches (43.650 metres) along the gun deck, 119 ft 5.5 in (36.411 m) at the keel, with a beam of 38 ft 4 in (11.68 m) and a depth in the hold of 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m). They were 933 ​67⁄94 (bm). A second pair of Amazons, ordered on 24 January 1795, were marginally smaller at 925 ​87⁄94 (bm) and were built from pitch pine.[1] Emerald's initial build was completed at Thomas Pitcher's dockyard in Northfleet on 31 July 1795 at a cost of £14,419. She was immediately taken to Woolwich for fitting, which finished 12 October 1795, at a further cost of £9,390.[1]

Career

Mediterranean service

Santisima Trinidad being rescued at the Battle of Cape St Vincent. Emerald was one of the British frigates sent out to track her down afterwards.

Emerald was first commissioned in August 1795, under Velters Cornewall Berkley. In January 1797, she was sent to join Admiral John Jervis' fleet in the Mediterranean.[1] Although attached to Jervis' fleet at the time, Emerald did not take part in the Battle of Cape St Vincent on 14 February, but was instead anchored in nearby Lagos Bay with other vessels. On 16 February, the victorious British fleet and its prize ships entered the bay and Emerald, the frigates Minerve and Niger of 40 and 32 guns respectively, a corvette of 20-guns, Bonne-Citoyenne and the 14-gun sloop Raven were ordered to search for Santisima Trinidad after she was seen being towed away from the battle.[1][2] The British squadron sighted Trinidad on 20 February, being towed by a large frigate and in the company of a brig, but Berkley, considering his small squadron under-powered, did not order an engagement and eventually the Spanish ships sailed from sight. The 32-gun HMS Terpsichore, whilst cruising alone, later located Santissima Trinidad and attacked her but, being hopelessly out-gunned, Terpsichore was forced to abandon her attack.[2] On 26 April, while on blockade at Cadiz, Emerald and the 74-gun Irresistible, captured a 34-gun Spanish ship and destroyed another.[3]

Action of 26 April 1797

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Main article: Action of 26 April 1797

Two Spanish vessels were sailing close to the coast when, at around 06:00, they were seen by Jervis' fleet. Emerald and Irresistible, under Captain George Martin, were sent to investigate, discovering the ships to be the frigates Santa Elena and Ninfa.[4] Bound for Cadiz from Havana, they had transferred their cargo of silver the previous night to a fishing boat that had warned them of the proximity of the British fleet.[3] Having spotted the enemy pursuing them, the Spanish ships sought shelter just north of Trafalgar in Conil Bay, the entrance to which was protected by a large rocky ledge which posed a threat to unwary seamen. Irresistible and Emerald successfully negotiated this obstacle at around 14:30, and engaged the Spanish anchored in the bay.[5][6] The action lasted until approximately 16:00 by which time both Spanish ships had surrendered. However, in order to avoid capture, Santa Elena cut her cable and drifted onto the shore where her crew escaped. The British managed to get Santa Elena off but she had been too badly damaged and sank.[5][6] Irresistible and Emerald had captured Ninfa and destroyed Santa Elena but the cargo of silver was delivered safely to Cadiz.[3] Eighteen Spanish men were killed and thirty wounded whilst the British suffered one man killed and one wounded.[6] Ninfa was taken into British service as HMS Hamadryad, a 36-gun frigate with a main battery of twelve pounders.[4][7] Later in 1797, Captain Thomas Waller took command of Emerald, and on 5 July she participated in the second bombardment of Cadiz.[1][8]

Second bombardment of Cadiz

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Main article: Assault on Cádiz (1797)

Following the Battle of Cape St Vincent, the British pursued the remainder of the Spanish fleet to Cadiz where Jervis began a long-running blockade of the port.[9] On 3 July, in a failed attempt to drive the Spanish out, he ordered a bombardment of the town that ended in the capture of two mortar boats.[10] A second bombardment was decided upon and on the night of 5 July, Emerald in the company of Terpsichore and the 74-gun Theseus provided an escort and protection for three bomb vessels, Thunder, Terror and Strombolo. This second attack caused much damage, and the next morning, the Spanish hurriedly moved ten of their line-of-battle ships out of range.[11] A third bombardment was planned for 8 July but cancelled when a storm blew up.[8][11] Later that month Emerald took part in the unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz.[1]

Attack on Santa Cruz

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Main article: Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)
The British attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife, painted in 1848 by Francisco de Aguilar

Nelson's previously proposed attack on Santa Cruz, in April 1797, had to be aborted when the 3,500 troops he had hoped to use were redeployed, but when Jervis heard that a Spanish treasure fleet was anchored there in July, the potential rewards were too great to ignore.[12] Nelson was to take three ships of the line, three frigates, including Emerald, and 200 additional marines, and make an amphibious assault on the Spanish stronghold.[1][12] The frigates were to disembark their troops in boats before engaging the batteries to the north-east, but a combination of strong currents and heavy Spanish fire forced the British to abandon their attack. Between 22 and 25 July several attempts were made on the town; although troops were landed successfully, Spanish resistance was too strong and the British had to ask for an honourable withdrawal.[13] After the attack, Nelson sent Emerald with his report to Jervis who in turn sent her on to England with dispatches. Waller arrived at the Admiralty with the news, on 2 September.[14]

Alexandria

While serving on the Lisbon station, and while under the temporary command of Lord William Proby, in December 1797, Emerald captured the 8-gun privateer, Chasseur Basque.[1] In May 1798, Emerald accompanied Nelson, in the 74-gun Vanguard, to Alexandria with Terpsichore, Bonne-Citoyenne, and the 74-gun Orion. The squadron left Gibraltar on 9 May, but Emerald became separated in a storm on 21 May. She was thus not present during the Battle of the Nile, arriving off Aboukir Bay on 12 August 1798.[15] Emerald remained stationed off Alexandria for the rest of the year.[1]

On 2 September Emerald assisted in the destruction of Anemone, a French aviso, while on patrol in the company of the three seventy-fours Zealous, Goliath, Swiftsure, the two frigates Seahorse and Alcmene, and the corvette Bonne Citoyenne. Anemone had left Toulon on 27 July and Malta on 26 August.[15] Emerald and Seahorse chased Anemone inshore where she anchored in the shallow water, out of reach of the two British frigates. When the frigates despatched boats, Anemone cut her anchor cable and drifted on to the shore. While the Frenchmen were attempting to escape along the coast, unfriendly Arabs captured them and stripped them of their clothes, shooting those who resisted. The commander and seven others escaped naked to the beach where the British, who had swum ashore with lines and wooden casks, rescued them.[15][Note 1] Anemone had a crew of 60 men under the command of enseigne de vaisseau (Ensign) Garibou,[17] and was also carrying General Camin and Citoyen Valette, aide-de-camp to General Napoleon Bonaparte, with dispatches from Toulon, as well as some other passengers. Camin and Valette were among those the Arabs killed.[15][Note 2]

Action on 18 June 1799

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Main article: Action of 18 June 1799

By the beginning of 1799, Emerald was back under the command of Captain Waller, serving as part of the advance Mediterranean fleet.[1] While cruising with HMS Minerve on 2 June, they took Caroline, a 16-gun French privateer, off the south-east coast of Sardinia.[19][20] Later Emerald assisted in the capture of Junon, Alceste, Courageuse, Salamine and Alerte in the Action of 18 June 1799.[1][20] The British fleet under George Elphinstone was some 69 miles off Cape Sicié when three French frigates and two brigs were spotted. Elphinstone engaged them with three seventy-fours, Centaur, Bellona and Captain, and two frigates, Emerald and Santa Teresa.[21] The next evening, after a 28-hour chase, the French ships were forced into an action. The French squadron had become fragmented, enabling the British to take it piecemeal. The first shots were fired at 19:00 by Bellona, as she, Captain and the two frigates closed with Junon and Alceste, both of which struck their colours immediately. Bellona then joined Centaur in her chase of Courageuse. Faced with the might of two seventy-fours, Courageuse also surrendered. Emerald then overhauled Salamine, and Captain took Alerte at around 23:30.[20][22]

Action on 7 April 1800

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Main article: Action of 7 April 1800
Rear-admiral John Duckworth, commander of the squadron blockading Cadiz, of which Emerald was a part when she fought in the Action of 7 April 1800

In April 1800, Emerald was back on blockade duty at Cadiz as part of a small squadron under Rear-admiral John Thomas Duckworth in the 74-gun Leviathan, with Swiftsure and a small fireship, Incendiary. On 5 April, the British squadron sighted a Spanish convoy comprising thirteen merchant vessels and three accompanying frigates, and at once gave chase.[23] It was not until 03:00 the following day, however, that Emerald managed to overhaul and cross the bow of a 10-gun merchantman, which immediately surrendered.[24] By daybreak the Spanish convoy had scattered and the only ship visible was a 14-gun brig, Los Anglese. Due to the lack of wind, boats from Leviathan and Emerald were sent after the brig, which was captured after a short exchange of fire. Sails were by now spotted in the east, west and south, and the British were obliged to divide their force: Swiftsure went south, Emerald east, and Leviathan westward.[23]

At midday, Emerald signalled that there were six vessels to the north-east, and Leviathan wore round to pursue. By dusk, the two British ships had nine Spanish craft in sight; in an attempt to intercept, they set a new course northwards. Three ships were seen at midnight to the north-north-west, and by 02:00 the following morning, two had been identified as enemy frigates.[25] Duckworth ordered a parallel course in anticipation of a dawn attack, and at first light, the British closed with their opponents, now identified as the frigates Carmen and Florentina. The Spaniards, who in the darkness had assumed the British to be part of their convoy, now realised their mistake and set more sail in a bid to escape. Duckworth's request for surrender was ignored, so Leviathan fired into the rigging of the nearest frigate. Emerald opened up on the second frigate, disabling her after a while. Just as Leviathan had positioned herself to fire into both at once, the Spanish surrendered.[26]

The third frigate was still visible, and Emerald immediately set off after her, but was recalled by Duckworth and instead ordered to capture the merchant ships. This she did, securing four of the largest vessels before nightfall. Leviathan herself began a chase for the third frigate only after the other two had been made ready to sail, but by then it was too late; after four hours with the wind slackening, Leviathan gave up the pursuit. On her return to rendezvous with Emerald, she managed to take a further enemy brig before night fell. The following day, Leviathan and Emerald sailed for Gibraltar with their prizes where they encountered Incendiary, which had arrived the previous day with two captured vessels.[27] In all, the small British squadron managed to secure nine merchant vessels and two frigates.[27][28]

Caribbean service

In June 1803, Emerald, under Captain James O'Bryen, was attached to Samuel Hood's squadron in the Leeward Islands. Prior to the British invasion of St Lucia on 21 June, Emerald was employed in the disruption of supplies to the island through the harassment of enemy shipping.[29] The invasion force left Barbados on 20 June and comprised Hood's flagship Centaur of 74-guns, as well as Courageux, also of 74-guns, the frigates Argo and Chichester, with the sloops Hornet and Cyane. The following morning they were joined by Emerald and the 18-gun sloop, Osprey and by 11:00, the squadron was anchored in Choc Bay.[29][30] The troops were all landed by 17:00 and half an hour later the town of Castries was in the hands of the British.[31]

1798 map showing the Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Demarara

The island's main fortress, Morne-Fortunée, refused to surrender and had to be stormed at 04:00 the following morning but by 04:30 on 22 July, the battle for St Lucia had been won and the British, having done so with such ease, decided to send a force to Tobago which capitulated on 1 July.[31]

On 24 June, Emerald captured the 16-gun French privateer, Enfant Prodigue between St Lucia and Martinique after a 72-hour chase. She was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Victor Lefbru and was carrying dispatches for Martinique.[29] Then on 10 August, whilst in the company of the 22-gun brig, HMS Heureux, Emerald intercepted and captured a Dutch merchant vessel travelling between Surinam and Amsterdam [32] On 5 September she captured two French schooners[33] then later that month, took part in attacks on Berbice, Essequibo and Demarara.[34]

Fort Diamond

Emerald's first lieutenant, Thomas Forest, commanded the 6-gun cutter Fort Diamond on 13 March 1804 when, with thirty of Emerald's crew aboard, she captured a French privateer off Saint-Pierre, Martinique.[35] Contrary wind prevented the privateer, Mosambique, from entering St Pierre and she had sought shelter beneath the batteries at Seron.[36] Because Emerald was too far downwind, O'Bryen decide to use Fort Diamond to capture the privateer. Boats and crew from Emerald created a diversion in order to draw some of the fire from the battery while Fort Diamond approached from the opposite direction, rounded Pearl Rock, some two miles off the coast, and bore down on Mosambique.[35][36] Forest put the cutter alongside with such force that a chain securing the privateer to the shore snapped. The 60-man French crew abandoned their vessel and swam ashore.[36] The Royal Navy took Mosambique into service.[37]

Capture of Surinam

1773 map of the Dutch colony of Surinam showing the respective positions of the Surinam and Commewine rivers, Warapee Creek, Braam's point, and the forts Leyden and New Amsterdam

In the spring of 1804, Emerald and her crew took part in an invasion of Surinam. A force consisting of Hood's flagship Centaur; Emerald herself, the 44-gun heavy frigates, Pandour and Serapis; the 28-gun sixth rate Alligator, the 12-gun schooner Unique, the 12-gun corvette Hippomenes and the 8-gun Drake, together with 2,000 troops under Brigadier-general Sir Charles Green, arrived from Barbados on 25 April after a twenty-two-day journey.[38][39] The sloop Hippomenes, a transport and a further three armed vessels, landed 700 troops, commanded by Brigadier-general Frederick Maitland, at Warapee Creek on the night of 30 April. The following night, O'Bryen was ordered to assist Brigadier-general Hughes in the taking Braam's Point. Emerald was at that time prevented from entering the Surinam River by a sandbar but O'Bryen forced her across on the rising tide and his example was followed by Pandour and Drake. Anchoring close by, the three British ships quickly put the Dutch battery of 18-pounders out of action and captured the fort without loss of life.[38][40]

Emerald and her companions then pushed up the river, sometimes in less water than the frigates drew, until they arrived close to the forts of Leyden and Frederici, on 5 May. A detachment of troops under Hughes was landed some distance away, and after marching undercover of the forests and swamps, launched an attack in which the two forts were quickly captured.[41] By this time most of the squadron had managed to work its way up the river as far as Frederici, Maitland was advancing along the Commewine River, and with troops poised to attack the fort of New Amsterdam, the Batavian commandant, Lieutenant-colonel Batenburg, duly surrendered.[42]

Service on the Home Station

Between February and June 1806, Emerald underwent repairs at Deptford dockyard before being recommissioned under Captain John Larmour.[1] The appointment was short-lived however, Emerald being taken over by Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland in the first quarter of 1807. While serving in the Basque Roads in April 1807, she captured the 14-gun privateer Austerlitz. Emerald was escorting a Spanish polacca that she had previously taken when, on the morning of 14 April, she spotted the privateer which she subsequently captured after a ten-hour chase.[1][43] Austerlitz had been out of port two days but had made no captures; the polacca was the Spanish ship Prince of Asturias, which had sailed from La Guayra with a cargo of cocoa, bark, and indigo. Emerald sent both prizes into Plymouth, where they arrived on 22 April. Emerald herself set off in pursuit of another vessel from La Guayra.[44][Note 3]

Apropus

Emerald sent in her boats in a cutting-out expedition in Viveiro harbour on 13 March 1808. Whilst cruising inshore at around 17:00, Emerald spotted a large French schooner anchored there. Although it was late in the day and despite both the schooner and the harbour's batteries having seen Emerald, Maitland made plans to capture or destroy the schooner.[1][46] Maitland soon discovered it was not possible to place Emerald so as to simultaneously engage both the enemy batteries and so decided to send landing parties to silence the guns, which had been firing on his ship since 17:30.[46]

The first, led by Lieutenant Bertram and accompanied by two marine lieutenants and two master mates, stormed the outer fort while Emerald took up a position as close to the second battery as the depth of water would allow. Another boat, under the command of the third lieutenant, Smith, landed about a mile from the target and immediately encountered Spanish soldiers. The British drove off the Spaniards and pursued them inland. By the time this firefight had concluded, Emerald had silenced the battery, and with it being so quiet and dark, Smith was unable to locate the fort.[46] Bertram, on the other hand, had accomplished his mission and had since walked round to rendezvous with Midshipman Baird's party. Maitland had sent Baird to take possession of the schooner, which had run ashore after cutting its cable shortly after Emerald had entered the harbour. On the way Bertram had encountered sixty of the French crew whom he and his compatriots were obliged to disperse. The British made several attempts to refloat the schooner, which turned out to be the 250-ton (bm) Apropus, but in the end simply set her on fire.[46]

Back in the Basque Roads

British chart of the Basque Roads, 1757

On 23 February 1809, Emerald was back in the Basque Roads, part of a squadron under Robert Stopford, whose 80-gun Caesar, was also accompanied by the seventy-fours Defiance and Donegal, and the 36-gun frigates, Amethyst and Naiad.[47] At 20:00, while anchored off the Chassiron Lighthouse, to the north-west of Ile d'Oléron, the sighting of several rockets prompted Stopford to take his squadron and investigate. About an hour later, sails were seen to the east, which the British followed until daylight the following morning. The sails turned out to be those of a French squadron which Stopford deduced to be out of Brest and which heaved to in the Pertuis d'Antioche.[47]

The French force comprised eight ship of the line and two frigates, and Stoppard immediately sent Naiad to appraise Admiral James Gambier of the situation. Naiad had not gone too far however when she signalled that there were three other sail to the north-west. Stoppard ordered Amethyst and Emerald to remain while he and the rest of the squadron set off in pursuit. The vessels sighted by Naiad were revealed to be three French frigates heading for Sable d'Olonne.[47] Stoppard's squadron encountered a British frigate, Amelia and a sloop, Doterel, which prompyly joined the chase. Shortly after, the French anchored and Caeser, Donegal, Defiance and Amelia stood in and engaged. Two of the French frigates were obliged to cut their cables and run ashore in order to escape before the British were forced to withdraw by the falling tide.[47] However, all three French frigates, Calypso, Italienne and Sybille, were destroyed in the action.[48]

Chase of Niemen

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Main article: Action of 6 April 1809

Emerald and Amethyst had more success in the spring of 1809 when, on 23 March 1809, they captured the brigs Caroline and Serpent, then in April Emerald assisted Amethyst in the chase of a large 44-gun frigate off Ushant.[49][50] Niemen, with a main battery of 18-pounders and under the command of Captain Dupoter, was seen at 11:00 on 5 April by Emerald which immediately signalled Amethyst for assistance. Amethyst caught a glimpse of the French forty-four just as she turned away to the south-east and gave chase but by 19:20 had lost sight of both Niemen and Emerald. Amethyst's captain, Sir Michael Seymour, ordered a probable course of interception and fell in with Niemen again at around 21:30. Emerald however was not to be found and so Amethyst was compelled to engage alone. Niemen was forced to strike when another British frigate, Arethusa came into view and fired her broadside.[50]

Battle of the Basque Roads

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Main article: Battle of the Basque Roads
Map illustrating the position of the anchored French fleet shortly before the British attack on the night of 11 April

Emerald was part of the fleet under Admiral James Gambier that fought the Battle of the Basque Roads in April 1809.[51] The French ships were anchored under the protection of the powerful batteries on the Isle d'Aix[52] when on 11 April Lord Cochrane led an attacking force of fireships and explosive vessels.[53] At this time, Emerald was employed in a passive role, providing, along with the brigs Beagle, Doterel, Conflict and Growler, a diversion to the east of the island.[53] The fireships were a partial success, the French, having suspected such an attack, had rigged a boom across the channel[54] but this was breached by one of the explosive vessels. The French cut their cables and drifted on to the shoals.[55]

The following day, after much delay, Gambier took the rest of his fleet into the Basque Roads. The British ships anchored, with springs, in a crescent around the stranded French, and exchanged fire. Emerald took up position ahead of Indefatigable and behind Aigle and Unicorn, and directed her fire mainly towards the French ships of the line, Varsovie and Aquilon, both of which struck, at around 17:30.[56] They could not be taken into service however and both were later set on fire, on the orders of Captain John Bligh.[57]

At 20:00 , Emerald, along with the other British frigates and brigs, weighed and anchored with the 74-gun HMS Revenge in the Maumusson passage to the south of Oléron whilst a second fireship attack was carried out.[58] By the time the fireships were ready, in the early hours on the 13th, contrary winds prevented them from being put into operation. The British therefore contented themselves by removing the crews in boats, before, just after 03:00, setting Varsovie and Aquilon alight.[57] Emerald, and the other vessels moored with her, were recalled at 05:00 but, due to the lack of water, only the brigs were able to pass further up the river.[59] Emerald therefore took no further part in the attack which continued until 29 April when the last French ship was able to free herself from the mud and escape up the river to Rochefort.[60]

Later career

In July, Emerald took two French sloops, Deux Freres and Balance,[61] then on 8 October she rescued a British brig when she captured Incomparable, an 8-gun French privateer, off the coast of Ireland. The privateer was about to take the British vessel when Emerald intervened.[62] On 6 November, still in Irish waters, Emerald took the 16-gun French brig, Fanfaron, two days out of Brest and bound for Guadeloupe.[63] In 1810, Emerald was still on the home station and captured the 350-ton-burthen Belle Etoile in the Bay of Biscay on 22 March. Caught after a twelve-hour chase during which she jettisoned much of her cargo, the rather under-gunned privateer out of Bayonne, was pierced for twenty guns but only carried eight.[64] Emerald captured an American ship, Wasp, in July 1810 and an 18-gun French privateer, Auguste, in April 1811.[1][65]

Fate

In November 1811 Emerald was taken to Portsmouth and laid up in ordinary. She was fitted out as a receiving ship in 1822 and then broken up in January 1836.[1]

See also

Notes, citations, and references

Notes

  1. ↑ The Arabs captured some 17 to 20 survivors (accounts differ), and offered them to General Kleber, who ransomed them.[16]
  2. ↑ Anemone was the tartane Cincinnatus, which the French Navy had commissioned in June 1794 as an aviso, and renamed in May 1795. Her armament consisted of two 6-pounder and two 4-pounder guns, and four swivel guns.[18]
  3. ↑ Prince of Asturias was sold as a prize with the buyer being "McCarthy". Lloyd's Register for 1806 gives her burthen as 239 tons (bm), her master's name as R. Harvey, and her location as London.[45]

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Winfield p.148
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 James (Vol.II) p.49
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Woodman p.99
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Clowes p.507
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 James (Vol.II) p.82
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 The London Gazette: no. 14010. p. 446. 16 May 1797. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  7. ↑ James (Vol.II) p.83
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The London Gazette: no. 14032. p. 717. 29 July 1797. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  9. ↑ Dull pp. 147–148
  10. ↑ James (Vol. II) pp. 53–54
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 James (Vol.II) p.54
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Heathcote p.181
  13. ↑ Heathcote p.182
  14. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 14041. p. 835. 2 September 1797. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 The London Gazette: no. 15082. p. 1110. 20 November 1798. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  16. ↑ Strathern (2009), pp. 223–225.
  17. ↑ Fonds Marine, p.210.
  18. ↑ Winfield and Roberts (2015), p. 296.
  19. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 15162. p. 740. 23 July 1799. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 The London Gazette: no. 15162. p. 741. 23 July 1799. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  21. ↑ James (Vol.II) p.262
  22. ↑ Troude p.164
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 James (Vol.III) p.37
  24. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 15253. p. 421. 23 July 1799. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  25. ↑ James (Vol.III) pp. 37–38
  26. ↑ James (Vol.III) p.38
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 The London Gazette: no. 15253. p. 422. 23 July 1799. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  28. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 15253. p. 423. 23 July 1799. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 The London Gazette: no. 15605. pp. 918–919. 26 July 1803. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  30. ↑ Clowes p.56
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 James (Vol.III) p.207
  32. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 15669. p. 109. 24 January 1804. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  33. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 15669. p. 110. 24 January 1804. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  34. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16505. p. 1329. 16 July 1811. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 The London Gazette: no. 15697. p. 539. 28 April 1804. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 James (Vol.III) p.253
  37. ↑ Winfield p.364
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 The London Gazette: no. 15712. pp. 761–762. 19 June 1804. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  39. ↑ James (Vol III) pp. 288–289
  40. ↑ James (Vol.III) P.289
  41. ↑ James (Vol.III) pp. 289–290
  42. ↑ James (Vol.III) p.290
  43. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16023. p. 533. 25 April 1807. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  44. ↑ Lloyd's List, n°4146 – accessed 11 November 2015.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 The London Gazette: no. 16130. p. 416. 22 March 1808. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 The London Gazette: no. 16234. p. 289. 4 March 1809. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  48. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16337. p. 139. 27 January 1810. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  49. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16303. p. 1593. 3 October 1809. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 The London Gazette: no. 16246. p. 499. 11 April 1809. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  51. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 17458. p. 450. 9 March 1819. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  52. ↑ James (Vol. V) pp. 103–104
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 James (Vol.V) p.105
  54. ↑ James (Vol.V) p.104
  55. ↑ James (Vol.V) pp. 108–109
  56. ↑ James (Vol.V) p.114
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 James (Vol.V) p.117
  58. ↑ James (Vol.V) pp. 116–117
  59. ↑ James (Vol.V) pp. 118–119
  60. ↑ James (Vol.V) p.122
  61. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16352. p. 411. 17 March 1810. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  62. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16310. p. 1708. 28 October 1809. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  63. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16315. p. 1826. 14 November 1809. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  64. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16357. p. 489. 31 March 1810. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  65. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16548. p. 2341. 3 December 1811. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

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