Haplogroup O-M175

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Haplogroup O-M175
Haplogrupo O (ADN-Y) edit.png
Possible time of origin 28,000-41,000 years BP (Scheinfeldt 2006)
Possible place of origin Southeast or East Asia[citation needed]
Ancestor NO
Descendants O-MSY2.2, O-M268, O-M122
Defining mutations M175, P186, P191, P196[citation needed]

In molecular evolution, a haplogroup (from the Greek: ἁπλούς, haploûs, "onefold, single, simple") is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in all haplotypes. Haplogroup O-M175 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup of Southeast Asian and East Asian lineage. It descends from Haplogroup NO.

Origins

Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories, either in Southeast Asia (see Rootsi 2006, TMC ?, Shi 2005, and Bradshaw ?) or East Asia (see ISOGG 2012) between 28,000 and 41,000 years before present according to Scheinfeldt 2006 or between 23,000 and 32,000 years before present according to Yan et al. 2013.[1]

Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.[citation needed]

Distribution

This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most of populations in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, Africa, or the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. Notably, certain subclades of Haplogroup O-M175 do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of South Asia, Central Asia, and Oceania.

Among the subbranches of Haplogroup O-M175 are O-MSY2.2, O-M268, and O-M122.[citation needed]

Paragroup O-M175

Paragroup O-M175 lineages, which belong to Haplogroup O-M175 but do not display any of the later mutations that define the major subclades O-MSY2.2, O-M268, and O-M122, can be detected at a low frequency among some modern populations of Central Asia and East Asia. A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in a significant minority of Koreans (Wells 2001). However, nearly all of these Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176,[Note 1] and later studies do not support the finding of Paragroup O-M175(Xue 2005, Kim 2011). O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-MSY2.2*(xM119), Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176), or Haplogroup O-M176.

O-F75

O1-MSY2.2 and O2-M268 share a common ancestor, O-F75, approximately 23,400 [95% CI 21,600 to 25,300] YBP.[1][1]. O-F75, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O3-M122 approximately 24,700 [95% CI 23,000 to 26,500] YBP.[1] Thus, O-F75 existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O3-M122 for a duration of approximately 1,300 years (or anywhere from 0 to 4,900 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O2-M268.

O-MSY2.2

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O-M268

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O-M122

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Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia (Shi 2005).

Languages families and genes

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The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from Edmondson 2007 and Shi 2005. This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis" by George van Driem (vanDriem 2011). It does not appear to account for O-M176, which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.

"Proto- Asiatic" (O-M175) 
 Northern Asiatic (O-M122
 Sino-Tibetan (O-M134

 Sinitic (O-M117



 Tibeto-Burman 



 Hmong–Mien (O-M7


 Hmong (Miao) 



 She (Ratliff 1998




 Mien (Yao) 




 Southern Asiatic (Austric

 Austroasiatic (O-M95

 Munda 



 Mon–Khmer 



 Austro-Tai (O-M119
 Austronesian 

 Formosan 



 Malayo-Polynesian 



 Tai–Kadai 

 Kadai [Note 2] 


 Kam–Tai 

 Kam–Sui 



 Tai 








Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

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Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
O-M175 26 VII 1U 28 Eu16 H9 I O* O O O O O O O O O O
O-M119 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1* O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a
O-M101 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1a O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1 O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a
O-M50 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H10 H O1b O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2
O-P31 26 VII 1U 33 Eu16 H5 I O2* O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
O-M95 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H11 G O2a* O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a1 O2a1
O-M88 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H12 G O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1a O2a1a
O-SRY465 20 VII 1U 35 Eu16 H5 I O2b* O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b
O-47z 5 VII 1U 26 Eu16 H5 I O2b1 O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1a O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1
O-M122 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3* O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3
O-M121 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3a O3a O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1a O3a1a
O-M164 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3b O3b O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a1b O3a1b
O-M159 13 VII 1U 31 Eu16 H6 L O3c O3c O3a3a O3a3a O3a3 O3a3 O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a
O-M7 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d* O3c O3a3b O3a3b O3a4 O3a4 O3a3b O3a3b O3a3b O3a2b O3a2b
O-M113 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d1 O3c1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 - O3a4a O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a2b1 O3a2b1
O-M134 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e* O3d O3a3c O3a3c O3a5 O3a5 O3a3c O3a3c O3a3c O3a2c1 O3a2c1
O-M117 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1* O3d1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a5a O3a5a O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a2c1a O3a2c1a
O-M162 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1a O3d1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a5a1 O3a5a1 O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a2c1a1 O3a2c1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

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Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

  • O (M175, P186, P191, P196)
    • O-MSY2.2 (MSY2.2)
      • O-M119 (M119)
        • O-P203.2 (M307.2/P203.2)
        • O-M50 (M50, M103, M110)
    • O-P31 (P31, M268)
      • O-F1462
        • O-PK4
          • O-M95 (M95)
            • O-M88 (M88, M111)
      • O-M176 (M176/SRY465, P49, 022454)
        • O-47z (47z)
    • O-M122 (M122, P198)
      • O-P93 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
        • O-M121 (M121, P27.2)
        • O-M164 (M164)
        • O-P201 (P201/021354)
        • O-002611 (002611)
        • O-M300 (M300)
        • O-M333 (M333)

See also

Genetics

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Y-DNA O subclades

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Y-DNA backbone tree

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
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  2. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

Notes

  1. O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) is sometimes incorrectly called "O*".
  2. The outlier Kadai branch is called "Kra" by Thai linguist Weera Ostapirat and "Geyang" by Chinese linguists.

References

Citations

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hong-Xiang Zheng et al. (2013), "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers." E-print at arXiv:1310.3897 [q-bio.PE]. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Yan2013" defined multiple times with different content
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Works cited

Journal articles
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Websites
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External links