House of Zúñiga

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File:Blason fam es Casa de Zúñiga.svg
Coats of arms of The House of Zúñiga.

The House of Zúñiga is a Spanish Noble Lineage composed of the descendants of the kings of Navarre of the House of Pyrenean, who took the name from its domain by last name and whose outstanding members were distinguished in the service of the Spanish Crown in Europe and the Americas as viceroys, governors, military, diplomats, writers and members of religious orders. Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Spain (Carlos I) awarded 1520 with the nobility title of Spanish Immemorial Grandee the II duke of Béjar and Plasencia and also the III count of Miranda del Castañar. Charles V and his heirs - sovereigns heads of the burgundy Order of the Golden Fleece - invested in total eight members of the House of Zúñiga. (Text translated from Wikipedia-Spanish version of January 2012 Casa de Zúñiga)

Roots and Origin

Iñigo Arista King of Pamplona.

The lineage of the House of Zúñiga is of Navarre origin (Basque Country), and proceeds by legitimate direct descendant of male of Eneko Ximenez Aritza (the Oak in the bask own language, Euskera), known as Iñigo Arista, first king of Pamplona (824-852 A.D.), which was at that time the Kingdom of Navarre. King Iñigo Arista was a descendant of the noble House of Enneco, natives of Basque Country, well known from Roman times.[1] The trunk of Zúñiga's lineage is twice descendant of the kings of Navarre of the House of Pyrenean. The first comes from the prince Lope Fortunes, son of Fortun Garces the Monk, king of Navarre, and the second from the prince Alonso, son of Garcia V Ramirez the Restorer, as well king of Navarre.[2][3][4] Sancho Iñiguez (1040-1110) was alférez mayor (hereditary court office doing by high nobility, kings banner bearer and high military commander) of Alfonso I Sanchez the Warrior, king of Aragón and Navarre, and he was the lord of the estate and valley of Stunica (today Zúñiga / Estuniga), located in the district of Estella (Navarre, Spain). He was the first of the lineage, who called himself Sancho Iñiguez de Stunica at the beginning of the 12th century.[5]

Castilianization of lineage surname

In the Middle Ages their members were called indifferently Estunega, Estuniga, Astunica, Stunica, Estúñiga, Stúñiga. Alvaro de Zúñiga y Guzmán, I duke of Bejar and Plasencia, head of The House of Stunica/Estúñiga, castilianiced the surname in Zúñiga, after the pact of reconciliation with the queen of Castile and León Isabella I the Catholic signed on April 10, 1476.[6]

Coat of arms of the Zúñiga lineage

A 19th century version of the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, by Francisco de Paula Van Halen.
Official Coats of arms of Navarra.
File:Ducado de Béjar (Casa de Zúñiga).svg
Coats of arms duke of Béjar House of Zúñiga.

The originally coats of arms of the Zúñiga lineage were: shield ground in gules (red) with a band in gold (yellow).[7] The king Sancho VII of Navarre the Strong changed his coat of arms, commemorating the victory of the battle of Navas de Tolosa, waged on July 16, in 1212, where he and his knights of Navarre defeated the stockade composed of the Black Guard, that chained together formed the human defense of the almohade caliph Mohammed al-Nasir, well known as Miramamolin. He changed his coats of arms from an eagle in sable (black) to a shield ground in gules (red) and put a chain of gold (yellow) of eight links and added one emerald (green) in its center. The chain represents the stockade composed of the Black Guard and the emerald symbolizes the caliph, known by his nickname the Green.[8][9][10][11] His cousin Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica, II count of Marañón, lord of Stunica, Mendavía and others towns, who participated with his son Diego in the defeat of the stockade, made by the Black Guard, changed his coats of arms as well, adding a chain of gold (yellow) of eight links as border.[12][13][14][15] As well other knights of Navarre, who participated in the defeat of the stockade, added the chain on their coats of arms, they were named Ramón de Peralta, Rodrigo Navarro, Ortun Diaz Urbina, Pedro Maza and Iñigo de Mendoza.[16] Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica’s son Diego López de Stunica changed in 1270 the coats of arms of his lineage again as a sign of grief due to the death of king Saint Louis IX of France and king Theobald II of Navarre, who took part in the crusade called by pope Clement IV. The coat of arms of the Zúñiga lineage since this time is: shield ground in silver (white), a band of sable (black) and a gold (yellow) chain of eight links as a border.[17][18]

Branches of the lineage

Civil war broke out in Navarre, beginning 1274, due to the quarrel over the tutelage during the minority of queen Joan I of Navarre and her matrimony with dauphin Philip IV of France the Fair, arranged by the queen mother Blanche de Artois (nice of Saint Louis IX of France). This was de facto an annexation of the Kingdom of Navarra by the crown of France.[19] Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica (1255-1315), lord of Stunica, alférez mayor of Navarre, refused to support the queen mother and left Navarra in the end of 1274 with his whole family. They took refuge in La Rioja (Castile).[20] The Stunica estates were seized in 1276 by the crown of Navarre.[21] The king Alfonso X of Castile and León the Wise recognized Iñigo as rico-hombre (belonging to ancient nobility) of Castile and gave him the domains of Las Cuevas, Bañares and another villages in La Rioja.[22] Iñigo was the progenitor of the following branches of the lineage of the House of Zuñiga:

  • of Fortun Ortiz de Stunica, son of Iñigo, who returned to the Basque Country, the branches in Guipuzcoa, Álava and Navarre
  • of Lope Diaz de Stunica, grandson of Iñigo, the branches of the lords of Azafra, Montalbo, counts of Hervias in La Rioja
  • of Lope Ortiz de Stunica, great-grandson of Iñigo, the branches in Andalucía
  • of Fernán López de Stunica, great-grandson of Iñigo, the branches in Guadalajara
  • of Diego López de Estúñiga, great-great-grandson of Iñigo, principal personage of The House of Zuniga, lord of Zúñiga and Mendavía in the Kingdom of Navarre, Las Cuevas, Bañares, Béjar, Curiel, Monterrey and another villages in the Kingdom of Castile, was the progenitor of the following further main branches of the lineage:[23]
    • of Pedro, his firstborn son: the branch of the dukes of Béjar and Plasencia, diversified in the branches of counts of Miranda del Castañar, dukes of Peñaranda de Duero, marquises of La Bañeza, marquises of Benavente, marquises of Mirabel as well as of the branches of the dukes of Arión, of the marquises of Ayamonte, Villamanrique, Gibraleón, Aguilafuente, Valero, Alenquer and Villora
    • of Diego: the branches of the counts of Monterrey, marquises of Eliche, Monasterio, Tarazona, dukes of Medina de las Torres, and the branches of the counts of Pedrosa del Rey and marquises of Baides
    • of Iñigo: the branch of the counts of Nieva de Cameros
    • of Gonzalo: the branch of the marquises of Valencina
    • of Pedro Diego: the branch of the marquises of Flores Dávila

Hereditary titles and hereditary court offices

The firstborn branch of the dukes of Béjar and Plasencia received from the kings of Spain the hereditary title of First Knight of the Kingdom and the hereditary court offices of justicia mayor y alguacil mayor of Castile (hereditary court office doing by high nobility to assume the duties of justice and interior minister).[24][25]

Immemorial Grandee

In the realms of the Crown of Castile and León in the early 15th century there were only fifteen powerful families known as ricohombres (first nobility belonging) of Castile and León. The House of Diego López de Estúñiga was one of them. In 1520, the year of his coronation at Aachen (Germany) as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, king Carlos I of Spain reorganized the title of his Kingdom of Castile and created 25 grandees, known as Inmemorial Grandees. The House of Zúñiga received two grandees, one for the duke of Béjar and another for the count of Miranda del Castañar, subrogated later on to the duke of Peñaranda de Duero.

Military Orders of Chivalry

Members of the lineage proved their nobility at diverse times serving in orders of knights like the Order of Santiago, Order of Alcántara, Order of Calatrava and Order of San Juan de Jerusalén (today the Order of Malta), and as well in the Order of Carlos III of Spain.[26][18]

Distinguished members of the lineage of The House of Zuniga

Members invested in the Order of the Golden Fleece

File:Knight golden fleece.jpg
Knight of the Order of Golden Fleece.
Heraldic collar for the Order of the Golden Fleece.

The king Charles I of Spain, duke of Burgundy, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the Sovereign Head of the Order of the Golden Fleece, invested with habit and collar of the order the following members of the House of Zuniga:

  • Álvaro II de Zúñiga y Guzmán (1460) - 1531) II Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Castile, III count of Bañares, I marquise of Gibraleón, justicia mayor y alguacil mayor of Castile (hereditary court office doing by high nobility to assume the duties of justice and interior minister), member of the Council of State, was invested in the council celebrated in the Cathedral of Barcelona (Spain) from the 2 until the 4 of March of 1519.[27]
  • Francisco de Zúñiga Avellaneda y Velasco (1475 - 1536) III Count of Miranda del Castañar, Grandee of Spain, viceroy of Navarre, majordomo mayor (court office doing by high nobility, who assume the duties of chief of the kings palace, court ceremonial and etiquette, administration of the realm patrimony) of the empress Isabel, member of the Council of State, was invested in the council celebrated in the Cathedral of Tournai (Belgium) from 3 to 5 December 1531.[28]

By the successive kings of Spain, Sovereign Heads of the Order of the Golden Fleece, were invested with habit and collar of the order the following members of the House of Zuniga:

  • Alonso Diego López de Zúñiga y Sotomayor (1578 - 1619) VI Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VII marquise of Gibraleón, X count of Belalcázar, VII of Bañares, X viscount of Puebla de Alcocer,. He served the kings Phillip II and Phillip III in peace and war times, with men of arms at its own expenses. He was invested on January 2, 1610.[29]
  • Francisco Diego López de Zúñiga Guzmán y Sotomayor (1596 - 1636) VII Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VIII marquise of Gibraleón, XI count of Belalcázar, VIII of Bañares, XI viscount of Puebla de Alcocer. He served the kings Phillip II and Phillip III in peace and war times, with men of arms at its own expenses, as captain general of the borders of Castile, Extremadura and the coast of Andalucía. He was invested on June 11, 1621.[30]
  • Alonso Diego López de Zúñiga Guzmán Sotomayor y Mendoza (1621 - 1660) VIII Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, IV duke of Mandas and Villanueva, IX marquise of Gibraleón, IV of Terranova, XII count of Belalcázar, IX of Bañares, XII viscount of Puebla de Alcocer. He was captain general of the borders of Castile, Extremadura and the coast of Andalucía. During his command he served at his own expense with men of arms and built several forts. He was invested on August 4, in 1656.[31]
  • Manuel Diego López de Zúñiga y Sotomayor (1657 - 1686) X Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VI duke of Mandas and Villanueva, XI marquise of Gibraleón, VI of Terranova, XIV count of Belalcázar, XI of Bañares, XIV viscount of Puebla de Alcocer. When he was eleven years old he began to serve as pikeman in Flanders. He was invested in that young age on May 2 in 1668. He was a famous soldier serving in Flanders for the Spanish crown and died as a volunteer in 1686, only 29 years old, during the siege of Buddha, in Hungary now Budapest, in an assault to storm the walls and to help to re-conquer the town from the Turks[32]
  • Juan Manuel Diego López de Zúñiga y Sotomayor (1680 - 1747) XI Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VII duke of Mandas and Villanueva, XII marquise of Gibraleón, VII of Terranova, XV count of Belalcázar, XII of Bañares, XV viscount of Puebla de Alcocer, elected knight of the order of the Golden Fleece on August 29 in 1686, when he was six years old, in commemorations of the deeds and heroic death of the duke, his father at the siege of Buddha (in Hungary now Budapest). He was majordomo mayor of the prince of Asturias Fernando VI, was invested February 9, 1700.[33]
  • Joaquin Diego López de Zúñiga Sotomayor Castro y Portugal (1715 - 1777) XIII Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VIII duke of Mandas and Villanueva, XIII marquise of Gibraleón, VIII of Terranova, X of Sarria, XIV count of Belalcázar, XIII of Lemos, IX of Andrade, XI of Villalba, XIII of Bañares, XIV viscount of Puebla de Alcocer, Sommelier de Corps, tutor and majordomo mayor of the prince of Asturias Carlos IV. He was invested on April 19 in 1750.[34]

Other historical and famous members

Note: The biographies of these famous members of the House of Zúñiga you may read in Spanish. Links in the Spanish version Casa de Zúñiga

Patrimony

File:Palacio de Monterrey Salamanca.JPG
Palace of Monterrey in Salamanca.
File:Fortaleza de Monterrey.jpg
Castle of Monterrey in Verin.
File:Plaza Mayor de los Condes de Miranda.jpg
Plaza Mayor with Justice Roll of the Counts of Miranda.
File:Palacio de los Condes de Miranda.jpg
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero.
File:Peñaranda de Duero - Palacio de los Condes de Miranda 1.jpg
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero.
File:Peñaranda de Duero - Palacio de los Condes de Miranda 2.jpg
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero.
File:Peñaranda de Duero - Palacio de los Condes de Miranda 5.jpg
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero.
File:PeñarandaDeDuero20110625103424P1120436.jpg
Castle of Peñaranda de Duero front door.
File:CastilloDePeñarandaDeDuero20110625105038P1120468.jpg
Castle of Peñaranda de Duero.
File:090920 1055 6144 SLL Curiel Rollo de Justicia - Escudo Zúñiga.jpg
Justice Roll of the Lord of Curiel with the coats of arms of Zúñiga in Curiel de Duero.
File:Palacio de los Zúñiga de Curiel de Duero.jpg
Palace of Curiel de Duero.
File:090920 1114 6194 SLL Curiel - Palacio Zúñiga - Puerta Principal T91.jpg
Palace of Curiel de Duero front door.
File:090920 1113 6190 SLL Curiel - Palacio Zúñiga Torre T91.jpg
Palace tower of Curiel de Duero.

The members of The House of Zúñiga built and rebuilt many castles and palaces in Spain, which over the time were abandoned, turned into ruins and used as building material by neighbors. Today there are only a few remnants and ruins of others, in the list below are market with (m). Also they built magnificent palaces, as patron who were among the artists of his time and are in good conditions, some of them declared national historical monuments.

References

  1. ↑ Menéndez Pidal, Tomo VII, Vol. 2, Pág. 42-43
  2. ↑ Cátedra, Pág. 18 citation from http://es.wikipedia.org José Pellicer de Ossau Salas y Tovar "Crónica de la gran Casa de Zúñiga, derivada dos veces de la Real de Navarra...", dedicada al IX duque de Béjar y Plasencia
  3. ↑ Vilar y Pascual, Págs. 471-473
  4. ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 52
  5. ↑ Vilar y Pascual, Pág. 472
  6. ↑ AER Archive AGS, Signature PTR,LEG,11,DOC.13
  7. ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 52
  8. ↑ Jover Zamora, Tomo IX, Págs. 517 - 554
  9. ↑ Larios Martín, Pág. 22
  10. ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 23
  11. ↑ Clavería, Pág. 100 - 103
  12. ↑ Cátedra, Pág.83-84
  13. ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 53
  14. ↑ Vilar y Pascual, Pág. 473
  15. ↑ Argote de Molina, Pág. 37
  16. ↑ Piferrer, Tomo I and Tomo III
  17. ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 52 - 53
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Atienza (1959), p. 784
  19. ↑ Clavería, Pág. 128 - 129
  20. ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 28
  21. ↑ Clavería, Pág. 135
  22. ↑ Ortiz de Zúñiga, Pág. 110
  23. ↑ Vilar y Pascual, Pág. 474-484
  24. ↑ AER Archive AHN, Fondo Concesión Títulos del Reino
  25. ↑ AER Archive SNAHN, Fondo OSUNA
  26. ↑ AER Archive AHN, Ordenes Militares
  27. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 271
  28. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 280
  29. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 315
  30. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 325
  31. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 354
  32. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 362
  33. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), pp. 379–380
  34. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 442–443

Bibliography

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External links

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