Jiaozhou Bay Bridge

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Jiaozhou Bay Bridge
File:Jiaozhou-Bay-Bridge.jpg
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Carries Motor vehicles
Crosses Jiaozhou Bay
Locale between Qingdao and Huangdao District, China
Characteristics
Design Self-anchored suspension bridge and Cable-stayed bridge
Material Prestressed concrete
Total length 26.707 kilometres (16.595 mi)[1]
Width 35 m (115 ft)
Longest span Cangkou Channel Bridge:
260 m (850 ft)
Clearance below 190 m × 40.5 m (623 ft × 133 ft)
History
Designer Shandong Gaosu Group
Construction begin late 2007
Construction end early 2011
Construction cost CN¥10 to 55 billion [2]
Opened 30 June 2011
250 px
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge
Simplified Chinese 胶州湾大桥
Traditional Chinese 膠州灣大橋
Literal meaning Jiaozhou Bay Bridge

Jiaozhou Bay Bridge (or Qingdao Haiwan Bridge) is a 26.7 km (16.6 mi) long roadway bridge in eastern China's Shandong province, which is part of the 41.58 km (25.84 mi) Jiaozhou Bay Connection Project.[1] As of December 2012, Guinness World Records lists the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge as the world's longest bridge over water (aggregate length) at 41.58 km (25.84 mi).[3]

Description

The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge transects Jiaozhou Bay, which reduces the road distance between Qingdao and Huangdao by 30 km (19 mi), compared with the expressway along the coast of the bay, reducing travel time by 20 to 30 minutes.[4] The design of the bridge is T-shaped with the main entry and exit points in Huangdao and the Licang District of Qingdao. A branch to Hongdao Island is connected by a semi-directional T interchange to the main span.[5] The construction used 450,000 tons of steel and 2.3 million cubic metres (81×10^6 cu ft) of concrete.[4] The bridge is designed to be able to withstand severe earthquakes, typhoons, and collisions from ships.[4] It is supported by 5,238 concrete piles.[6] The cross section consists of two beams in total 35 m (115 ft) wide carrying six lanes with two shoulders.

The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge has three navigable sections: the Cangkou Channel Bridge to the west, the Dagu Channel Bridge to the east, and the Hongdao Channel Bridge to the north. The 600 metres (2,000 ft) long Cangkou Channel Bridge has 260 m (850 ft) the largest span of the entire Jiaozhou Bay Bridge. The Hongdao Channel Bridge has a span of 120 m (390 ft). The non-navigable sections of the bridge have a span of 60 m (200 ft).[1]

Length

The length of the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is 26.7 km (16.6 mi), of which 25.9 km (16.1 mi) are over water, representing the aggregate length of three legs of the bridge.[1][7]

The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is part of the Jiaozhou Bay Connection Project, which includes overland expressways and the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay tunnel. The aggregated length of the project is 41.58 km (25.84 mi), which is by many sources listed as length of the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge.[4][8][9][10]

The Jiaozhou Bay Connection Project consists of two non-connected sections: a 35.4 km (22.0 mi)-long expressway that includes the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge and a 6.17 km (3.83 mi)-long expressway that includes the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel.[11]

The 35.4 km (22.0 mi) section is further broken into multiple parts:[11]

  • 26.7 km (16.6 mi) - Jiaozhou Bay Bridge of which 25.9 km (16.1 mi) is over water in the aggregate of three legs.
  • 5.85 km (3.64 mi) - Qingdao side land bridge
  • 0.9 km (0.56 mi) - Huangdao side land bridge
  • 1.9 km (1.2 mi) - Hongdao Island connection

Records

Guinness World Records lists the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge at 41.58 km (25.84 mi), which makes it the longest bridge over water (aggregate length), and the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway is at 38.44 km (23.89 mi) the longest bridge over water (continuous length) (status July 2011).[3][12] The Guinness title will be challenged by the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, which is currently under construction and scheduled to be opened in 2016 with an aggregate 50.0 km (31.1 mi) of bridges and tunnels.

The bridge builder Shandong Gaosu Group claims that Jiaozhou Bay Bridge has the first oversea interchange in the world and that it has the world's largest number of oversea bored concrete piles.[6][13]

History

The bridge was the idea of a local official in the Chinese Communist Party who was subsequently dismissed for corruption.[14] It was designed by the Shandong Gaosu Group. It took four years to build, and employed at least 10,000 people.[4] It opened on 30 June 2011 for traffic.[8]

The Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay tunnel opened on the same day as the bridge.[5][11] It transects Jiaozhou Bay, also connecting Huangdao District and the city of Qingdao, between the narrow mouth of the bay, which is 6.17 km (3.83 mi) wide. The tunnel travels underground for 5.55 km (3.45 mi).[15]

Concerns regarding the bridge's safety were raised when Chinese media reported that the bridge was opened with faulty elements, such as incomplete crash-barriers, missing lighting, and loose nuts on guard-rails, with workers stating that it would take two months before finishing all of the projects related to the bridge.[16] Shao Xinpeng, the bridge's chief engineer, claimed that in spite of the safety report, the bridge was safe and ready for traffic, adding that the problems highlighted in the reports were not major.

The bridge was reported by the official state-run television company CCTV to cost CN¥10 billion (US$1.5 billion, GB£900 million). Other sources reported costs as high as CN¥55 billion (US$8.8 billion, GB£5.5 billion).[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Innovation of Qingdao Bay Bridge", accessed 5 July 2012
  7. ↑ Brief Introduction to QingDao Bay Bridge, accessed 5 July 2012
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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