King Wen sequence
The King Wen sequence (Chinese: 文王卦序) is an arrangement of the sixty-four divination figures in 易經 Yì Jīng, the I Ching or Book of Changes. They are called hexagrams in English because each figure is composed of six 爻 yáo—broken or unbroken lines, that represent 陰 yin or 陽 yang respectively.
The King Wen sequence is also known as the received or classical sequence because it is the oldest surviving arrangement of the hexagrams. Its true age and authorship are unknown. Traditionally, it is said that 周文王 Zhōu Wén Wáng (King Wen) arranged the hexagrams in this sequence while imprisoned by 商紂王 Shāng Zhòu Wáng in the 12th century BC. A different arrangement, the binary sequence named in honor of the mythic culture hero 伏羲 Fú Xī, originated in the Song Dynasty. It is believed to be the work of scholar 邵雍 Shào Yōng (1011–1077 AD). As mirrored by the 先天 Earlier Heaven and 後天 Later Heaven arrangements of the eight trigrams, or 八卦 bā guà, it was customary to attribute authorship to these legendary figures. Of the two hexagram arrangements, the King Wen sequence is, however, of much greater antiquity than the Fu Xi sequence.[1]
Contents
Structure of the sequence
The 64 hexagrams are grouped into 32 pairs. For 28 of the pairs, the second hexagram is created by turning the first upside down (i.e. 180° rotation). The exception to this rule is for the 8 symmetrical hexagrams that are the same after rotation (1 & 2, 27 & 28, 29 & 30, 61 & 62). Partners for these are given by inverting each line: solid becomes broken and broken becomes solid. These are indicated with icons in the table below.
Given the mathematical constraints of these simple rules, the number of lines that change within pair partners will always be even (either 2, 4, or 6). Whereas the number of lines that change between pairs depends on how the pairs are arranged, and the King Wen Sequence has notable characteristics in this regard. Of the 64 transitions, exactly 48 of them are even changes (32 within-pairs plus 16 between-pairs) and 16 are odd changes (all between-pairs). This is a precise 3 to 1 ratio of even to odd transitions. Of the odd transitions, 14 are changes of three lines and 2 are changes of one line. Changes of five are absent.
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
| 1 ↕ 2 | 3 ~ 4 | 5 ~ 6 | 7 ~ 8 | 9 ~ 10 | 11 ~ 12 | 13 ~ 14 | 15 ~ 16 |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
| 17 ~ 18 | 19 ~ 20 | 21 ~ 22 | 23 ~ 24 | 25 ~ 26 | 27 ↕ 28 | 29 ↕ 30 | 31 ~ 32 |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
| 33 ~ 34 | 35 ~ 36 | 37 ~ 38 | 39 ~ 40 | 41 ~ 42 | 43 ~ 44 | 45 ~ 46 | 47 ~ 48 |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
| 49 ~ 50 | 51 ~ 52 | 53 ~ 54 | 55 ~ 56 | 57 ~ 58 | 59 ~ 60 | 61 ↕ 62 | 63 ~ 64 |
Dual hexagrams
The I Ching book was traditionally split up in two parts with the first part covering the first 30 hexagrams of the King Wen sequence and the second part with the remaining 34.[2][3] The reason for this was not mentioned in the classic commentaries but was explained in later Yuan dynasty commentaries: 8 hexagrams are the same when turned upside down and the other 56 present a different hexagram if inverted. This allows the hexagrams to be displayed succinctly in two equal columns or rows of 18 unique hexagrams each; half of the 56 invertible hexagrams plus the 8 non-invertible.[4][5]
| ䷀ 乾 qián The Creative, Heaven |
1 → | |||||| | ||
| ䷁ 坤 kūn The Receptive, Earth |
2 → | ¦¦¦¦¦¦ | ||
| ䷂ 屯 chún Difficulty At The Beginning |
3 → | |¦¦¦|¦ | ← 4 | ䷃ 蒙 méng Youthful Folly |
| ䷄ 需 xū Waiting |
5 → | |||¦|¦ | ← 6 | ䷅ 訟 sòng Conflict |
| ䷆ 師 shī The Army |
7 → | ¦|¦¦¦¦ | ← 8 | ䷇ 比 bǐ Holding Together |
| ䷈ 小畜 xiǎo chù The Taming Power of the Small |
9 → | |||¦|| | ← 10 | ䷉ 履 lǚ Treading (Conduct) |
| ䷊ 泰 tài Peace |
11 → | |||¦¦¦ | ← 12 | ䷋ 否 pǐ Standstill (Stagnation) |
| ䷌ 同人 tóng rén Fellowship with Men |
13 → | |¦|||| | ← 14 | ䷍ 大有 dà yǒu Possession in Great Measure |
| ䷎ 謙 qiān Modesty |
15 → | ¦¦|¦¦¦ | ← 16 | ䷏ 豫 yù Enthusiasm |
| ䷐ 隨 suí Following |
17 → | |¦¦||¦ | ← 18 | ䷑ 蠱 gŭ Work On What Has Been Spoiled (Decay) |
| ䷒ 臨 lín Approach |
19 → | ||¦¦¦¦ | ← 20 | ䷓ 觀 guān Contemplation (View) |
| ䷔ 噬嗑 shì kè Biting Through |
21 → | |¦¦|¦| | ← 22 | ䷕ 賁 bì Grace |
| ䷖ 剝 bō Splitting Apart |
23 → | ¦¦¦¦¦| | ← 24 | ䷗ 復 fù Return (The Turning Point) |
| ䷘ 無妄 wú wàng Innocence (The Unexpected) |
25 → | |¦¦||| | ← 26 | ䷙ 大畜 dà chù The Taming Power of the Great |
| ䷚ 頤 yí The Corners of the Mouth (Providing Nourishment) |
27 → | |¦¦¦¦| | ||
| ䷛ 大過 dà guò Preponderance Of The Great |
28 → | ¦||||¦ | ||
| ䷜ 坎 kǎn The Abysmal (Water) |
29 → | ¦|¦¦|¦ | ||
| ䷝ 離 lí The Clinging, Fire |
30 → | |¦||¦| |
| ䷞ 咸 xián Influence (Wooing) |
31 → | ¦¦|||¦ | ← 32 | ䷟ 恆 héng Duration |
| ䷠ 遯 dùn Retreat |
33 → | ¦¦|||| | ← 34 | ䷡ 大壯 dà zhuàng The Power of the Great |
| ䷢ 晉 jìn Progress |
35 → | ¦¦¦|¦| | ← 36 | ䷣ 明夷 míng yí Brilliance Injured |
| ䷤ 家人 jiā rén The Family (The Clan) |
37 → | |¦|¦|| | ← 38 | ䷥ 睽 kuí Opposition |
| ䷦ 蹇 jiǎn Obstruction |
39 → | ¦¦|¦|¦ | ← 40 | ䷧ 解 xiè Deliverance |
| ䷨ 損 sǔn Decrease |
41 → | ||¦¦¦| | ← 42 | ䷩ 益 yì Increase |
| ䷪ 夬 guài Break-Through (Resoluteness) |
43 → | |||||¦ | ← 44 | ䷫ 姤 gòu Coming To Meet |
| ䷬ 萃 cuì Gathering Together (Massing) |
45 → | ¦¦¦||¦ | ← 46 | ䷭ 升 shēng Pushing Upward |
| ䷮ 困 kùn Oppression (Exhaustion) |
47 → | ¦|¦||¦ | ← 48 | ䷯ 井 jǐng The Well |
| ䷰ 革 gé Revolution (Molting) |
49 → | |¦|||¦ | ← 50 | ䷱ 鼎 dǐng The Cauldron |
| ䷲ 震 zhèn The Arousing (Shock, Thunder) |
51 → | |¦¦|¦¦ | ← 52 | ䷳ 艮 gèn Keeping Still, Mountain |
| ䷴ 漸 jiàn Development (Gradual Progress) |
53 → | ¦¦|¦|| | ← 54 | ䷵ 歸妹 guī mèi The Marrying Maiden |
| ䷶ 豐 fēng Abundance |
55 → | |¦||¦¦ | ← 56 | ䷷ 旅 lǚ The Wanderer |
| ䷸ 巽 xùn The Gentle (The Penetrating, Wind) |
57 → | ¦||¦|| | ← 58 | ䷹ 兌 duì The Joyous, Lake |
| ䷺ 渙 huàn Dispersion (Dissolution) |
59 → | ¦|¦¦|| | ← 60 | ䷻ 節 jié Limitation |
| ䷼ 中孚 zhōng fú Inner Truth |
61 → | ||¦¦|| | ||
| ䷽ 小過 xiǎo guò Preponderance of the Small |
62 → | ¦¦||¦¦ | ||
| ䷾ 既濟 jì jì After Completion |
63 → | |¦|¦|¦ | ← 64 | ䷿ 未濟 wèi jì Before Completion |
Explanation
Over the centuries there were many attempts to explain this sequence. Some basic elements are obvious: each symbol is paired with an "upside-down" neighbor, except for 1, 27, 29, and 61 which are "vertically" symmetrical and paired with "inversed" neighbors.
Its combinatorial mathematical basis was explained for the first time in 2006.[4]
Other hexagram sequences
- Binary sequence, also known as Fu Xi sequence or Shao Yong sequence
- Mawangdui sequence[1]
- Eight Palaces sequence (attributed to Jing Fang).
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Marshall, Steve Yijing hexagram sequences
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. STEDT Monograph 5: Classical Chinese Combinatorics: Derivation of the Book of Changes Hexagram Sequence. 660 pages. ISBN 0-944613-44-6. OCLC 77009740.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
