Lead (electronics)

This article is about an electrical connection. For a lead waveform, see phase shift. For other uses, see Lead (disambiguation).

Several kinds of lead wires. A lead wire is a metal wire connected from the electric pole of an electronics part or an electronic component. The lead wire is a coated copper wire, a tinned copper wire or another electrically conductive wire used to connect two locations electrically.

In electronics, a lead is an electrical connection consisting of a length of wire or metal pad (SMD) that comes from a device. Leads are used for physical support, to transfer power, to probe circuits (see multimeter), to transmit information, and sometimes as a heatsink. The tiny leads coming off through-hole components are also often called pins.

Many electrical components such as capacitors, resistors, and inductors have only two leads where some integrated circuits (ICs) can have several hundred leads to more than a thousand for the largest BGA devices. IC pins often either bend under the package body like a letter "J" (J-lead) or come out, down, and form a flat foot for securing to the board (S-lead or gull-lead).

Lead frame of a SMD package

Most kinds of integrated circuit packaging are made by placing the silicon chip on a lead frame, wire bonding the chip to the metal leads of that lead frame, and covering the chip with plastic. The metal leads protruding from the plastic are then either "cut long" and bent to form through-hole pins, or "cut short" and bent to form surface-mount leads. Such lead frames are used for surface mount packages with leads—such as small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC), Quad Flat Package (QFP), etc. -- and for through-hole packages such as dual in-line package (DIP) etc. -- and even for so-called "leadless" or "no-lead" packages—such as quad-flat no-leads package (QFN), etc.

The lead frame (and therefore the pins, if any, formed from that lead frame) are occasionally made from FeNi42, a kind of Invar.

Electrical effects

For most circuit designs it can be assumed that the leads do not contribute to the electrical effects of individual components. This assumption begins to break down at higher frequencies and at very small scales. These effects come from the physical construction of the leads. The leads are often metal connections that run from the rest of the circuit to the materials that each component is made of. This design results in a very small capacitance between the ends of the leads where they connect to the device and very small inductances and resistances along each lead. Because the impedance of each component is a function of the frequency of the signals being passed through the device and the inductance and capacitance of the device the leads can cause substantial variation in the properties of components in RF circuits.

See also

• Through-hole technology