List of amazon parrots

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Amazon parrots
300px
A red-spectacled amazon upright and a yellow-shouldered amazon eating at Palmitos Park, Spain
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Psittaciformes
Family:
Psittacidae
Subfamily:
Psittacinae
Tribe:
Arini
Genus:
Amazona

Lesson, 1830

The amazon parrots are about 30 species of parrots that comprise the genus Amazona. They are native to the New World, ranging from South America to Mexico and the Caribbean. Amazon parrots range in size from medium to large, and have relatively short, rather square tails. They are predominantly green, with accenting colours that are quite vivid in some species.

The taxonomy of the yellow-crowned amazon (Amazona ochrocephala complex) is disputed, with some authorities listing only a single species (A. ochrocephala), and others splitting it into as many as three species (A. ochrocephala, A. auropalliata and A. oratrix).[1][2][3] The yellow-faced parrot, Alipiopsitta xanthops, was traditionally placed within the amazon parrot genus, but recent research has shown that it is more closely related to the short-tailed parrot and species from the genus Pionus; as a result, it has been transferred to the monotypic genus Alipiopsitta.[4][5]

Two extinct species have been postulated, based on limited evidence.[6][7] They are the Martinique amazon (Amazona martinica)[8][9] and the Guadeloupe amazon (Amazona violacea).[6][10][11] Amazon parrots were described living on Guadeloupe by Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre in 1667 and by Jean-Baptiste Labat in 1742, and they were called Psittacus violaceus at that time. Labat also described amazon parrots living on Martinique. There are no specimens or remains of either island population, so their taxonomy may never be fully elucidated. Their status as separate species is unproven and they are regarded as hypothetical extinct species.[6]

Species of amazon parrots in taxonomic sequence
Common and binomial names[7] Image Description Range
Cuban amazon
or rose-throated amazon
(Amazona leucocephala)
Amazona leucocephala -in tree-4cp.jpg
 28–33 cm (11–13 in) long, mostly green, white on face, pink throat, brownish on belly.[12] Cuba, The Bahamas, Cayman Islands[13][14]
Yellow-billed amazon
(Amazona collaria)
500x160px
 28 cm (11 in) long, mostly green, white face markings and white forehead, blue forecrown, pink throat and upper breast, bluish primaries, yellow bill.[15] Jamaica[16]
Hispaniolan amazon
(Amazona ventralis)
500x160px
 28–31 cm (11–12 in) long, mostly green, white forehead, blue flight feathers, maroon belly and red in the tail feathers.[17] Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands[18]
Puerto Rican amazon
(Amazona vittata)
Puerto Rican parrot.jpg
 28–30 cm (11–12 in) long, mostly green, red forehead, white eye-rings.[19] Archipelago of Puerto Rico[20]
Yellow-lored amazon
(Amazona xantholora)
500x160px
 Mostly green, blue on crown and yellow on sides of face, horn coloured (grey) beak. Belize, Honduras, Mexico[21][22]
White-fronted amazon
(Amazona albifrons)
500x160px
 25 cm (10 in) long, mostly green, white forehead with blue on the crown, red on sides of face. Sexual dimorphism: males have bright red feathers on their shoulders, while females have green shoulders. Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico; Nicaragua[23][24]
Black-billed amazon
(Amazona agilis)
500x160px
 25 cm (10 in) long, mostly green with small patches of red on the wing and sometimes flecked with red on the head, black beak.[25] Jamaica[26]
Tucuman parrot
(Amazona tucumana)
500x160px
 31 cm (12 in) long, mostly green with feathers of the upper-body being green with black margins. Red plumage on forehead and fore-crown, and the red does not extend around the white eye-rings. Red primary wing feathers with no red at the bend of the wing. They have orange thighs and red at the base of a green tail.[27] Argentina, Bolivia[28][29]
Red-spectacled amazon
(Amazona pretrei)
500x160px
 32 cm (12.5 in) long, mostly green with a variable extent of red on forehead, lores, and around eyes. The eyerings are white and the bill is yellowish. Red on the bend of the wings with blue tips to secondary and primary wing feathers.[30] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay[31]
Red-crowned amazon
(Amazona viridigenalis)
500x160px
 33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, bright red forehead and crown, dark blue streaks behind the eyes, and light green cheeks, less red on the crown of the female and the juvenile.[32] Native to Mexico, introduced to Puerto Rico, United States[33]
Lilac-crowned amazon
(Amazona finschi)
Lilac-crowned Amazon.jpg
 30.5–34.5 cm (12–14 in) long, mostly green, a maroon forehead, and violet-blue crown.[34] North west to south west Mexico[34][35][36]
Red-lored amazon
(Amazona autumnalis)
500x160px
 32–35 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, red forehead and in some subspecies yellow cheeks (sometimes with red spots), blue crown. Central and South America[37][38]
Blue-cheeked amazon
or Dufresne's amazon
(Amazona dufresniana)
500x160px
 34 cm (13.5 in) long, mostly green, with blue cheeks. French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, possibly in northern Brazil[39][40]
Red-browed amazon
(Amazona rhodocorytha)
500x160px
 35 cm (14 in) long, mostly green, red forehead fading to browning-purple on the crown, orange lores and yellow below lores, bluish to violet cheeks and throat.[41] Eastern Brazil[42][43]
Red-tailed amazon
(Amazona brasiliensis)
500x160px
 37 cm (14.4 in) long, mostly green, red forehead fading to purple on the crown. Blue throat, cheeks and over ears. Red in tail feathers.[44] South eastern Brazil[42][45]
Festive amazon
(Amazona festiva)
500x160px
 Mostly green, red forehead, deep blue outer wing feathers, red rump. Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela[46][47]
Yellow-shouldered amazon
(Amazona barbadensis)
500x160px
 33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, white forehead and lores, yellow crown and ear-coverts, bare white eye rings. Yellow chin and shoulders. Some red and dark blue in the wing feathers.[48] Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela[49]
Blue-fronted amazon
(Amazona aestiva)
500x160px
 38 cm (15 in) long, mostly green, blue forehead and yellow on the face. Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina.[50][51]
Yellow-crowned amazon
(Amazona ochrocephala)
500x160px
 33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, mostly green, extent of the yellow on the head varies between subspecies. South America, Panama[52][53]
Yellow-naped amazon
(Amazona auropalliata)
500x160px
 Mostly green, yellow band across the lower nape and hindneck. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.[54][55]
Yellow-headed amazon
(Amazona oratrix)
500x160px
 35–38 cm (14–15 in) long, mostly green, yellow head.[56] Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.[57]
Kawall's amazon
(Amazona kawalli)
500x160px
 Large and mostly green. White skin at base of bill. Bolivia, Brazil[58][59]
Orange-winged amazon
(Amazona amazonica)
Amazona amazonica 2c.jpg
 33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, blue and yellow feathers on head which varies in extent between individuals. The upper mandible is partly horn coloured (grey) and partly dark-grey. It has orange feathers in the wings and tail. South America[60][61]
Scaly-naped amazon
(Amazona mercenaria)
500x160px
 Mostly green. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela[62][63]
Mealy amazon
(Amazona farinosa)
400x130px
 38–41 cm (15–16 in) long, mostly green. The extent of yellow and green on the forehead and crown varies between the subspecies. Mexico, Central and South America[64][65]
Vinaceous amazon
(Amazona vinacea)
500x160px
 30 cm (12 in) long, mostly green, red forehead, bluish nape, vinous-maroon breast.[66] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay[67]
St. Lucia amazon
(Amazona versicolor)
Amazona versicolor -St Lucia-5a.jpg
 43 cm (17 in) long, mostly green, blue face and forehead, red breast becoming maroon and mottled on lower breast and belly.[68] Saint Lucia[69]
Red-necked amazon
(Amazona arausiaca)
500x160px
 40 cm (16 in) long, mostly green, blue forehead and face, white bare eye-rings, red patch on throat (sometimes absent).[70] Dominica[71]
St. Vincent amazon
(Amazona guildingii)
Amazona guildingii -Botanical Gardens -Kingstown -Saint Vincent-8a-4c.jpg
 40 cm (16 in) long, mostly green, multi-coloured amazon parrot with a yellowish white, blue and green head, greenish-bronze upperparts, grey feet, orange irises, and violet blue-green wings and tail feathers. There is a yellow-brown morph and a less common green morph.[72] Caribbean island of Saint Vincent in the Lesser Antilles[73]
Imperial amazon
(Amazona imperialis)
Amazona imperialis -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-3c.jpg
 45 cm (18 in) long, mostly green, purple neck, green-tipped red tail and purple below.[74] Dominica[74]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Binford, L. (1989). "A distributional survey of the birds of the Mexican state of Oaxaca." Ornithological Monographs. 43: 1–418.
  2. ↑ Monroe, B, Monroe, JR & Howell T. (1966). "Geographic variation in Middle American parrots of the Amazona ochrocephala complex". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, no. 34. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
  3. ↑ For further on this issue, see the yellow-crowned amazon taxonomic section
  4. ↑ Duarte JMB and Caparroz R (1995) "Cytotaxonomic analysis of Brazilian species of the genus Amazona (Psittacidae, Aves) and confirmation of the genus Salvatoria (Ribeiro, 1920)." Brazilian Journal of Genetics 18:623–628.
  5. ↑ Russello, M A & Amato, G (2004) "A molecular phylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30: 421–437.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ BirdLife International 2008. Amazona martinicana. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ BirdLife International 2008. Amazona violacea. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Collar, p. 467
  13. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona leucocephala. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona collaria. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona ventralis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona vittata. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  21. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona xantholora. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona albifrons. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona agilis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  27. ↑ Forshaw (2006). plate 108.
  28. ↑ BirdLife International 2005. Amazona tucumana. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona pretrei. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona viridigenalis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Collar, p. 469
  35. ↑ BirdLife International (2006). Amazona finschi. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona autumnalis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona dufresniana. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Collar, p. 470
  43. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona rhodocorytha. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona brasiliensis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  46. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona festiva. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona barbadensis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  50. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona aestiva. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12-08-2008.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona ochrocephala. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona auropalliata. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 15-08-2008.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona oratrix. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 15-08-2008.
  58. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona kawalli. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona amazonica. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona mercenaria. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona farinosa. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ BirdLife International 2008. Amazona vinacea. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ BirdLife international 2008. Amazona versicolor. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona arausiaca. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Amazona guildingii. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 08-08-2008.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

  • Collar N (1997) "Family Psittacidae (Parrots)" in Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 4; Sandgrouse to Cuckoos (eds del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J) Lynx Edicions:Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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