List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)

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File:Mud puddling Indian swallowtails.jpg
Three Indian swallowtails mudpuddling -
Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor, Common Mormon Papilio polytes and Common Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon(L to R anticlockwise,).
Great Mormon (Papilio memnon) is a species of swallowtail butterfly found in South Asia
File:Malabar swallowtail.jpg
Malabar Banded Swallowtail (Papilio liomedon) a species of the coastal forests.

This is a list of the butterflies of family Papilionidae, or the 'Swallowtails', which are found in India. This family of large and beautiful butterflies is well represented with about 84 species found within Indian borders, the exact number depending on the taxonomy followed.[1][2]

Two of the three papilionid subfamilies are represented in India, namely, the Parnassiinae, or 'Apollos', with 14 species, and, the Papilioninae, or 'Swallowtails', with 70 species.

Diversity of Indian swallowtails

Indian swallowtails are found almost everywhere in the country. The Malabar Banded Peacock Papilio buddha and the Malabar Banded Swallowtail Papilio liomedon fly at sea level while the Apollos, Parnassius spp, are to be found only in the highest alpine meadows of the Himalayas. Some species such as the Common Mormon Papilio polytes and the Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor fly at ground level whereas others, such as the Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon are normally found flying high in the forest canopy. The Lime butterfly Papilio demoleus is a creature of arid scrub-land, occasionally being spotted even in the Thar desert, while the tropical evergreen forests have their own representatives, such as the Red Helen Papilio helenus, the Common Bluebottle Graphium cloanthus and the Malabar Raven.[3] Indian papilionids such as the Common Mormon (Papilio polytes) and Great Mormon (Papilio memnon) show polymorphism with many mimetic female forms.[4][5]

While spread over all the biogeographic zones of India, amongst swallowtails, endemism is found only in the Western Ghats. Notable endemics are the Southern Birdwing (Troides minos), Malabar Banded Swallowtail(Papilio liomedon), Malabar Raven (Papilio dravidarum), Malabar Rose (Pachliopta pandiyana) and the Malabar Banded Peacock (Papilio buddha).[6]

Checklist

File:Common Blue Apollo Parnassius hardwickii I IMG 7202.jpg
Common Blue Apollo, Parnassius hardwickii
File:Parnassius ephaphus ulster-modified.jpg
Common Red Apollo, Parnassius epaphus
Bhutan Glory, Bhutanitis lidderdalii

The subgenus, where applicable, is given as an additional epithet in parentheses in between the genus and species epithets in the scientific name.

Subfamily Parnassiinae

The Apollos, Parnassius are different in appearance from other swallowtails, being of moderate size, with ground colour white, spotted with red, black and blue.

Tribe Zerynthiini

Bhutanitis - Bhutan Glory

Tribe Parnasiini

Parnassius - Apollos

Subfamily Papilioninae

File:Teinopalpus imperialis female.jpg
Kaiser-e-Hind, Teinopalpus imperialis
File:RN001 Pathysa nomius UP.jpg
Spot Swordtail, Pathysa nomius
File:White Dragontail Sohini Vanjari.jpg
White Dragontail, Lamproptera curius
File:GraphiumCloanthusMunsiari1.jpg
Glassy Bluebottle, Graphium cloanthus
File:Losaria rhodifer seitz.jpg
Andaman Clubtail, Losaria rhodifer
File:TS001 Pachliopta hector.jpg
Crimson Rose, Pachliopta hector
Southern Birdwing, Troides minos
File:PapilioParadoxusBingham.jpg
Great Blue Mime, Papilio paradoxus
File:VB 047 Malabar Raven.jpg
Malabar Raven, Papilio dravidarum
File:Krishna Peacock - Alka Vaidya.jpg
Krishna Peacock, Papilio krishna

The Swallowtails are generally easily identified in the field by their large size, prominent markings, colour, patterns and variable wing and tail shape.

Tribe Troidini

Losaria (formerly Atrophaneura) - Clubtails

Pachliopta (formerly Atrophaneura) - Roses

Troides - Birdwings

Atrophaneura (Atrophaneura) - Red-bodied Swallowtails

Byasa (formerly Atrophaneura) - Windmills

Tribe Papilionini

Tribe Leptocircini

---

Lamproptera - Dragontails

Graphium (Graphium) - Bluebottles and Jays

Graphium (Paranticopsis) - Zebras

Graphium (Pathysa) - Swordtails

Graphium (Pazala) - Swordtails


Tribe Teinopalpini

---

Meandrusa - Hooked Swallowtails

Teinopalpus - Kaiser-e-Hind

See also

Cited references

  1. ↑ Evans (1932) states,in a table on pg 23, the number of papilionids in the Indian subcontinent as 90; 15 species being found in Ceylon, 19 in South India, 6 in Baluchistan, 11 in Chitral, 31 in the Western Himalayas, 69 in Northeast India, 50 in Southern Burma and 13 in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Wynter-Blyth (1957) gives a modified version of the same table on p. 12, where the overall number of species is 94; with differences being in total number of species for Northeast Himalayas (62) and Burma (66). The present list is based on the IUCN red data book, with corrections made by subsequent editors especially in the Parnassiinae.
  2. ↑ Kunte (2000) on p. 55 mentions a total of 107 species with 19 in peninsular India.
  3. ↑ Kunte, Krushnamegh. (2000) Butterflies of Peninsular India, chapter 5.1, pg 55-58.
  4. ↑ Clarke, C.A.; Sheppard, P.M. & Thornton, I.W.B. The Genetics of the Mimetic Butterfly Papilio memnon L. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London. (B - Biological Sciences) 22 August 1968 vol. 254 no. 791 37-89. Abstract. Accessed on 20 Jan 2010.
  5. ↑ Clarke, C.A. & Sheppard, P.M. The Genetics of the Mimetic Butterfly Papilio polytes L. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London. (Series B, Biological Sciences) Vol. 263, No. 855 (16 Mar. 1972), pp. 431-458. Abstract. Accessed on 20 Jan 2010.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 Scientific names all corrected as per Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ White, A. (1842): Notice of two New Species of Papilio from Penang, presented to the British Museum by Sir Wm. Norris. - The Entomologist 1 (17), pp. 280.[1].

References

Woodcut of Red Helen Papilio helenus from C. T. Bingham's The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: volume on butterflies
  • Chattopadhyay, Jagannath. (2007)"Swallowtail Butterflies, Biology and Ecology of a few Indian Species." Desh Prakashan, Kolkata,West Bengal, India.ISBN 978-81-905719-1-3.
  • Collins, N. M. & M. G. Morris. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. IUCN. ISBN 2-88032-603-6
  • Evans, W. H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
  • Gay, T., Kehimkar, I. & J. C. Punetha.(1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
  • Haribal, Meena (1992) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History. Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.
  • Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000) Butterflies of Peninsular India, Universities Press (India) Ltd, Hyderabad (reprint 2006). ISBN 81-7371-354-5
  • Wynter-Blyth, M. A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
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