Markarian galaxies

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
File:Aladin2011.04.13-21-28-34.268.png
Sky plot showing locations of Markarian galaxies. White band is due to the Milky Way.

The Markarian galaxies are a class of galaxies that have nuclei with excessive amounts of ultraviolet emissions compared with other galaxies. Benjamin Markarian drew attention to these types of galaxies starting in 1963. The nuclei of the galaxies had a blue colour that in a star would be classed from A to F. This blue core did not match the rest of the galaxy. The spectrum in detail tends to show a continuum that Markarian concluded was produced non-thermally. Most of these have emission lines and are interesting because of their energetic activity.[1][2] Markarian Catalogue entries are of the form "Markarian ####", and can frequently use the abbreviations Mrk, Mkr, Mkn; and rarely Ma, Mk, Mark.[3]

History

In 1964 Markarian decided to search for this kind of galaxy.[4] The First Byurakan Survey commenced in 1965 using the Schmidt telescope at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory. The telescope used a 132 cm mirror and 102 cm correcting plate. When this started it was the largest telescope to have a full aperture objective prism. The purpose of the survey was to find galaxies with an ultraviolet excess.[5] The optics used were corrected for blue violet. Prisms in this had a low dispersion of 180 nm/mm in order not to spread out the galactic core spectrum too much and confuse it with other objects. This permitted classification of galaxies with magnitudes down to 17.5.[4] Seventy galaxies with UV-continuum appeared on lists, and the term "Markarian galaxies" came into use.[4][6][7] Two more lists brought the number of galaxies up to 302 in 1969.[8][9] The FBS continued observations till 1978 with a full spectra survey at high galactic latitudes. 1980 saw the completion of plate analysis and picking the objects that would be included. Twelve more papers with objects from the First Byurakan Survey brought the list up to 1500 galaxies.[4][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

A list titled First Byurakan Survey circulated in 1986 included the original 1500 galaxies and 32 extras numbered from 9001 to 9032.[22] In 1989 an extended list numbering up to 1515 was published.[4][23]

In 2005, the Second Byurakan Survey (SBS, SBSSS, BSS, MrkII, Markarian II) was carried out, extending the MrkI survey to fainter objects, making a catalogue of 3563 objects of 1863 galaxies (SBSG) and 1700 stars (SBSS); 761 of the galaxies are AGN (155 Seyferts, 596 quasars, 10 blazars).[24][25][26]

Characteristics

The catalogues of galaxies included a name, coordinates, spectral type, visible size and morphological type of galaxy.[4] A custom designator for the galaxy core of s for star-like or d for diffuse was used, with hybrids of ds or sd. A digit 1,2 or 3 indicated strong, moderate or weak UV emission. And a letter "e" was appended if emission lines were apparent. Unfortunately some eleven galaxies had a blue star in the foreground creating the ultraviolet excess, so these galaxies do not really fall into the class.[27] Another problem is duplicate entries where Mrk 107 is Mrk 20, Mrk 1318 is Mrk 49, and Mrk 890 is Mrk 503.[28]

The various objects in this catalogue include Seyfert galaxies, starburst galaxies, H II regions, active galactic nucleii, BL Lac objects and quasars.[27] Some objects are actually giant glowing regions of ionized hydrogen in a galaxy including Mrk 59, 71, 86b, 94, 256b, 404, 489b, 1039, 1236, 1315, and 1379a.[27] Other galaxies have black holes shooting hot gas in energetic jets. Many are variable, showing the brightness comes from a small region.

Translations to English

I 1-70 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [29]
II 71-200 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [30]
III 201-302 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [31]
IV 303-401 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [32]
V 402-507 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [33]
VI 508-604 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [34]
VII 605-700 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [35]
VIII 701-797 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [36]
IX 798-895 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [37]
X 896-995 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [38]
XI 996-1095 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [39]
XII 1096-1194 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [40]
XIII 1195-1302 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [41]
XIV 1303-1399 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [42]
XV 1400-1500 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [43]

Gallery

  • Hubble Interacting Galaxy NGC 3690 (2008-04-24).jpg

    171

  • NGC 4319 I HST2002.jpg

    205

  • Hubble Interacting Galaxy UGC 8058 (2008-04-24).jpg

    231

  • Hubble Interacting Galaxy NGC 5256 (2008-04-24).jpg

    266

  • Hubble Interacting Galaxy Mrk 273 (2008-04-24).jpg

    273

  • Hubble Interacting Galaxy UGC 12812 (2008-04-24).jpg

    331

  • 421

  • Markarian 509 (HST).tiff

    509

  • Hubble Interacting Galaxy NGC 7674 (2008-04-24).jpg

    533

  • Markarian 817 (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope).jpg

    817

  • Hubble Interacting Galaxy VV 705 (2008-04-24).jpg

    848

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Markarian_galaxies&oldid=691437027"