Neocuproine
| 200px | |
| Neocuproine | |
| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline
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| Identifiers | |
484-11-7  |
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| ChemSpider | 58734  |
| Jmol 3D model | Interactive image |
| PubChem | 65237 |
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| Properties | |
| C14H12N2 | |
| Molar mass | 208.26 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Pale yellow solid |
| Melting point | 162 to 164 °C (324 to 327 °F; 435 to 437 K) |
| Slightly soluble | |
| Solubility | Ethanol, Acetone, Ether, Benzene, Light Petroleum (slightly)[1] |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 verify (what is ?) |
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| Infobox references | |
Neocuproine is a heterocyclic organic compound and chelating agent. Phenanthroline ligands were first published in the late 19th century, and the derivatives substituted at the 2 and 9 positions are among the most studied of the modified phenanthrolines.[2][3]
Contents
Synthesis and structure
Neocuproine can be prepared by sequential Skraup reactions (Doebner-Miller reaction/condensation) of o-nitroaniline (2-Nitroaniline) with crotonaldehyde diacetate:
An alternate synthesis involves the condensation of o-phenylenediamine, m-nitrobenzenesulphonate, and crotonaldehyde diacetate. This method gives higher yields but is less economical.[1]
Neocuproine crystallizes as a dihydrate and a hemihydrate as well as a hydrated hydrochloride salt. The structure of the dihydrate features a π-stacking motif, with additional hydrogen bonding between the basic nitrogen centers and water.[4]
Coordination chemistry
In the early 1930s, phenanthroline derivatives became known for their use as colorimetric indicators for many transition metals. Neocuproine proved to be highly selective for copper(I). The resulting complex, Cu(neocuproine)2+ has a deep orange-red color.[1] The properties of copper(I) neocuproine complexes have been widely studied, e.g. for the preparation of catenane and rotaxane complexes.[5] The copper-catalyzed release of NO+ (nitrosonium) from S-Nitrosothiols is inhibited by neocuproine.[6]
Other metals
Platinum forms the square planar complexes [PtX2(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)].[7]
Neocuproine has also been discovered to have properties that cause fragmentation and disappearance of the melanin in adult zebrafish melanocytes. Those expressing eGFP also have been observed to lose eGFP fluorescence in the presence of neocuproine.[8]
References
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- ↑ Koroglu, Ahmet; Bulut, Ahmet; Ucar, Ibrahim; Nichol, Gary; Harrington, Ross W.; Clegg, William "A second monoclinic polymorph of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline dihydrate" Organic Papers, E61, 2005, p.3723-3725. doi:10.1107/S1600536805033179
- ↑ McCleverty, J; Meyer, T. J. "Phenanthroline Ligands" in Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II, Vol. 1, 2004, p.25-39.
- ↑ Al-Sa’doni, H.H.; Megson, I.L.; Bisland, S.; Butler, A.R.; Flitney, F.W. Neocuproine, A Selective Cu(I) Chelator, and the relaxation of rat vascular smooth muscle by S-nitrosothiols. British Journal of Pharmacology, 121(6), 1997, p.1047-1050. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701218
- ↑ Fanizzi, Francesco P.; Margiotta, Nicola; Lanfranchi, Maurizio; Tiripicchio, Antonio; Pacchioni, Gianfranco; Natile, Giovanni "A Molecular Tool for Measuring the Electron-Acceptor Ability of Ligands from Crystallographic Data" European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry volume 8, 2004, p.1705-1713. doi:10.1002/ejic.200300888
- ↑ O’Reilly-Pol, Thomas; Johnson, Stephen L. "Neocuproine Ablates Melanocytes in Adult Zebrafish" Zebrafish 5(4). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2008. doi:10.1002/ejic.200300888
Appendix: NMR Shifts
The following figures contain information on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data of neocuproine (from Chandler et al.):
| Substituent | Chemical Shift (δ ppm) |
| H-3,8 | 7.45 |
| H-4,7 | 8.03 |
| H-5,6 | 7.65 |
| Substituent | Chemical Shift (δ ppm) |
| C-2 | 159.2 |
| C-10b | 145.1 |
| C-4 | 136.2 |
| C-4a | 126.7 |
