List of heads of state of Spain

File:Corona real española.svg

Spanish Royal Crown (heraldic representation)

This is a list of Spanish Heads of State; that is, kings and presidents that governed the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word. The forerunners of the Spanish throne were the following:

• Kings of Asturias
• Kings of Navarre
• Kings of León
• Kings of Galicia
• Kings of Castile
• Kings of Aragon

These lineages were eventually united by the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Although their kingdoms continued to be separate, with their personal union they ruled them together as one dominion. Ferdinand also conquered the southern part of Navarre and annexed it to what was to become Spain. Isabella left her kingdom to her daughter Joanna of Castile. Ferdinand served as her regent during her insanity; though rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced by Joanna's husband Philip the Handsome, he resumed his regency after Philip's death. In 1516, after Ferdinand II's death, his daughter Joanna inherited the kingdom of Aragon, but was kept prisoner at Tordesillas as insane. As Joanna's son, the future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, did not want to be merely a regent, he was proclaimed king of Castile and Aragon jointly with his mother in Brussels. Subsequently, Castilian and Aragonese Cortes alleged oath to him as co-king with his mother. Upon her death, he became sole King of Castile and Aragon, and the thrones were thereafter united permanently.

During the First Spanish Republic (1873–74), Spain had heads of state known as the President of the Executive Power. It is only during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39), however, that the official title of President of Spain (or President of the Republic) existed. Today, Spain is a constitutional monarchy, and there is thus no person holding the title of President of Spain. However, the Prime Minister holds the official title of President of the Government.

Kingdom of Spain (1516–1873)

House of Habsburg (1516–1700)

Main article: Habsburg Spain

Under Charles I, the two thrones of Castile and Aragon were finally united under one monarch.

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	Life	Reign	Titles	Claim
1			Charles I (Emperor Charles V) Carlos I, el César Carlos	February 24, 1500 - September 21, 1558 (aged 58)	March 14, 1516 - January 16, 1556	Holy Roman Emperor; King of Germany and Italy King of Spain, Sicily and Sardinia King of Naples and Jerusalem Archduke of Austria Duke of Burgundy (Titular), Lord of the Netherlands	son of Joanna of Castile, grandson of Isabella I and Ferdinand II
2			Philip II, the Prudent Felipe II, el Prudente	May 21, 1527 - September 13, 1598 (aged 71)	January 16, 1556 - September 13, 1598	King of Spain, Sicily and Sardinia King of Naples and Jerusalem King of Portugal King of England and Ireland (jure uxoris) Duke of Burgundy (Titular), Lord of the Netherlands Duke of Milan	son of Charles I
3			Philip III, the Pious Felipe III, el Piadoso	April 14, 1578 - March 31, 1621 (aged 42)	September 13, 1598 - March 31, 1621	King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia Duke of Milan	son of Philip II
4			Philip IV, the Great Felipe IV, el Grande, el Rey Planeta	April 8, 1605 - September 17, 1665 (aged 60)	March 31, 1621 - September 17, 1665	King of Spain, Portugal (until 1640), Naples, Sicily and Sardinia Duke of Milan Sovereign of the Netherlands and Count Palatine of Burgundy	son of Philip III
5			Charles II, the Bewitched Carlos II, el Hechizado	November 6, 1661 - November 1, 1700 (aged 38)	September 17, 1665 - November 1, 1700	King of Spain, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia Duke of Milan Sovereign of the Netherlands and Count Palatine of Burgundy	son of Philip IV

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Disputed claimant

Main article: War of the Spanish Succession

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	Life	Reign	Titles	Claim
6			Archduke Charles of Austria, as Charles III Archiduque Carlos, (Carlos III)	October 1, 1685 - October 20, 1740 (aged 55)	September 12, 1703 - July 2, 1715	King of Spain, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia Duke of Milan Sovereign of the Netherlands	great-grandson of Philip III

In the year 1700 Charles II died. Charles' will named the 16-year-old Philip, the grandson of Charles' sister Maria Theresa of Spain and King Louis XIV of France, as his successor to the whole Spanish Empire. Upon any possible refusal of the undivided Spanish possessions, the Crown of Spain would be offered next to Philip's younger brother Charles, duc de Berry, or, next, to Archduke Charles of Austria.

Archduke Charles of Austria had a legal right to the Spanish throne due to the fact that Charles's father, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, was the son of Charles' aunt Maria Anna of Austria, but Philip still had the better claim because Philip's grandfather, King Louis XIV of France, was the son of Charles' aunt Anne of Austria, the older of the sisters of Philip IV. However, Philip IV had stipulated in his will the succession should pass to the Austrian Habsburg line, and the Austrian branch also claimed that Maria Theresa of Spain, Philip's grandmother, had renounced the Spanish throne for herself and her descendants as part of her marriage contract. This was countered by the French claim that it was on the basis of a dowry that had never been paid.

Thus, the war broke out and Archduke Charles was proclaimed king of Spain, as Charles III, opposite to Philip V. Charles renounced his claims to the Spanish throne in the Treaty of Rastatt of 1714, but was allowed the continued use of the styles of a Spanish monarch for his lifetime. Philip ascended the Spanish throne but forever renounced his claim to the throne of France for himself and his descendants.

House of Bourbon (1700–1808)

Main article: Enlightenment in Spain

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	Life	Reign	Titles	Claim
6			Philip V, the Spirited Felipe V, el Animoso	December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746 (aged 62)	November 16, 1700 - January 14, 1724 (abdicated in favor of his son)	King of Spain	great-grandson of Philip IV
7			Louis I, the Beloved, the Liberal Luis I, el Bien Amado, el Liberal	August 25, 1707 - August 31, 1724 (aged 17)	January 14, 1724 - August 31, 1724 (ruled only 7 months before his death)	King of Spain	son of Philip V
8			Philip V, the Spirited Felipe V, el Animoso	December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746 (aged 62)	September 6, 1724 - July 9, 1746 (reinstated on death of his son)	King of Spain	father of Louis I
9			Ferdinand VI, the Learned Fernando VI, el Prudente, el Justo	September 23, 1713 - August 10, 1759 (aged 45)	July 9, 1746 - August 10, 1759	King of Spain	son of Philip V
10			Charles III, the Enlightened, the King-Mayor Carlos III, el Político	January 20, 1716 - December 14, 1788 (aged 72)	August 10, 1759 - December 14, 1788	King of Spain	son of Philip V
11			Charles IV, the Hunter Carlos IV, el Cazador	November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819 (aged 70)	December 14, 1788 - March 19, 1808	King of Spain	son of Charles III
12			Ferdinand VII, the Desired, The Felon King Fernando VII, el Deseado, el Rey Felón	October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833 (aged 48)	March 19, 1808 - May 6, 1808	King of Spain	son of Charles IV

House of Bonaparte (1808–1813)

Main article: Kingdom of Spain (Napoleonic)

The only monarch from this dynasty was Joseph I, imposed by his brother Napoleon I of France after Charles IV and Ferdinand VII had abdicated. The title used by Joseph was King of the Spains and the Indias, by divine grace and the Constitution of the State . He was also later given all of the titles of the previous kings. A government in opposition to the French was formed in Cádiz on 25 September 1808, which continued to recognize the imprisoned Ferdinand VII as king. This government was diplomatically recognized as the legitimate Spanish government by Britain and other countries at war with France.

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	Life	Reign	Titles	Claim
13			Joseph I, the Intruder, Bottle Joe José I, Pepe Botella	January 7, 1768 - July 28, 1844 (aged 76)	June 6, 1808 - December 11, 1813	King of Spain King of Naples and Sicily and the Indies Comte de Survilliers	no relationship, appointee and elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte

House of Bourbon (1813–1868) (first restoration)

Main article: History of Spain (1814–1873)

Charles IV's eldest son was restored to the throne. Again the title used was king of Castile, Leon, Aragon,… by divine grace.

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	Life	Reign	Titles	Claim
14			Ferdinand VII, the Desired, The Felon King Fernando VII, el Deseado, el Rey Felón	October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833 (aged 48)	December 11, 1813 - September 29, 1833 (restored to power by Napoleon)	King of Spain	son of Charles IV
15			Isabella II, the One with the Sad Destinies Isabel II, la de los Tristes Destinos	October 10, 1830 - April 10, 1904 (aged 73)	September 29, 1833 - September 30, 1868	Queen of Spain	daughter of Ferdinand VII

House of Savoy (1870–1873)

Main article: Glorious Revolution (Spain)

After the Spanish Revolution of 1868 deposed Isabella II, there was established a provisional government and a regency headed by Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, who acted as Head of State, from October 8, 1868 until December 4, 1870 while it was requested a new monarch. Amadeo I was elected as king and the new title used was King of Spain, by divine grace and will of nation.

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	Life	Reign	Titles	Claim
15			Amadeo I, the Gentleman King, "King Macaroni" Amadeo I, el Rey Caballero	May 30, 1845 - January 18, 1890 (aged 44)	December 4, 1870 - February 11, 1873	King of Spain	descendant of Philip II (through his grandson Thomas Francis) and of Charles III (through his son Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his daughter Maria Luisa)

First Spanish Republic (1873–1874)

The First Spanish Republic started with the abdication as King of Spain on February 10, 1873 of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers. The next day, February 11, the republic was declared by a parliamentary majority made up of radicals, republicans and democrats. It lasted twenty-three months

Presidents of the Executive Power

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	President From	President Until	Political Party
1	80px		Estanislao Figueras	February 12, 1873	June 11, 1873	Federal republican
2	80px		Francisco Pi y Margall	June 11, 1873	July 18, 1873	Federal republican
3	80px		Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso	July 18, 1873	September 7, 1873	Moderate republican
4			Emilio Castelar y Ripoll	September 7, 1873	January 3, 1874	Unitary republican
5	80px		Francisco Serrano y Domínguez Duke of la Torre	January 3, 1874	December 30, 1874	Conservative republican dictatorship

Kingdom of Spain (1874–1931)

House of Bourbon (1874–1931) (second restoration)

Isabella II's eldest son was restored to the throne. Constitutional king of Spain. Between the death of Alfonso XII and the birth of Alfonso XIII, there was a period of seven months where the pregnant Queen Maria Christina served as Head of State with the title of Regent for her daughter Maria de las Mercedes, who was declared to be "Queen in Name" until the gender of her baby sibling was known.

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	Life	Reign	Titles	Claim
16	80px		Alfonso XII, the Peacemaker Alfonso XII, el Pacificador	November 28, 1857 - November 25, 1885 (aged 27)	December 30, 1874 - November 25, 1885	Constitutional King of Spain	son of Isabella II
17			Alfonso XIII, the African Alfonso XIII, el Africano	May 17, 1886 - February 28, 1941 (aged 54)	May 17, 1886 - April 14, 1931	Constitutional King of Spain	son of Alfonso XII

Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)

The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14, 1931 when King Alfonso XIII left the country following a period of social unrest after the collapse of General Primo de Rivera's dictatorship a year earlier, and April 1, 1939 when the last of the Republican (republicanos) forces surrendered to Nationalist (nacionales) forces led by Francisco Franco, at the end of the Spanish Civil War.

Presidents of the Republic

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	President From	President Until	Political Party
1			Niceto Alcalá-Zamora	December 11, 1931	April 7, 1936	Conservative Republican
	80px		Diego Martínez Barrio Interim	April 7, 1936	May 10, 1936	Republican Union Party Popular Front coalition
2	80px		Manuel Azaña	May 11, 1936	March 3, 1939	Republican Left Popular Front coalition

Spanish Republican government in exile (1939–1977)

Presidents in exile

• Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana (11 May 1940 – 17 August 1945) (acting)
• Diego Martínez Barrio (17 August 1945 – 1 January 1962)
• Luis Jiménez de Asúa (11 February 1962 – 16 November 1970)
• José Maldonado Gonzalez (November 1970 – 1 July 1977)

Francoist Spain (1936–1975)

On October 1, 1936 General Francisco Franco was proclaimed Head of State (Caudillo) in parts of Spain controlled by Nationalist (nacionales) forces after Spanish Civil War broke out. After the end of war on April 1, 1939 General Franco took control of the whole of Spain. In 1947, Franco proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy, but did not allow the pretender, Juan de Borbón, Count of Barcelona, to take the throne. In 1969, Franco declared that Juan Carlos, the Count of Barcelona's son, would be his successor. After Franco's death in 1975, Juan Carlos succeeded him as the King of Spain.

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	Head of State From	Head of State Until	Political Party
Head of State (Caudillo)
1			Francisco Franco	October 1, 1936	November 20, 1975	Falange Military
President of the Regency
2			Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel	November 20, 1975	November 22, 1975	Falange Military

Kingdom of Spain (1975–present)

House of Bourbon (1975–present) (third restoration)

Alfonso XIII's claim descended (due to his two eldest sons' renunciations) to his third son, Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, who was passed over in favour of his eldest son, whose title became King of Spain. The Count of Barcelona renounced his claims in favour of his son in 1977, two years after Franco's death and Juan Carlos's accession.

Juan Carlos abdicated in favor of his son Felipe VI, who became King on 19 June 2014, with Felipe's older daughter Infanta Leonor next in succession.

#	Portrait	Coat of arms	Name	Life	Reign	Titles	Claim
18			Juan Carlos I	(1938-01-05) January 5, 1938	November 22, 1975 - June 19, 2014	King of Spain	Grandson of Alfonso XIII, through his third son, Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
19			Felipe VI	(1968-01-30) January 30, 1968	June 19, 2014 - Present	King of Spain	Son of Juan Carlos I

See also

• Spanish monarchy
• Kings of Spain family tree
• Line of Succession to the Spanish Throne
• Royal Consorts of Spain
• War of the Spanish Succession
• President of the Republic (Spain)
• List of Spanish regents
• Prime Minister of Spain
• Carlist pretenders have tried to substitute the Isabelline monarchs.

External links

• Monarchs of Spain (700–present)