Sengkang

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

For other uses, see Sengkang (disambiguation).
Sengkang
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese 盛港
 • Pinyin Shèng Gǎng
 • Hokkien POJ Sēng-káng
 • Malay Sengkang
 • Tamil செங்காங
Flats in Fernvale
Flats in Fernvale
Sengkang is located in Singapore
Sengkang
Sengkang
Location of Sengkang within Singapore
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country  Singapore
Government
 • Ruling parties People's Action Party
Area
 • Total 10.59 km2 (4.09 sq mi)
 • Residential 3.97 km2 (1.53 sq mi)
Population
 • Total 206,680 [1]
Dwelling Units 53,458 [2]
Projected ultimate 92,000
Places of Interest Jalan Kayu

Sengkang (Chinese: 盛港, Tamil: செங்காங), officially Sengkang New Town, is an urban planning area and satellite residential town located in the north-eastern part of Singapore.

Originally a fishing village, the area is undergoing rapid development under the ambition of the Housing and Development Board (HDB) to transform it into a fully mature housing estate.[3] The town now comprises four large neighbourhoods. Sengkang is one of the 55 urban planning areas outlined by the Urban Redevelopment Authority for long-term land use planning purposes.

Etymology

The name Sengkang means "prosperous harbour" in Chinese. The name comes from a road called Lorong Sengkang, off Lorong Buangkok. The area was formerly known as Kangkar (Gang Jiao 港脚) or "foot of the port" as there was once a fishing port located along Sungei Serangoon. Fishing villages and rubber, pepper and pineapple plantations flourished in the area in the old days.[4][5]

History

File:Anchorvale Gardens, Nov 05.JPG
A typical apartment block in Anchorvale Gardens, showing the characteristic pilotis effect on the column façade.

Before the town was developed into a modern housing estate, the area was home to vegetable and pig farms, and tropical forests. The only public housing estate then was the Punggol Rural Centre, comprising a few low-rise residential blocks (blocks 1–5, 206 & 207) accommodating resettled farmers, located along Punggol Road. These blocks at the rural centre have since been demolished in 2005, to make way for future high-rise residential apartment blocks.

In 1994, an urban design team of 10 from HDB started conceptualisation for a new town in Sengkang. Sengkang was carved up into six neighbourhoods that will eventually house a total of 95,000 public and private housing units in the long term.[3][5]

Sengkang's rich history became the theme for its future – Town of the Seafarer.[4] Three neighbourhoods carry a marine sub-theme, while the other three will reflect the past when sprawling plantations covered parts of the area. The six neighbourhoods are planned to have names and colour schemes to go with their respective themes. Its past is today reflected in the design of its housing, seen in the three-storey pilotis or stilt effect that all the housing blocks have, reminiscent of the stilts of fishing villages and trunks of the various plantations of bygone years.[5]

The town's first apartment blocks (known locally as flats) at Rivervale were completed in 1997.[3][6] By August 2001, about 33,700 dwelling units have been completed. As at 31 March 2006, there are 384 HDB apartment blocks with 39,982 units in Sengkang New Town, comprising 16,017 four-roomers, 19,477 five-roomers and 4,488 executive flats.[7]

In October 1999, a steering committee chaired by Dr Michael Lim, Member of Parliament for Cheng San Group Representation Constituency, was formed to look into providing sufficient amenities in Sengkang New Town, in view of feedback from residents. The Sengkang Town Development Steering Committee comprises grassroots leaders and the representatives of government agencies, and has four sub-committees taking care of town development, transportation, education, and social aspects. It coordinated and sped up the provision of town amenities, and completed its report on the need for facilities and services in the new town in July 2000.[3][6][8][9][10]

Geography

File:Punggol river small.JPG
Sungei Punggol with the Sengkang Light Rail Transit line viaduct

Sengkang is situated to the north of Hougang New Town, in the north-eastern part of Singapore, under the North-East Region as defined by Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA).

The town is bounded by the Tampines Expressway (TPE) to the north, Sungei Serangoon (Serangoon River) to the east, Buangkok Drive to the south and Jalan Kayu to the west. Sungei Punggol (Punggol River) cuts through the new town, and divides the town into Sengkang East and Sengkang West. The Sengkang Town Centre is located in Compassvale. A new industrial area, 'Sengkang West Industrial Area', is to be built to the west of Jalan Kayu in the near future, bounded by a road which was completed in 2015.

The new road, Sengkang West Road, begins where Yio Chu Kang Road and Jalan Kayu intersect, passes through the extended roads of Fernvale Lane, Sengkang West Avenue, Sengkang West Way in front of the Fernvale neighbourhood, cuts through TPE across the proposed Seletar Aerospace Flyover and links to the future upgraded Seletar Aerospace Park. A section of the road between Yio Chu Kang Road and Sengkang West Avenue was opened on 13 October 2013, following the closure of Jalan Kayu along that stretch. The remaining section of the road connecting to the Seletar Aerospace Flyover, TPE and the Seletar Aerospace Park (via Seletar Aerospace Way) was opened on 16 May 2015.

Sub-zones

Wall tile mural at Compassvale

Sengkang New Town is divided into four major sub-zones, arranged from east to west. Each of them are coded with an individual neighbourhood number. They are as follows:

Highlights

Sengkang Sculpture Park

Sengkang's two main rivers, Sungei Punggol and Sungei Serangoon, bring life through the town with a network of green connectors along their banks, linking housing precincts to neighbourhood parks such as Sengkang Riverside Park, as well as the Sengkang Swimming Complex, Sengkang Hockey Stadium and Anchorvale Community Centre. Eventually, these park connectors will be linked to the future Coney Island Park in Punggol New Town and the existing Punggol Park in the south, to better serve the recreational needs of the residents of Sengkang. Sengkang Sculpture Park, located in Compassvale, is an elongated green space created below the LRT viaducts.[11]

Besides the pilotis located at the foot of all apartment blocks, point blocks are designed with a unique C-shape that provide greater privacy. Other common features include perforated balcony screens, and mesh or net-like parapets at the multi-storey carparks.[5]

Sengkang is also the first satellite new town in Singapore to have its major public transport amenities built in tandem with the main public housing development. The main heavy rail tunnels through Sengkang and the elevated track infrastructure of the intra-town Sengkang LRT were developed as the existing public housing blocks were being built in the late 1990s.[4][6] An integrated approach to transport, housing and commercial uses was also adopted in the planning of the town centre of Sengkang. Commuters alighting at Sengkang MRT/LRT have direct access to the Sengkang Bus Interchange, the shopping mall at Compass Point and the residential development at Compass Heights in a contiguous building complex.[3][12][13])

Transportation

City planners plan for public transport to eventually become the preferred mode of transport in the future. The government of Singapore ideally desires environmental towns, using public transport to reduce pollution caused by heavy road traffic. Sengkang is part of the Urban Redevelopment Authority's focus for realising this urban planning model. As Sengkang is relatively distant from the city centre at the Central Area, an efficient, high-volume and high-speed public transport system is also preferred to using road networks.

The Sengkang MRT/LRT and Sengkang Bus Interchange are fully integrated within a single building complex to allow seamless travel for the residents of Sengkang New Town across the different available modes of public transport.

Public transport

North East Line

Sengkang New Town is linked to the Central Area and the SMRT Trains lines (to the Circle MRT Line at Serangoon, Dhoby Ghaut and HarbourFront, to the North South Line at Dhoby Ghaut, to the East West Line at Outram Park and to the Downtown Line, operated by SBS Transit, at Little India and Chinatown) through the North East Line (NEL) at Sengkang MRT/LRT Station, located at Sengkang Town Centre. The NEL system is a fully automated heavy rail mass rapid transit system, and started operations on 20 June 2003.[14][15] It is operated by SBS Transit.

Buangkok (NE15), the other station along NEL in Sengkang New Town, serves the housing developments in Buangkok, at Compassvale, and the northern part of Hougang New Town. The station started operations on 15 January 2006.[16]

Sengkang LRT Line

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main article: Sengkang LRT Line
Sengkang Light Rail Transit
File:Sengkang LRT Viaduct.JPG
Sengkang Light Rail Transit viaduct

The intra-town Sengkang Light Rail Transit (LRT) system is a 10.7 km light rail line that serves to link residents to the town centre. It is a fully automated system, and its rolling stock is supplied by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The system is operated by SBS Transit. The Sengkang LRT line forms two loops, East Loop and West Loop, that skirt the perimeter of the new town.

Sengkang Bus Interchange

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main article: Sengkang Bus Interchange
Sengkang Bus Interchange

The Sengkang Bus Interchange is located at the ground level of Compass Heights condominium, next to Compass Point Shopping Centre. It was opened in 18 January 2003,[17] and is the second air-conditioned bus interchange in Singapore, after Toa Payoh Bus Interchange.[18]

Buses through Sengkang New Town

File:Sengkang LRT Viaduct.JPG
Sengkang Light Rail Transit viaduct

There are several bus services which passes through Sengkang New Town:

  • 27 goes to Tampines and Changi Airport.
  • 43 and 119 goes to Punggol West.
  • 82 goes to Punggol Central.
  • 83 goes to Punggol East.
  • 85 goes to the Sengkang West and Yishun.
  • 371 is a Sengkang Feeder that goes to the Rivervale Crescent.
  • 550 (Premium) and 654 (City Direct) all goes to the Central Business District.

Road network

Sengkang East Way

The Tampines Expressway (TPE) links Sengkang New Town up with Singapore's expressway network. The Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway, which provides a direct route to the city area via TPE, was completed in late 2008.[19] New roads were built to ease traffic congestion on Punggol Road.[20][21][22][23][24] Extensions had been made to Sengkang West Avenue and ongoing for Sengkang West Way (3rd quarter 2015) to connect to the future Sengkang West Industrial Park.

The major roads that link Sengkang New Town to Punggol New Town and TPE to the North, and Hougang New Town to the south are:

The major road that links Sengkang New Town and Hougang New Town to the south is:

  • Sengkang Central

The major roads that link Sengkang New Town to Seletar Aerospace Park/Seletar Camp and TPE to the North, and Seletar Hills Estate to the south are:

  • Sengkang West Road
  • Jalan Kayu (ceased to connect to Seletar Hills Estate after closure of section between Yio Chu Kang Road and Sengkang West Avenue)

The arterial roads that run in the east-west direction within Sengkang New Town are:

  • Sengkang East Avenue and Sengkang West Avenue
  • Compassvale Drive and Anchorvale Drive
  • Sengkang East Way and Sengkang West Way
  • Compassvale Bow
  • Buangkok Drive (opened in 1999, to be extended westwards from the junction of Buangkok Green and Sengkang East Road to Yio Chu Kang Road in the near future)[20]
  • Rivervale Drive and Fernvale Road

Education

There are eight primary schools and six secondary schools in Sengkang New Town. Land provision has also been made for a junior college in the town to meet future educational demand in the North-East Region.[25]

Primary schools

File:Nan chiau primary.JPG
Nan Chiau Primary School
File:North Vista Secondary School.jpg
North Vista Secondary School

Secondary schools

Places of worship

File:Sengkang Methodist Church, Nov 05.JPG
Sengkang Methodist Church

Sengkang Town Centre

There are four major building complexes within the Sengkang Town Centre.

  • Compass Heights, a private residential condominium development.
  • Sengkang Interchange, comprising the bus interchange, and the NEL and LRT stations.
  • Compass Point Shopping Centre, Singapore's first thematic suburban shopping centre based on the theme of learning.[61][62]
  • Sengkang Community Hub,[63] which houses the following facilities:
    • KK Women's Clinic @ Sengkang[64]
    • Sengkang Central Constituency Office
    • Sengkang Polyclinic (Singhealth)[65]
    • Sengkang Neighbourhood Police Centre
    • Sengkang Community Club[66]
    • Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association (SANA)[67]
    • Singapore Post[68]
Sengkang Town Centre. The building complexes are, from left to right, Sengkang Community Hub, Compass Point Shopping Centre, Sengkang MRT, LRT and Bus Interchange, and Compass Heights Condominium.
Sengkang Town Centre. The building complexes are, from left to right, Sengkang Community Hub, Compass Point Shopping Centre, Sengkang MRT, LRT and Bus Interchange, and Compass Heights Condominium.

Other amenities

Sengkang Fire Station
Compass Point Shopping Centre
Sengkang Community Hub

Politics

Rivervale, bounded by Punggol Road and Sengkang East Drive forms the Punggol East Single Member Constituency (SMC), which was carved out of Pasir Ris-Punggol Group Representation Constituency (GRC) in the 2011 General Elections. Punggol East SMC saw the only three-cornered fight in the 2011 elections, with Michael Palmer from the People's Action Party (PAP), Desmond Lim from the Singapore Democratic Alliance (SDA), and Lee Li Lian from the Workers' Party (WP) contesting. The SMC was retained by incumbent Michael Palmer, who was also the MP when the ward was part of Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC. In December 2012, Palmer quit the PAP over an extra-marital affair, thereby vacating his seat and paving the way for a by-election that was called by the Prime Minister in January 2013. Desmond Lim from the SDA and Lee Li Lian from the WP returned to contest the by-election, and the PAP fielded a newcomer, Dr Koh Poh Koon, who had joined the party only three weeks earlier. They were joined by a fourth competing party, the Reform Party (RP), represented by its secretary-general Kenneth Jeyaretnam. Despite this being a four-way fight, the opposition Workers' Party candidate Lee Li Lian emerged victorious with 54.52% of valid votes cast, shocking many on both sides of the political divide, who expected it to be a close fight. PAP's Koh came in second with 43.71% of the votes, with the RP and SDA candidates losing their electoral deposits with less than 2% of the votes combined.

The Anchorvale and Fernvale neighbourhoods of Sengkang New Town belong to the Sengkang West SMC.

Compassvale, including Buangkok, and a small portion south of Rivervale bounded by Sengkang East Avenue and Buangkok Drive come under the Pasir Ris-Punggol Group Representation Constituency. The current MP for Punggol South division of Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC, which covers a part of Hougang, Buangkok and the southern part of Rivervale, is Gan Thiam Poh. He took over Teo Ser Luck, who is the current MP for Punggol Central division that covers Compassvale. Michael Lim, who was the MP for Punggol Central, retired from politics in 2006 and did not take part in the election that year.[72] In the 2006 general election, Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC was expanded from five to six MPs as the population in Sengkang and Punggol new towns has grown since 2001.[73] Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC had 178,393 voters, which exceeded the limit of 170,000 for a five-MP GRC.[74]

The Anchorvale and Fernvale neighbourhoods of Sengkang New Town form the Sengkang West SMC, formerly a division under the Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency until GE2011. Its Member of Parliament (MP) is Lam Pin Min. The two neighbourhoods were under the Jalan Kayu division, under Wee Siew Kim, before the general election in 2006.[75]

Before 2001, the entire Sengkang New Town and Punggol New Town were part of Cheng San Group Representation Constituency, which was hotly contested in 1997 general election.[76][77]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ City Population - statistics, maps and charts | Sengkang
  2. ↑ HDB Key Statistics FY2013/2014
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ On 4 February 1997, the Urban Redevelopment Authority released the Development Guide Plan or blueprint for the long-term land use for Sengkang: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ The opening of the Sengkang LRT Line coincides with the opening of the new Sengkang Bus Interchange on 18 January 2003: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Buangkok Green and Buangkok Drive were completed in the second half of 1999. They shorten the drive from the Central Expressway near Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5 to Punggol Road: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ The first part of a S$23 million project to make Sengkang town safer and less congested was opened on 7 April 2001. The completed work involved an extension to Sengkang East Road, which runs from Compassvale Street to Tampines Expressway (TPE), and a slip road to the TPE in the direction of the Seletar and Central Expressways. The second part of the project involved the completion of the Sengkang East Road and Sengkang East Drive Flyovers: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ The one-kilometre-long Sengkang Central Road, which joins Buangkok Drive and Compassvale Drive in Sengkang New Town, was opened on 15 June 2002: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 The Sengkang East Road and Sengkang East Drive Flyovers were officially opened on 16 May 2004, making it easier for residents of Sengkang and Punggol new towns in the north-east to travel to other parts of Singapore: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Anchor Green and North Vista Primary Schools were two of the six new primary schools built in new housing estates and towns so as to cater to smaller class size
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Compassvale Primary School started in January 1999, and was operating from Seng Kang Primary School. On the morning of 15 June 1999, seven construction workers were hurt when the tiled roof of a multi-purpose hall in the uncompleted Compassvale Primary School collapsed suddenly: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Compassvale Primary School moved into its current new building on 13 November 2000: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/comps
  33. ↑ Fernvale Primary School opened in January 2005: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Nan Chiau School moved from Kim Yam Road to Sengkang New Town as Nan Chiau Primary School and Nan Chiau High School in January 2001: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/ncps/homepg.html
  37. ↑ North Spring Primary School was one of the seven new primary schools in Singapore which started in January 2000: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/north_spring/
  39. ↑ [1] Archived 9 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ↑ Rivervale Primary School was one of the ten new primary schools in Singapore which opened in January 1999: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/rivervps/
  42. ↑ Seng Kang Primary School was one of the four new primary schools in Singapore which opened in January 1997. It was housed at the former Hai Sing Girls' High School building along Upper Serangoon Road for the whole of 1997: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/skps/
  44. ↑ CHIJ Saint Joseph's Convent moved from Hillside Drive to Sengkang New Town in 2000: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/CHIJSJC/
  46. ↑ Compassvale Secondary School was one of the 13 new secondary schools in Singapore which started in January 2000: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/compassvale/
  48. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/nchs/
  49. ↑ After Thomson Secondary vacated its old site in Thomson Road in 2000, it moved to Sengkang New Town and was renamed North Vista: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/NORTHVSS/
  51. ↑ Pei Hwa Secondary School opened in January 2005: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ http://www.peihwasec.moe.edu.sg/
  53. ↑ Seng Kang Secondary School opened in January 1999: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ http://schools.moe.edu.sg/skss/
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ The S$8 million mosque in Sengkang, which had its groundbreaking ceremony on 30 June 2007, has a capacity of 4,000, and will be ready by the end of 2008: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ The Compass Point Shopping Centre was constructed at a cost of S$230 million: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ The shopping mall started operations in August 2002: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Sengkang Community Hub, and its community club and neighbourhood police centre, were officially opened by Teo Chee Hean, Minister for Defence and Member of Parliament for Pasir Ris-Punggol Group Representation Constituency, on 10 December 2005: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Archived 30 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ↑ Archived 10 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 http://pa-online.pa.gov.sg/NASApp/maps/online/ccms/common/OCK_Intermediate_A01.jsp?strCCCode=4460&strTransactionCode=CAL
  67. ↑ Archived 18 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ http://pa-online.pa.gov.sg/NASApp/maps/online/ccms/common/OCK_Intermediate_A01.jsp?strCCCode=4060&strTransactionCode=CAL
  71. ↑ http://pa-online.pa.gov.sg/NASApp/maps/online/ccms/common/OCK_Intermediate_A01.jsp?strCCCode=5440&strTransactionCode=CAL
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Script error: The function "top" does not exist.

Script error: The function "bottom" does not exist.

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Sengkang&oldid=2316297"