Veneridae

Veneridae
A valve of Venus verrucosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Bivalvia
Subclass:	Heterodonta
Order:	Veneroida
Superfamily:	Veneroidea
Family:	Veneridae Rafinesque, 1815
Genera
See text

Left valve dentition of the shell of the venerid Mercenaria mercenaria

The Veneridae or venerids, common name the venus clams, are a very large family of minute to large, saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs. Over 500 living species of venerid bivalves are known, most of which are edible, and many of which are exploited as food sources.

Many of the most important edible species are commonly known (in the USA) simply as "clams". Venerids make up a significant proportion of the world fishery of edible bivalves. The family includes some species that are important commercially, such as (in the USA) the hard clam or quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria.

Classification

The classification within the family Veneridae has been controversial at least since the 1930s. The most used classification is that of Keen (1969) which recognises 12 subfamilies, listed below. Some common species have been moved between genera (including genera in different subfamilies) because of repeated attempts to bring a more valid organization to the classification or taxonomy of the family, therefore changes in the generic name of species are frequently encountered.

The characters used for classifying this group still tend to be superficial, focusing on external features, especially those of the shell. Venerid clams are characterized as bivalves with an external posterior ligament, usually a well demarcated anterior area known as the lunule, and three interlocking structures (called cardinal teeth) in the top of each valve; several of the subfamilies also have anterior lateral teeth, anterior to the cardinal teeth: one in the left valve, and two (sometimes obscure) in the right valve. The inner lower peripheries of the valves can be finely toothed or smooth.

Description

Venerid bivalve; Wadi Umm Ghudran Formation (Late Cretaceous, early Campanian), near Amman, Jordan

Dentition of venerid bivalve; Wadi Umm Ghudran Formation (Late Cretaceous, early Campanian), near Amman, Jordan

Shell sculpture tends to be primarily concentric, but radial and divaricating ornamentation (see Gafrarium), and rarely spines (Pitar lupanaria for example) occur on some. One small subfamily, the Samarangiinae, is created for a unique and rare clam found in coral reefs with an outer covering of cemented sand or mud that texturally camouflages it while enhancing the thickness of the shell. Several venerid clams have overall shell shapes adapted to their environments. Tivela species, for example, have the triangular outline of the surf clams in other bivalve families, and occur often in surf zones. Some Dosinia species are almost disc-like in shape and reminiscent of lucinid bivalves; both types of circular bivalves tend to burrow relatively deeply into the sediment. Further reclassification is to be expected as the results of current research in molecular systematics on the group appear in the literature.

Venerids have rounded or oval solid shells with the umbones (projections) inturned towards the anterior end. Three or four cardinal teeth are on each valve. The siphons are short and united, except at the tip, and are not very long. The foot is large.

Subfamilies according to Keen (1969)

• Chioninae
• Circinae
• Clementinae
• Cyclininae
• Dosiniinae
• Gemminae
• Meretricinae
• Pitarinae
• Samarangiinae
• Sunettinae
• Tapetinae
• Venerinae

List of genera in the family Veneridae

(may be incomplete)

Marcia marmorata

Sunetta meroe

• Agriopoma Dall, 1902
• Amiantis Carpenter, 1884
• Anomalocardia Schumacher, 1817
• Austrovenus Finlay,1927
• Bassina Jukes-Browne, 1914
• Callista Poli, 1791
• Chamelea Mörch, 1853
• Chione Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811
• Chionopsis Olsson, 1932
• Chionista Keen, 1958
• Circomphalus Klein, 1853
• Clausinella J. E. Gray, 1851
• Compsomyax Stewart, 1930
• Cyclinella Dall, 1902
• Dosina Gray, 1835
• Dosinia Scopoli, 1777
• Gafrarium Röding, 1798
• Gemma Deshayes, 1853
• Globivenus Coen, 1934
• Gouldia C. B. Adams, 1847
• Humilaria Grant and Gale, 1931
• Irus Schmidt, 1818
• Irusella Hertlein and Grant, 1972
• Lioconcha Morch, 1853

• Liocyma Dall, 1870
• Lirophora Conrad, 1883
• Macrocallista Meek, 1876
• Marcia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857
• Mercenaria Schumacher, 1817
• Meretrix Linnaeus, 1758
• Notirus Finlay, 1928
• Notocallista Iredale, 1924
• Nutricola Bernard, 1982
• Paphia Born, 1778
• Parastarte Conrad, 1862
• Periglypta Jukes-Browne, 1914
• Pitar Römer, 1857
• Protothaca Dall, 1902
• Psephidia Dall, 1902
• Ruditapes
• Saxidomus Conrad, 1837
• Sunetta Link, 1807
• Tapes Muhlfeld, 1811
• Tawera Marwick, 1927
• Timoclea Brown, 1827
• Tivela Link, 1807
• Transennella Dall, 1883
• Venerupis Lamarck, 1818
• Ventricolaria Keen, 1954
• Venus Linnaeus, 1758

References

• Keen, A. M. (1969). Superfamily Veneracea. pp. 670–690, in: Leslie Reginald Cox et al., Part N [Bivalvia], Mollusca 6, vols. 1 and 2: xxxvii + 952 pp. Part of Raymond C. Moore, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Lawrence, Kansas (Geological Society of America & University of Kansas).
• Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1

Gallery

• 

  Dosinia anus from New Zealand, a member of the Dosiniinae

• 

  Austrovenus stutchburyi from New Zealand

• 

  Chamelea striatula

• 

  Irus elegans from New Zealand

• 

  Mercenaria mercenaria

• 

  Pitar lupinaria from Costa Rica

• 

  Venerupis senegalensis

External links

• Taxonomy on the half shell A major project of the Chicago Field Museum of Natural History and the American Museum of Natural History on Venerid classification
• Bibliography of venerid taxonomy
• VENERIDAE - www.chez.com
• ZipCodeZoo