Southern Ndebele language
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Transvaal Ndebele | |
---|---|
isiNdebele | |
Native to | South Africa |
Region | Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, North West |
Native speakers
|
1.1 million (2011 census)[1] 1.4 million L2 speakers (2002)[2] |
Niger–Congo
|
|
Latin (Ndebele alphabet) Ndebele Braille |
|
Signed Ndebele | |
Official status | |
Official language in
|
South Africa |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | nr |
ISO 639-2 | nbl |
ISO 639-3 | nbl |
Glottolog | sout2808 [3] |
S.407 [4] |
|
Linguasphere | 99-AUT-fi + 99-AUT-fj |
Contents
Column-generating template families
The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a HTML "div" (division) open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.Type | Family |
Handles wiki
table code? ![]() |
Responsive/ Mobile suited |
Start template | Column divider | End template |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Float | "Col-float" | Yes | Yes | {{Col-float}} | {{Col-float-break}} | {{Col-float-end}} |
"Columns-start" | Yes | Yes | {{Columns-start}} | {{Column}} | {{Columns-end}} | |
Columns | "Div col" | Yes | Yes | {{Div col}} | – | {{Div col end}} |
"Columns-list" | No | Yes | {{Columns-list}} (wraps div col) | – | – | |
Flexbox | "Flex columns" | No | Yes | {{Flex columns}} | – | – |
Table | "Col" | Yes | No | {{Col-begin}}, {{Col-begin-fixed}} or {{Col-begin-small}} |
{{Col-break}} or {{Col-2}} .. {{Col-5}} |
{{Col-end}} |
![dagger](/w/images/3/37/Dagger-14-plain.png)
{| | || |- |}
used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>
, <tr>...</tr>
, etc.)—need to be used instead.Column-generating template families
The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a HTML "div" (division) open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.Type | Family |
Handles wiki
table code? ![]() |
Responsive/ Mobile suited |
Start template | Column divider | End template |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Float | "Col-float" | Yes | Yes | {{Col-float}} | {{Col-float-break}} | {{Col-float-end}} |
"Columns-start" | Yes | Yes | {{Columns-start}} | {{Column}} | {{Columns-end}} | |
Columns | "Div col" | Yes | Yes | {{Div col}} | – | {{Div col end}} |
"Columns-list" | No | Yes | {{Columns-list}} (wraps div col) | – | – | |
Flexbox | "Flex columns" | No | Yes | {{Flex columns}} | – | – |
Table | "Col" | Yes | No | {{Col-begin}}, {{Col-begin-fixed}} or {{Col-begin-small}} |
{{Col-break}} or {{Col-2}} .. {{Col-5}} |
{{Col-end}} |
![dagger](/w/images/3/37/Dagger-14-plain.png)
{| | || |- |}
used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>
, <tr>...</tr>
, etc.)—need to be used instead.The Transvaal Ndebele language (Southern Ndebele, isiNdebele or Nrebele) is an African language belonging to the Nguni group of Bantu languages, and spoken by the amaNdebele (the Ndebele people of South Africa).
There is also another, separate language called Zimbabwean Ndebele or Matabele spoken in Zimbabwe. The "Ndebele of Zimbabwe is closer to" Zulu than other Nguni dialects.[5]
Overview
The Ndebele people’s history has been traced back to King Ndebele, King Ndebele fathered King Mkhalangana, King Mkhalangana fathered King Mntungwa (not to be confused with the Khumalo Mntungwa, because he was fathered by Mbulazi), King Mntungwa fathered King Jonono, King Jonono fathered King Nanasi, King Nanasi fathered King Mafana, king Mafana fathered King Mhlanga and Chief Libhoko, King Mhlanga fathered King Musi and Chief Skhube.
Ndebele- Some of his sons were left behind with the Hlubi tribe Mkhalangana - Some of his sons branched and formed the Kalanga tribe Mntungwa - Founder of the amaNtungwa clan Njonono - He died in Jononoskop near Ladysmith – Surname Jonono is in the Hlubi tribe Nanasi - He died in Jononoskop near Ladysmith – Surname Nanasi is in the Hlubi tribe Mafana - He died in Randfontein (Emhlangeni) Mhlanga - He died in Randfontein (Emhlangeni) Musi - He died in kwaMnyamana (Pretoria)
King Musi’s kraal was based at eMhlangeni a place named after his father Mhlanga, the name of the place is currently known as Randfontein (Mohlakeng) and later moved to KwaMnyamana which is now called Emarula or Bon Accord in Pretoria. King Musi was a polygamist and fathered the following sons, Skhosana (Masombuka), Manala (Mbuduma), Ndzundza (Hlungwana), Thombeni (Kekana or Gegana), Sibasa, Mhwaduba (Lekhuleni) and Mphafuli and others.
Language
Ndebele is one of the eleven official languages in the Republic of South Africa. The language is a Nguni or Zunda classification (UN) spoken mostly in the Mpumalanga Province, Gauteng, Limpopo and the Northwest.
The expression "isikhethu" can be loosely translated to mean 'the Ndebele way of doing or saying'. Isikhethu means Ndebele the same way that sikitsi will mean Swazi and se harona will mean Sotho. The language has been severely marginalized over the years. Until the formation of the apartheid Ndebele homeland (KwaNdebele), speaking the language publicly was discouraged. Most Ndebele speakers preferred Zulu especially because the latter was learned at school. Today the Ndebele speakers, mostly those who are educated still prefer to use Ndebele as home language for their children and will use Ndebele as a language to communicate with other Ndebele speakers.
Examples
Months in Ndebele
English | Northern Ndebele (Zimbabwe) | Southern Ndebele (South Africa) |
---|---|---|
January | uZibandlela | uTjhirhweni |
February | uNhlolanja | uMhlolanja |
March | uMbimbitho | uNtaka |
April | uMabasa | uSihlabantakana |
May | uNkwekwezi | uMrhayili |
June | uNhlangula | uMgwengweni |
July | uNtulikazi | uVelabahlinze |
August | uNcwabakazi | uRhoboyi |
September | uMpandula | uKhukhulamungu |
October | uMfumfu | uSewula |
November | uLwezi | uSinyikhaba |
December | uMpalakazi | uNobayeni |
AmaNdebele In Zimbabwe
The two Ndebele groups are both part of the Nguni language group and are therefore mutually intelligible to some extent. However, the Zimbabwean Ndebele is part of the Zunda sub-group of the Nguni languages (which includes Xhosa and Zulu) while the South African (or Transvaal Ndebele), while maintaining its Nguni roots, has been influenced by the Sotho languages.[6]
References
- ↑ Transvaal Ndebele at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Webb, Vic. 2002. "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development." Impact: Studies in language and society, 14:78
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Skhosana, P.B. (2010) The Linguistic Relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele, University of Pretoria, DLitt Thesis
External links
![]() |
Southern Ndebele language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
- List links to Ndebele language resources
- The 1971 Pelling lexicon of Ndebele->English (text file) (on a stable Archive.org link)
- CBOLD - Comparative Bantu Online Dictionary - including Ndebele