Ordinal number (linguistics)
| Cardinal | one | two | three | four |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Ordinal | first | second | third | fourth |
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th |
In linguistics, ordinal numbers are words representing position or rank in a sequential order. The order may be of size, importance, chronology, and so on. In English, they are adjectives such as third and tertiary.
They differ from cardinal numbers, which represent quantity.
Ordinal numbers may be written in English with numerals and letter suffixes: 1st, 2nd or 2d, 3rd or 3d, 4th, 11th, 21st, 101st, 477th, etc. In some countries, written dates omit the suffix, although it is nevertheless pronounced. For example: 5 November 1605 (pronounced "the fifth of November ... "); November 5, 1605, ("November Fifth ..."). When written out in full with "of", however, the suffix is retained: the 5th of November. In other languages, different ordinal indicators are used to write ordinal numbers.
In American Sign Language, the ordinal numbers first through ninth are formed with handshapes similar to those for the corresponding cardinal numbers with the addition of a small twist of the wrist.[1]
English
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Look up Appendix:English ordinal numbers in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
In English, the main ordinal series is 'first', 'second', .... It is used in a variety of rankings, including time ('the first hour of the event'), space ('the first left'), and quality ('first class cabin').
The Latinate series 'primary', 'secondary', ... is often used for importance or precedence ('primary consideration') and sequence of dependence ('secondary effect', 'secondary boycott', 'secondary industry'), though there are other uses as well ('primary school', 'primary election').[2] The first two in the sequence are by far the most common; 'tertiary' appears occasionally, and higher numbers are rare except in specialized contexts ('quaternary age').
The Greek series proto-, deutero-, ... is only found in prefixes, generally scholarly and technical coinages, e.g., protagonist, deuterium, Proto-Isaiah, Deutero-Isaiah.[3] Numbers beyond two are rare; beyond four are obscure.
The first twelve variations of ordinal numbers are given here.
| Spatial/chronological | Precedence/effect | Greek prefix |
|---|---|---|
| first | primary | proto- |
| second | secondary | deutero- |
| third | tertiary | trito- |
| fourth | quaternary | tetarto- |
| fifth | quinary | (pempto-) |
| sixth | senary | (ecto-, hecto-) |
| seventh | septenary | (ebdomo-, hebdomo-) |
| eighth | octonary | (ogdo-) |
| ninth | novenary | (enato-) |
| tenth | decenary | (decato-) |
| eleventh | undenary | (endecato-) |
| twelfth | duodenary | (dodecato-) |
The spatial and chronological ordinal numbers corresponding to cardinals from 13 to 19 are the number followed by the suffix -th, as "sixteenth". For multiples of ten, the same principle applies, with terminal -y changed to -ieth, as "sixtieth". For other numbers, the elements of the cardinal number are used, with the last word replaced by the ordinal: 23 → "twenty-third"; 523 → "five hundred twenty-third" (British English: "five hundred and twenty-third").
When speaking the numbers in fractions, the spatial/chronological numbering system is used for denominators larger than 2 (2 as the denominator of a fraction is "half" rather than "second"), with a denominator of 4 sometimes spoken as "quarter" rather than "fourth". This system results in "two thirds" for 2⁄3 and "fifteen thirty-seconds" for 15⁄32. This system is normally used for denominators less than 100 and for many powers of 10. Examples include "six ten-thousandths" for 6⁄10,000 and "three hundredths" for 0.03.
See also
- Distributive number
- English ordinal numbers
- Multiplier (linguistics)
- Ordinal indicator for more conventions for writing ordinal numbers (super-scripting)
- Ordinal number for the related, but more formal and abstract, usage in mathematics
- Regnal ordinal
