Animal latrine
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Animal latrines (latrine areas,[1] animal toilets, defecation sites) are places where wildlife animals habitually defecate and urinate. Many kinds of animals are highly specific in this respect and have stereotyped routines, including approach and departure.[2] Many of them have communal, i.e., shared latrines.
Animals with dedicated defecation sites
Animals with communal latrines include raccoons, Eurasian badgers,[3] elephants,[4] deer,[5] antelopes,[6] horses,[1] and dicynodonts (a 240-million-year-old site is the "world's oldest public toilet").[4]
A regularly used toilet area or dunghill, created by many mammals, such as hyraxes or moles, is also called a midden.[7][8]
Some lizards, such as yakka skinks (Egernia rugosa)[9] and thorny devils[10] use dedicated defecation sites.
European rabbits may deposit their pellets both randomly over the range and at communal latrine sites.[11]
Function and impact
Territoriality
Middens and other types of defecation sites may serve as territorial markers.[6][7] Elaborate "dungpile rituals" are reported for adult stallions,[1] and deer bucks,[5] which are thought to serve for confrontation avoidance. In contrast, female and young animals exhibit no such behavior.[1]
Sanitation
Dedicated defecation sites are thought to be the result of sanitation-driven behavior. For example, spider mite Stigmaeopsis miscanthi constructs woven nests, and nest members defecate at only one site inside the nest.[12] Dedicated latrine areas observed by free-roaming horses mean that grazing area is kept parasite-free. Even stabled horses seem to have vestiges of such behavior.[1]
Herbivoral livestock is at risk of parasite/pathogen exposure from feces during grazing, therefore there is an interest in research of livestock behavior in presence of feces both of their own species, and others, including wildlife, including the dependence on defecation patterns.[13]
Ecological impact
Latrines of herbivores, such as antelopes, play an important role in ecology by providing enrichment of certain areas in nutrients. It is described that duiker and steenbok antelopes tended to defecate in exposed sites, generally on very sandy soil, while klipspringer preferred rocky outcrops, thus enriching the nutrient-deficient areas, as well as depositing plant seed there.[6]
Raccoon latrines
A common nuisance of raccoons is raccoon latrines (raccoon toilets), which may contain eggs of the worm Baylisascaris procyonis. Nuisance raccoon latrines may be found in attics, on flat roofs, on logs, etc.[14][15][16]
Use in research
In addition to immediate research of animal behavior and biology, animal toilets and coprolites are an instrument of research for not directly related purposes in biology, ecology, paleontology climate research, and other areas. They provide various information: plant habitats, historical information about prehistoric life and climate, etc.[4][17]
Animal latrine associates
Some fungi are animal latrine associates. For example, Hebeloma radicosum is an ammonia fungus which associates with latrines of moles, wood mice,[18] and shrews.[19]
There is a curious association of Cucumis humifructus ("aardvark cucumber" or "aardvark pumpkin") with latrines of aardvark. C. humifructus produces its fruit underground, aardvark burrows for them, and then deposits its seeds in dunghills near its habitat. The seeds do not fertilize without passing through aardvark's digestive tract, so the distribution of C. humifructus tends to match that of aardvark's latrines.[20]
Some insects (e.g., termites and dung beetles)[6] feed on animal excrement and hence are natural associates of dung sites.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ "Mammalogy", ISBN 0763762997, p. 562
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Giant prehistoric toilet unearthed", James Morgan, science reporter, BBC News, 28 November 2013
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 George B. Schaller, "The Deer and the Tiger", p. 164
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "THE ROLE OF SMALL ANTELOPE IN ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING IN THE MATOBO HILLS, ZIMBABWE"
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ "Establishment of the case of Hebeloma radicosum growth on the latrine of the wood mouse", Mycoscience, October 2006, Volume 47, Issue 5, pp 263–268 (click "Look inside" link)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Sneddon I.A. Latrine use by the European rabbit (Oryctolagus-Cuniculus). J Mammal 1991;72:769–775 doi:10.2307/1381841
- ↑ Yukie Sato, Yutaka Saito, "Nest Sanitation in Social Spider Mites: Interspecific Differences in Defecation Behavior", doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01184.x
- ↑ "Livestock grazing behavior and inter- versus intraspecific disease risk via the fecal–oral route"
- ↑ "Inspecting for Raccoon Damage"
- ↑ "Nuisance Animals Around The Home"
- ↑ "Raccoon Latrines: Identification and Clean-up", a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention webpage
- ↑ "50,000 Year Old Animal Toilet Offers Clues To Climate Change History", International Business Times, February 19, 2013
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
