Persicaria hydropiper
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P. hydropiper
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| Persicaria hydropiper |
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Water-pepper, water pepper or marshpepper knotweed (Persicaria hydropiper, syn. Polygonum hydropiper) is a plant of the family Polygonaceae. It grows in damp places and shallow water. It is a widespread plant, found in Australia, New Zealand, temperate Asia, Europe, and North America.[3][4][5][6] It has some use as a spice because of its pungent flavor.
Description
Water pepper is an annual herb with an erect stem growing to a height of 20 to 70 cm (8 to 28 in). The leaves are alternate and almost stalkless. The leaf blades are narrowly ovate and have entire margins fringed by very short hairs. They are tapering with a blunt apex. Each leaf base has stipules which are fused into a stem-enclosing sheath that is loose and fringed at the upper end. The inflorescence is a nodding spike. The perianth of each tiny flower consists of four or five segments, united near its green base and white or pink at the edges. There are six stamens, three fused carpels and three styles. The fruit is a dark brown oval, flattened nut.[7]
Active ingredients
Water-pepper has several active ingredients. Two bicyclic sesquiterpenoids are present, polygodial (tadeonal, an unsaturated dialdehyde with a drimane backbone) and waburganal, which has been found responsible for the pungent taste (hence its edibility).[8] The plant also contains rutin, a source of the bitter taste impression.
The plant contains an essential oil (0.5%) which consists of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids: α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,4-cineol, fenchone, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, trans-β-bergamotene. Carboxylic acids (cinnamic, valeric and caproic acid) and their esters were present in traces. The composition depends strongly on genetic factors.
Edibility
In Japan this plant's leaves are used as a vegetable - these are from the cultivar, not the wild type which has a far more pungent taste. Wild waterpepper produces oils that cause skin irritation,[9] and the many acids in its tissues, including formic acid, make the plant unpalatable to livestock.[10] Young red sprouts are used as a sashimi garnish, and are known as beni-tade (紅蓼?, red water pepper). Though livestock do not eat the wild type, some insects do, giving rise to the Japanese saying Tade kū mushi mo suki zuki (蓼食う虫も好き好き?, Some insects eat water pepper and like it), which may be translated as “There is no accounting for taste.” or more narrowly “Some prefer nettles.”
The seeds of the water-pepper may be added to wasabi.
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References
- ↑ illustration From: La flore et la pomone françaises, ou histoire et figures en couleur, des fleurs et des fruits de France ou naturalisés sur le sol français by Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire. Paris, the author, 1832, volume 5 (plate 485).
- ↑ The Plant List, Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre
- ↑ Flora of China, Polygonum hydropiper Linnaeus, 1753. 辣蓼 la liao
- ↑ Dennis I. Morris DI (2009) Polygonaceae, version 2009:1. In MF Duretto (Ed.) Flora of Tasmania Online. 17 pp. (Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallery: Hobart). ISBN 978-1-921599-30-9 (PDF). www.tmag.tas.gov.au/floratasmania
- ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
- ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach includes photos, drawings, European distribution map
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Jonassohn, M. (1996). Sesquiterpenoid unsaturated dialdehydes - Structural properties that affect reactivity and bioactivity. Doctoral thesis, Lund University, Sweden. ISBN 91-628-2215-2. [1] PDF (730 KiB)
- ↑ Flora of North America
- ↑ Illinois Wildflowers
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- Jepson Manual Treatment, University of California
- Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian National Herbarium: Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre [2]
- photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1976
