1922 regnal list of Ethiopia

The 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia is an official regnal list that was provided by Ethiopian prince regent Tafari Makonnen (later known as Emperor Haile Selassie), with reference to multiple Ethiopian traditions and legends. The regnal list is partially inspired by older regnal lists of Ethiopia and chronicles that detail the reigns of Ethiopian emperors. The 1922 regnal list however includes many additional names that allude to ancient Nubia, which was known as Aethiopia in ancient times, and various figures from Greek mythology and the Biblical canon that were known to be "Aethiopian".

This list of monarchs of Ethiopia was included in Charles Fernand Rey's book In the Country of the Blue Nile in 1927, and is the longest Ethiopian regnal list published in the Western world, claiming that over 300 monarchs reigned from 4530 BC to 1779 AD. It is the only known regnal list that attempts to provide a timeline of Ethiopian monarchs from the 46th century BC up to modern times without any gaps. However, earlier portions of the regnal list are pseudohistorical, and this has been noted by archaeologists and historians such as E. A. Wallis Budge and Manfred Kropp. The regnal list brings together a wide range of names from older native regnal lists but additionally includes figures from Biblical, Coptic, Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, Ancient Greek and Arab sources.

Despite claims by at least one Ethiopian court historian that the list dates back to ancient times, the list is more likely an early 20th century creation. The earlier sections of the list are clearly inspired by the work of French historian Louis J. Morié, who published a two-volume history of "Ethiopia" (i.e. Nubia and Abyssinia) in 1904. His work drew on then-recent Egyptological research but attempted to combine this with the Biblical canon and writings by ancient Greek authors. This resulted in a pseudohistorical work that was imaginative rather than scientific in its approach to Ethiopian history.

There are different versions of the regnal list that are known to exist, and it is not clear when the first version was written. Ethiopian foreign minister Heruy Wolde Selassie is a contender for the author of the original regnal list. His book Wazema contains a version of the list that begins in 2545 BC instead of 4530 BC. Aleka Taye Gabra Mariam also wrote a version of this regnal list which has some slight differences in names and reign dates. These variations will be mentioned and discussed in this article. The 1922 regnal list published in Rey's book will be referred to as "Tafari's list" in this article to differentiate it from other versions. However, Tafari himself did not claim authorship and instead stated that he had made a copy of an already existing list.

It is important to note that this regnal list contains a great deal of conflation between the history of modern-day Ethiopia and Aethiopia, a term used in ancient times and in some Biblical translations to refer to a generalised region south of Egypt, most commonly in reference to the Kingdom of Kush in modern-day Sudan. As a result, many parts of this article will deal with the history of ancient Sudan and how this became interwoven into the history of the Kingdom of Axum, Abyssinia (which includes modern-day Eritrea) and the modern-day state of Ethiopia. The territory of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea was known as "Abyssinia" to Europeans until the mid-20th century, and as such this term will be used occasionally in this article to differentiate from 'ancient' Aethiopia (i.e. Nubia).

Background

Tafari Makonnen in 1923.

Charles Fernand Rey's 1927 book In the Country of the Blue Nile included a 13-page appendix with a list of Ethiopian monarchs written by the Prince Regent Tafari Makonnen, who later became the emperor of Ethiopia in 1930. Tafari's list stretches back to 4530 BC and ends in 1779 AD, with dates following the Ethiopian Calendar, which is several years behind the Gregorian calendar. Tafari's cover letter was written in the town of Addis Ababa on the 11th day of Sane, 1914 (Ethiopian Calendar), which was 19 June 1922 on the Gregorian Calendar according to Rey. Rey himself was awarded Commander of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia by Tafari.

Rey revealed in another book he wrote, titled Unconquered Abyssinia, that this list was given to him in 1924 by a court historian who was a "learned old gentleman". This court historian had "caused to be compiled [...] on the instructions of Ras Tafari" a complete list of "rulers of Abyssinia from the beginning of time up to date." Rey noted that the list contained many names "of Egyptian origin", which was a "good illustration" of the difficulties in researching the history of Abyssinia. The court historian claimed that the regnal list had already been compiled prior to the "advent of the Ethiopian dynasty in Egypt" and that the original version had been taken to Egypt and left there, afterwards becoming lost.

Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie, president of the Crown Council of Ethiopia, acknowledged the regnal list in a speech given in 2011 in which he stated:

Ethiopian tradition traces the origins of the dynasty to a king called Ori, who lived about 4470 BC [sic]. While the reality of such a vastly remote provenance must be considered in semi-mythic terms, it remains certain that Ethiopia, also known as the Kingdom of Kush, was already ancient by the time of David and Solomon's rule in Jerusalem.

The goal of the 1922 regnal list was to showcase the immense longevity of the Ethiopian monarchy. The list does this by providing precise dates over 6,300 years and drawing upon various historical traditions from both within Ethiopia and outside of Ethiopia.

The regnal list names 312 numbered monarchs, although it seems likely that Abreha and Atsbeha were mistakenly counted as one monarch. These rulers are divided into eight dynasties:

• Tribe of Ori or Aram (4530–3244 BC) (21 monarchs)
• Tribe of Kam (2713–1985 BC) (24 monarchs)
• Ag'azyan dynasty of the kingdom of Joctan (1985–982 BC) (52 monarchs) - mistitled "Agdazyan".
• Dynasty of Menelik I (982 BC–493 AD) (132 or 133 monarchs)
• Dynasty of Kaleb until Gedajan (493–920) (27 monarchs)
• Zagwe dynasty (920–1253) (11 monarchs)
• Solomonic dynasty (1253–1555) (26 monarchs) and its Gondarian branch (1555–1779) (18 monarchs)

In addition to the above, there is a so-called "Israelitish" dynasty with 8 unnumbered kings from the time of Zagwe rule who did not ascend to the throne of Ethiopia. These kings were descendants of the dynasty of Menelik.

The first three dynasties are mostly legendary and take various elements from the Bible, as well as Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, Greek, Coptic and Arab sources. Many of the monarchs of the Menelik and Kaleb dynasties appear on Ethiopian regnal lists written before 1922, but these lists often contradict each other and many of the kings themselves have not been archeologically verified, though some of the later kings on Tafari's list are confirmed by Aksumite coinage. Many of the historically verified rulers of the Ag'azyan and Menelik dynasties did not rule over Ethiopia but rather over Egypt and/or Nubia. It is only from the dynasty of Kaleb onwards that the monarchs are certainly Aksumite or Abyssinian in origin. The Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties are both historically verified, though only the Solomonic line has a secure historical dating of 1270 to 1975, which at times contradicts the reign dates found Tafari's regnal list.

Because of the length of the Menelik dynasty, Tafari's regnal list breaks up the line of monarchs into three sub-sections, concerning the time periods 982 BC–9 AD (the monarchs who reigned before the birth of Jesus Christ), 9–306 AD (Pre-Christian monarchs who reigned after the birth of Christ) and 306–493 AD (Monarchs of this line who were Christian themselves). The regnal list names the kings from Kaleb to Dil Na'od as a separate dynasty, however other Ethiopian regnal lists do not make the same distinction.

Each monarch has their respective reign dates and number of years listed. Two columns of reign dates were used in the list. One column uses dates according to the Ethiopian calendar from 4530 BC to 1779 AD, while the other column lists the "Year of the World", placing the creation of the world in 5500 BC. Other Ethiopian texts and documents have also placed a similar date for the creation of the world, such as a manuscript in which the year 7260 A.M. was equivalent to the Gregorian date 1768, placing the creation of the world at 5492 BC. Another manuscript is dated to the year 7276 A.M. and is equivalent to 1784 AD, which would place the beginning of the world in 5492 BC as well. Considering that the Ethiopian calendar is roughly 7 or 8 years behind the Gregorian calendar, this would match very closely with the date given on Tafari's list of 5500 BC (Ethiopian calendar). E. A. Wallis Budge noted that the Abyssinians/Ethiopians believed that the world was created "at the autumnal equinox 5500 years before the birth of Christ" and had previously used this as their main dating system. The dating of 5500 BC as the creation of the world on this list is influenced by calculations from the Alexandrian and Byzantine eras which placed the world's creation in 5493 BC and 5509 BC respectively.

The use of Biblical figures in royal lineage has been found in other fictitious histories, such as the Swedish Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, written in the 16th century.

Response to the regnal list

File:WallisBudge.jpg

E. A. Wallis Budge in 1920.

Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge (1857–1934) was dismissive of the claims of great antiquity made by the Abyssinians, whom he described as having a "passionate desire to be considered a very ancient nation", which had been aided by the "vivid imagination of their scribes" who borrowed traditions from the Semites (such as Yamanites, Himyarites and Hebrews) and modified them to "suit [their] aspirations". He noted the lack of pre-Christian regnal lists and believed that there was no 'kingdom' of Abyssinia/Ethiopia until the time of king Zoskales (c. 200 AD). Budge additionally stated that all extant manuscripts date to the 17th–19th centuries and believed that any regnal lists found in them originated from Arab and Coptic writers. Budge felt that the 1922 regnal list "proves" that "almost all kings of Abyssinia were of Asiatic origin" and descended from "Southern or Northern Semites" before the reign of Yekuno Amlak. However, native Ethiopian rule before Yekuno Amlak is evidenced by the kingdoms of D'mt (c. 980–400 BC) and Aksum (c. 150 BC–960 AD), as well as by the rule of the Zagwe dynasty.

The Geographical Journal reviewed In the Country of the Blue Nile in 1928, and noted the regnal list, which contained "many more names [...] than in previously published lists" and was "evidently a careful compilation" which helps to "clear up the tangled skein of Ethiopian history". However, the reviewer did also notice that it "[contained] discrepancies" which Charles Rey "makes no attempt to clear up". The reviewer pointed to how king Dil Na'od is said to have reigned for 10 years from 910 to 920, yet travel writer James Bruce previously stated that the deposition of this dynasty occurred in 960, 40 years later. The reviewer does admit, however, that Egyptologist Henry Salt's dating of this event to 925 may have had "more reason" to it compared to Bruce's dating, considering that Salt's dating is seemingly backed up by Tafari's regnal list.

American newspaper The Washington Post made use of the regnal list when reporting on the coronation of Haile Selassie in 1930. The paper reported that Haile Selassie would become "the 336th sovereign of [the Ethiopian] empire" which was "founded in the ninety-seventh [sic] year after the creation of the world" and as such his reign would begin in "the 6,460th year of the reign of the Ethiopian dynasty". The newspaper noted that Adam was no longer "claimed by Ethiopians as the original ancestor of the kings of Ethiopia" and instead the modern Abyssinians claimed their first king was "Ori, or Aram, the son of Shem". The same article mentioned the 531-year gap between the Flood and the fall of the Tower of Babel, during which time "42 different Ethiopian sovereigns ruled Africa".

Contemporary historian Manfred Kropp described the regnal list as an artfully woven document developed as a rational and scientific attempt by an educated Ethiopian from the early 20th century to reconcile historical knowledge of Ethiopia. Kropp noted that regnal list has often been viewed by historians as little more than an example of a vague notion of historical tradition in north-east Africa. However he did also note that the working methods and sources used by the author of the regnal list remain unclear. Kropp further stated that despite some rulers' names having astonishing similarities to those of Egyptian and Meroitic/Nubian rulers, there has been little attempt to critically examine the regnal list in relation to other Ethiopian sources.

Kropp further noted that Tafari's regnal list was the first Ethiopian king that attempted to provide the names of kings from the 970th year of the world's creation onwards without any chronological gaps. In particular, it was the first Ethiopian regnal list to consistently fill in all dates from the time of Solomon to the Zagwe dynasty. Kropp felt that the regnal list was a result of incorporating non-native traditions of Ethiopia into the native Ethiopian history.

Historicity and sources

Coin of king Endubis.

The regnal list includes a mixture of legendary and historically verifiable rulers. Many kings from the reigns of Makeda and Menelik I onwards appear to be verified through their appearances on other existing regnal lists. However, these regnal lists are not always supported by archaeological evidence. Aksumite kings from approximately the third century onwards minted coins, a practice that may have begun either with the reign of Endubis or a short time before and continued until the 7th century. These coins help to prove the historicity of some kings on Tafari's list, but there are also many kings named on these coins who do not appear on the list. Likewise, there are numerous kings on Tafari's list who allegedly reigned during the Aksumite period that are otherwise unattested in the archaeological record beyond the regnal lists that were written centuries after the fall of the kingdom of Aksum (c. 960). While there are undoubtedly traces of historical fact on Tafari's regnal list, it is only from the Zagwe dynasty onwards that the names and order of the kings match the opinion of historians and archaeologists who study Ethiopia. Although even the Zagwe dynasty has differing traditions on the order of the kings (see Regnal lists of Ethiopia).

Heruy Wolde Selassie and Wazema

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Heruy Wolde Selassie in a photograph taken prior to 1939.

German historian Manfred Kropp believed the author of the regnal list was Ethiopian foreign minister Heruy Wolde Selassie (1878–1938). Selassie was later foreign minister to Emperor Haile Selassie and was a philosopher and historian, as well as being able to master several European languages. He had previously served as secretary to Emperor Menelik II (r. 1889–1913). Kropp noted that Selassie's historical sources include the Bible, Christian Arab writers Jirjis al-Makin Ibn al-'Amid (1205–1273) and Ibn al-Rāhib (1205–1295), and Christian traveller and writer Sextus Julius Africanus. Kropp argued that Selassie was one of a number of Ethiopian writers who sought to synchronize Ethiopian history with the wider Christian-Oriental histories. This was aided by the translation of Arabic texts in the 17th century. Kropp also felt that the developing field of Egyptology influenced Selassie's writings, particularly from Eduard Meyer, Gaston Maspero and Alexandre Moret, whose works were published in French in Addis Ababa in the early 20th century. Kropp believed that Selassie was also assisted by French missionaries and the works they held in their libraries.

Selassie wrote a book called Wazema which contained a version of the regnal list. Wazema translates to The Vigil, a metaphor to celebrate the history of the kings of Ethiopia. The book was divided into two sections, the first deals with political Ethiopian history from the dawn of history to modern times, while the second section deals with the history of the Ethiopian church. Manfred Kropp stated that there were three different versions of the regnal list published in the works of Heruy Wolde Selassie. Selassie's regnal list omits the first dynasty of Tafari's list – the so-called "Tribe of Ori or Aram" – and also the first three rulers of the second dynasty, instead beginning in 2545 BC with king Sebtah. Selassie himself stated that he used European literature amongst his sources, including James Bruce's Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile. Manfred Kropp felt that the existence of multiple versions of the regnal list suggest that Selassie grew increasingly critical of the sources he used for the first version of the list in 1922. Ethiopian historian Sergew Hable Selassie commented that Heruy Wolde Selassie "strove for accuracy" but the sources he used for Wazema "precluded his success".

Manfred Kropp noted one important source for the information in Wazema. Selassie himself told the reader that if they wish to find out about more about Joktan, the supposed founder of the Ag'azyan dynasty, they could consult page 237 of a book by "Moraya". At first Kropp thought this was referring to Alexandre Moret, but it was later made clear that Selassie's regnal list had been inspired by a book called Histoire de l'Éthiopie by Louis J. Morié, published in 1904.

Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie

Further information: 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia § Sources of information from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie

Louis J. Morié was a French historian who wrote a history of Ethiopia in the early 20th century. The two-volume work, titled Histoire de l'Éthiopie (Nubie et Abyssinie), was published in 1904 and was the first part of a series on the history of Africa, with the first volume focusing on ancient Nubia (also called "Ancient Ethiopia" by Morié) and the second volume focusing on Abyssinia ("Modern Ethiopia"). Historian Manfred Kropp identified the first volume as a key source in the creation of the Ethiopian regnal list that was copied by Tafari Makannon in 1922 and published in Charles F. Rey's book In the Country of the Blue Nile in 1927. Kropp provided examples from Morie's text, specifically page 237 which provides information on Piori I (no. 46 on the regnal list) and pages 304–305 which provide information on the High Priests of Amun that appear on the Ethiopian regnal list, including the additional "Pinedjem" whose existence was an error of early Egyptology. Kropp described the discovery of the regnal list's source as exciting but mixed with some "bitterness" as Morié's book is more imaginative than scientific in its approach to Ethiopian history. Kropp blamed Selassie's European friends and contemporaries for the influence of Morié's book on Selassie's writing of Ethiopian history. Peter Truhart's 1984 book Regents of Nations includes a list of Ethiopian kings resembling the 1922 list with additional information resembling that found in Morié's book, and indeed lists Morié's two-volume work in the bibliography. E. A. Wallis Budge mentions Morié's book in his own similarly titled two-volume work A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, but surprisingly makes no mention of the clear similarity between Morié's narrative and the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. Charles Fernand Rey, in his book Unconquered Abyssinia, mentioned an "enthusiastic French writer" who had "gone as far as to date the birth of the Abyssinian monarchy from the foundation of the Kingdom of Meroë by Cush about 5800 B.C." but due to his belief that the Deluge was a "world-wide calamity of historical authenticity" this writer could "not be taken seriously". Rey is likely referring to Morié, who had previously claimed that 5800 BC was the approximate date when Cush began ruling Aethiopia.

Louis J. Morié's book displays his desire to hold on to religion and Biblical narratives in a world that was increasingly looking towards science. He showed concern with the possibility of abandoning religion, which would result in the "civilized" peoples of the world to descend down the moral scale. Morié felt that it was possible for science and religion to be in agreement. He described Atheism as one of the greatest scourges of nations and a cause of moral and political decadence. Because of his anxieties of the decline of religion, Morié sought to base his historical narrative around the Biblical timeline. He described the Book of Genesis as the best source to consult on the most remote parts of human history.

Morié believed that the "Ethiopian state of Meroe" was the oldest empire of the post-Flood world, having been founded by Cush of the Bible, and went on to birth the kingdoms of Egypt, Uruk, Babylon, Assyria and Abyssinia. Morié followed the Biblical tradition by crediting Nimrod, a son of Cush, with founding Uruk and Babylon, and crediting Mizraim, a son of Ham, with founding Egypt. He additionally identified Mizraim with the Egyptian god Osiris, Ham with Amun and Cush with Khonsu.

Morié defined the history of "Ethiopia" as divided into two parts; Ancient Nubia and Christian Abyssinia, and defined "Ethiopians" as the Nubian and Abyssinian peoples. E. A. Wallis Budge similarity defined "Ethiopia" as including both Nubia and Abyssinia in his own two-volume work A History of Ethiopia, published in 1928. Morié acknowledged the potential confusion this could cause and thus occasionally used "Abyssinia" to specify which of these two regions he was writing about, with a priority of using "Ethiopia" for ancient Nubia.

Aleka Taye's History of the People of Ethiopia

Aleka Taye Gabra Mariam (1861–1924) was a Protestant Ethiopian scholar, translator and teacher whose written works include books on grammar, religion and Ethiopian history. Taye was sent to Germany in 1905 by Emperor Menelik II to teach Ge'ez and Amharic at the School of Oriental Studies in Berlin, and to recover some rare Ethiopian books that had been taken to Germany. Taye ultimately brought back 130 books for the Emperor.

Taye was ordered by Menelik II to write a complete history of Ethiopia using Ethiopian, European and Arab sources. Taye's work was not published in his lifetime. His book History of the People of Ethiopia was published in Asmara in 1928 and is believed by historiographers to be part of a larger unpublished manuscript that also dealt with the history of the world and the history of the Ethiopian kings. However, the book on the Ethiopian kings was only half-printed due to the Italian Occupation of Ethiopia in 1935 and was never completed. There is also some controversy over whether Taye was truly the author of this book.

As Taye died in 1924, his text would have pre-dated the publication of Charles Fernand Rey's book In the Country of the Blue Nile in 1927 but it is unclear if it pre-dated the writing of Tafari's regnal list in 1922. According to Dr. Ghelawdewos Araia, Taye's History of the People of Ethiopia was actually published in 1914, with Heruy Wolde Selassie's book Wazema being published later, in 1921. Taye's History of the People of Ethiopia contains a regnal list that matches closely with the one written by Tafari. The names, order, reign lengths and dates of monarchs from the Ag'azyan dynasty to the Solomonic dynasty mostly match with what is written on Tafari's list, though with some occasional differences in the names of the monarchs and regnal lengths.

Other Ethiopian regnal lists

Further information: Regnal lists of Ethiopia

Tafari ultimately did not reveal the sources of information for his regnal list in his brief cover letter, but there are clear references to Ethiopian tradition and many historically verified kings appearing in later portions of the list. Tafari stated that he had "taken a copy" of the list and sent it to Rey, writing in his cover letter that he would be happy to send more information on the history of Ethiopia if asked again. This suggests that the regnal list already existed in some form and that Tafari had simply copied down the information included, possibly from the work of Heruy Wolde Selassie or Aleka Taye mentioned above. E. A. Wallis Budge believed that Tafari's regnal list was likely compiled by the "most competent of scholars and scribes in Adis Ababa", though likely also contained the "considered opinions of Government officials in Abyssinia".

Manfred Kropp noted that numerous regnal lists exist that date back to the 13th century and these are reliable documents. However, for the period before this there are only legendary memories of the Axumite rulers. Regnal lists were created to provide a connection between the Solomonic dynasty and the legendary Axumite kings while skipping the Zagwe dynasty. Such lists were written for the purpose of proving the legitimacy of the ruling Solomonic emperors and had information drawn from chronicles held in monasteries. Kropp believed that Ethiopian regnal lists were intended to fill in the gaps between major events, such as the meeting of Makeda and Solomon, the arrival of Frumentius and the beginning of the Zagwe dynasty. The great variation in names and order between regnal lists was likely because this process took place across several different monasteries and were also passed on orally.

E. A. Wallis Budge felt that any written information on the period of Ethiopian history before the 13th century was "incomplete" and "untrustworthy". However, he felt that this was because any regnal lists or chronological works held in Axum were likely burned or destroyed before Yekuno Amlak ascended the throne in 1270. Budge noted that numerous regnal lists were known to exist in which the number and order of kings were rarely the same. He felt that it was clear that the chronographers of Abyssinia from the 13th and 14th centuries "did not know how many kings had reigned over [their country] from the time of Makeda [...] or the exact order of succession". Budge theorized that while the kings lists showed evidence that they were based on legend and tradition, some parts of the list suggested that the scribes did indeed "[have] access to chronological and historical documents of some kind", including Coptic and Arabic texts which were possibly brought over by monks fleeing Egypt and Nubia during the time of the Arab conquests. Some lists began with Adam or David.

European travellers James Bruce, Henry Salt and Carlo Conti Rossini all published different regnal lists in Europe between the late 18th and early 20th centuries. The lists were written based on information gathered from local Ethiopian scribes. These regnal lists contain a list of names from Menelik I to Dil Na'od, but both the names and order of kings only occasionally overlap between the different lists, and there are numerous kings who appear on one list but are omitted from another (see Regnal lists of Ethiopia for further information). There are also at least two manuscripts held in the British Museum that contain differing regnal lists covering the same lineage of monarchs. Budge theorised that the existence of multiple regnal lists were to due to rival claimants to the throne. Tafari's regnal list noticeably tries to accommodate all these differing traditions by including the majority of the different kings into one longer line of succession.

Two European missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries, Pedro Páez and Manuel de Almeida, visited Ethiopia and personally saw two different regnal lists on which they based their respective writings on the history of Ethiopia. The manuscripts likely dated to before 1620. Both Páez and de Almeida stated that the Ethiopian emperor lent them books from the church of Axum containing the regnal lists. Manuel de Almeida also read a book from a church at Axum which included a short list of kings of the Zagwe dynasty. This list states that the kings Yemrehana Krestos, Lalibela and Na'akueto La'ab all reigned for exactly 40 years each, with the last king Harbai reigning for 8 years. These reign lengths match those given by Tafari. Manuel de Almeida however stated that "those who knew the history better" said that many kings were missing from this list.

Unpublished sources

It is possible that Tafari's regnal list includes information gathered from sources that have yet to be published or are in private hands. One unpublished text, simply called the Chronicle of Ethiopia, was in the possession of Qesa Gabaz Takla Haymanot of Aksum. The author of this chronicle collected information from various old chronicles held in a number of different churches and monasteries, and attempted to compile the information in a "harmonic" way. The chronicle covers information from the reign of Menelik I to Menelik II. Some of the known information from this unpublished chronicle does support elements of Tafari's list.

Kebra Nagast

See also: Kebra Nagast

The Kebra Nagast, also known as The Glory of the Kings, is a text that tells of how the Queen of Sheba (Makeda) met King Solomon of Israel, their son Menelik I and how the Ark of the Covenant came to Ethiopia. The origins of the Kebra Nagast are obscure. A popular belief is that it was written in the 13th or 14th century to legitimise the ruling Solomonic dynasty. However, some historians have suggested that it was written in the 6th century to glorify the Axumite king Kaleb. Another hypothesis is that was written before the birth of Christ.

Biblical influences

File:Saba ephiop Queen of Sheba meets King Solomon.jpg

The Queen of Sheba meets King Solomon of Israel, from an illustration accompanying a copy of the Kebra Nagast.

Various Biblical figures are included on Tafari's regnal list. Three of Noah's descendants are named as founders of the first three dynasties; Aram, Ham and Joktan. Gether, son of Aram, and Cush, son of Ham, are also both included as kings on the list. Descendants of Cush named Sabtah, Seba and Sabtechah are named as part of the Kam dynasty. Other Biblical figures include Nimrod, Zerah the Cushite and the Queen of Sheba, whom Ethiopians call "Makeda".

According to Ethiopian tradition Makeda was an ancestor of the Solomonic dynasty and mother of Menelik I, whose father was king Solomon of Israel. E. A. Wallis Budge believed that the queen was more likely to have been from Yemen or Hadhramaut than from Ethiopia. He also believed that the tradition of the Queen of Sheba entered the region of modern-day Ethiopia when it was conquered by a Yemeni tribe called the "Habasha", who were "the first to introduce civilization into the country", as theorized by Carlo Conti Rossini. Budge also thought it was possible that the story was introduced via Jewish traders who settled in Abyssinia/Ethiopia. However, by the early 21st century the theory of a south Arabian or 'Sabaean' origin for Ethiopian civilization was largely abandoned by scholars, and thus some of Budge's ideas would now be considered outdated.

The Biblical events of the flood and the fall of the Tower of Babel are both included in the chronology of the regnal list, dated respectively to 3244 BC and 2713 BC, with the 531-year period in between listed as an interregnum where no kings reigned. Another Biblical story included is that of the Ethiopian eunuch, named Jen Daraba according to this regnal list, who visited Jerusalem during the reign of the 169th sovereign Queen Garsemot Kandake VI.

Coptic and Arabic influences

The first dynasty of Tafari's list, the Tribe of Ori, is taken from medieval Coptic and Arabic texts on the kings of Egypt who ruled before the Great Flood. French historian Louis J. Morié, in his 1904 book Histoire de L'Ethiopie, recorded an almost identical list of kings and queens to those found on the first dynasty of Tafari's list. Morié stated that the regnal list he saw was recorded by the Copts in their annals and was found in both Coptic and Arabic tradition. He however felt that the Egyptian Delta would not have been habitable in the Antediluvian era and thus theorized that these kings ruled Thebes and "Ethiopia" (i.e. Nubia). Morié noted that there had originally been a list of 40 kings, but only 19 of them had been preserved up to the early 20th century. He believed that the regnal list originated from the works of Murtada ibn al-Afif, an Arab writer from the 12th century who wrote a number of works, though only one, titled The Prodigies of Egypt, has partially survived to the present day. The Coptic regnal list begins with Aram, son of Shem, in the same way that Tafari's regnal list begins with Aram, otherwise known as Ori on the 1922 regnal list.

Manfred Kropp theorized that the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list may have been influenced by the works of Ibn al-Rāhib, a 13th-century Coptic historian whose works were translated into Ge'ez by Ethiopian writer Enbaqom in the 16th century, and Jirjis al-Makin Ibn al-'Amid, another 13th century Coptic historian whose work Al-Majmu' al-Mubarak (The Blessed Collection) was also translated around the same time. Both writers partially based their information on ancient history from the works of Julius Africanus and through him quote the historical traditions of Egypt as recorded by Manetho. Jirgis was known as "Wälda-Amid" in Ethiopia. Kropp believed that some of the names of the early part of Tafari's regnal list were taken from a regnal list included within Jirgis' text which draws upon traditions from Manetho and the Old Testament.

A medieval Arab text called Akhbar al-Zaman (The History of Time), dated to between 940 and 1140, may have been an earlier version of the regnal list Morié saw. It is likely based on earlier works such as those of Abu Ma'shar (dated to c. 840–860). The authorship is unknown, but it may have been written by historian Al-Masudi based on earlier Arab, Christian and Greek sources. Another possible author is Ibrahim ibh Wasif Shah who lived during the Twelfth century. The text contains a collection of lore about Egypt and the wider world in the age before the Great Flood and after it. Included is a list of kings of Egypt who ruled before the Great Flood and this list shows some similarities with the list of kings of the "Tribe of Ori or Aram" included on Tafari's list, who also ruled before the Great Flood. Several kings show similarities in names and chronological order, though not all kings on one list appear on the other. The Akhbar al-Zaman kings frequently reign for impossibly long periods of time, with only two kings showing a similarity in length of reigns with those on Tafari's list. Nineteen kings appear on both lists, with two ruling women also being mentioned.

Akhbar al-Zaman	Tafari's regnal list	Notes
Naqraus I (180 years)	–
Naqraus II (167 years)	–
Misram	Ori or Aram (60 years)
–	Gariak I (66 years)
'Anqam the Priest (Short reign)	Gannkam I (83 years)
–	Queen Borsa (67 years)
'Arbaq	Gariak II (60 years)
Lujim	Djan I (80 years)
–	Djan II (60 years)
–	Senefrou (20 years)
Khaslim	Zeenabzamin (58 years)
Harsal (34 years)	Sahlan (60 years)
Qadrashan	Elaryan (80 years)
Qadrashan's widow (de facto Queen regent) (9 years)	–
Shamrud	Nimroud (60 years)
Tusidun's mother (Queen regent) (6 years)	Queen Eylouka (45 years)	Same person as Qadrashan's widow.
Tusidun	–
Sarbaq (130 years)	–
Sahluq (443 years)	Saloug (30 years)
Surid (107 years)	Kharid (72 years)
Harjit (99 years)	Hogeb (100 years)
Menaus (73 years)	Makaws (70 years)
–	Assa (30 years)
Afraus (64 years)	Affar (50 years)
Armalinus	Milanos (62 years)
Far'an	Soliman Tehagui (73 years)	None of the pre-Flood kings mentioned in Akhbar al-Zaman share a similar name as this king, however Armalinus' successor Far'an is named as the king who reigned at the time of the Great Flood. Louis J. Morié also stated that "Pharaan" was an alternate name for Soliman Tehagui.

A number of Coptic monks from Egypt came to Ethiopia in the 13th century and brought with them many books written in Coptic and Arabic. These monks also translated many works into Ge'ez. It is possible that the legends from Akhbar al-Zaman may have entered Ethiopia during this time.

Ancient Egyptian and Nubian influences

File:Copies 3D de six statues royales kouchites (Musée du Louvre, Paris) - Flickr - dalbera.jpg

Reconstructions of six statues of Kushite kings discovered at Dukki-Gel in Sudan.

Many of the Egyptian and Nubian monarchs included on the list are historically verified but are not proven to have ruled the area of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, and often have reign dates that do no match historical dates used by modern-day archaeologists. The rulers numbered 88 to 96 on the list are the High Priests of Amun who ruled Upper Egypt during the time of the Twenty-first dynasty (c. 1077–943 BC), whose influence was limited to Lower Egypt. The order of the priests on the list is mostly confirmed by archaeology, though their rule did not extend to modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea. Several other kings on the list have names that are clearly influenced by those of Egyptian pharaohs such as Senefrou (8), Ramenpahte (44), Tutimheb (53), Amen Emhat I (63), Amen Emhat II (83), Amen Hotep Zagdur (102), Aksumay Ramissu (103) and Apras (127).

Numerous Nubian rulers from the Kushite kingdom in modern-day Sudan are also included on Tafari's regnal list. In particular, most of the pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, who ruled over both Nubia and Egypt, are listed as part of the dynasty of Menelik I. However, the Kushite Pharaohs are not known to have ruled much further south than the area of modern-day South Sudan. Kushite monarchs from after the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt are also occasionally mentioned on this list, specifically Aktisanes, Aspelta, Harsiotef, Nastasen, Arakamani and Arqamani. Additionally, there are six queens on this list who are referred to as "Kandake", the Meroitic term for the king's sister used by the rulers of Kush. Apart from the monarchs listed above, there were also some Viceroys of Kush who ruled over Nubia during the time of the New Kingdom after Egypt conquered the Kingdom of Kerma in c. 1500 BC.

File:Aksumite empire.svg

The Axumite empire at its maximum extent of influence.

Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie served as the main source for these Egyptian and Nubian monarchs and the regnal order they are presented in on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list, as noted above. However, there may also be other reasons why the author of this regnal list felt that the inclusion of Egyptian and Nubian monarchs was appropriate for a historical outline of Ethiopia/Abyssinia. One reason is due to the Axumite conquest of Meroë, the last capital of the Kingdom of Kush, by King Ezana in c. 325 AD. It was from this point onward that the Axumites began referring to themselves as "Ethiopians", the Greco-Roman term previously used largely for the Kushites. Following this, the inhabitants of Axum (modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea) were able to claim lineage from the "Ethiopians" or "Aethiopians" mentioned in the Bible, including the Kandakes, who were actually Kushites. The claiming of the term "Ethiopian" by the Axumites may, however, pre-date Christianity. For example, Axumite king Ezana is called "King [...] of the Ethiopians" on a Greek inscription where he also calls himself "son of the invincible Mars", suggesting that this pre-dates his conversion to Christianity.

Professor of Anthropology Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban believed the inclusion of Kushite rulers on the 1922 regnal list suggests that the traditions of ancient Nubia were considered culturally compatible with those of Axum. Makeda, the Biblical Queen of Sheba, was referred to as "Candace" or "Queen Mother" in the Kebra Nagast, suggesting a cultural connection between Ethiopia and the ancient kingdom of Kush. Portuguese missionary Francisco Álvares, who travelled to Ethiopia in 1520, recorded one Ethiopian tradition which claimed that Yeha was "the favourite residence of Queen Candance, when she honoured the country with her presence".

File:Orbis Herodoti.jpg

The world according to Herodotus. He defined "Aethiopes" as being south of Egypt and including Meroe.

E. A. Wallis Budge theorized that one of the reasons why the name "Ethiopia" was applied to Abyssinia was because Syrian monks identified Kush and Nubia with Abyssinia when translating the Bible from Greek to Ge'ez. Budge further noted that translators of the Bible into Greek identified Kush with Ethiopia and this was carried over into the translation from Greek to Ge'ez. Louis J. Morié likewise believed the adoption of the word "Ethiopia" by the Abyssinians was due to their desire to search for their origins in the Bible and coming across the word "Ethiopia" in Greek translations. Historian Adam Simmons noted that the 3rd century Greek translation of the Bible translated the Hebrew toponym "Kūš" into "Aethiopia". He argued that Abyssinia did not cement its "Ethiopian" identity until the translation of the Kebra Nagast from Arabic to Ge'ez during the reign of Amda Seyon I (r. 1314–1344). He also argued that global association of the name "Ethiopia" with Abyssinia only took place in the reign of Menelik II, particularly after his success at the Battle of Adwa in 1896, when the Italians were defeated.

E. A. Wallis Budge argued that it was unlikely that the "Ethiopians" mentioned in ancient Greek writings were the Abyssinians, but instead were far more likely to be the Nubians of Meroë. He believed that the native name of the region around Axum was "Habesh" from which "Abyssinia" is derived and originating in the name of the Habasha tribe from southern Arabia. He did note however that the modern day people of the region did not like this term and preferred the name "Ethiopia" due to its association with Kush. The ancient Nubians are not known to have used the term "Ethiopian" to refer to themselves, however Silko, the first Christian Nubian king of Nobatia, in the early sixth century described himself as "Chieftain of the Nobadae and of all the Ethiopians". The earliest known Greek writings that mention "Aethiopians" date to the 8th century BC, in the writings of Homer and Hesiod. Herodotus, in his work Histories (c. 430 BC), defined "Aethiopia" as beginning at the island of Elephantine and including all land south of Egypt, with the capital being Meroe. This geographical definition confirms that in ancient times the term "Aethiopia" was commonly used to refer to Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush rather than modern day Ethiopia. The earliest known writer to use the name "Ethiopia" for the region of the Kingdom of Axum was Philostorgius around 440 AD.

There are also some pieces of archaeological evidence that show connections between ancient Nubia and Abyssinia. Some Nubian objects from the Napatan and Meroitic periods have been found in Ethiopian/Abyssinian graves dating to the 8th to 2nd centuries BC. There have also been discoveries of red-orange sherds similar to those from the pre-Axumite period in sites of the Jebel Mokram Group in Sudan, showing contacts along caravan routes toward the Nile Valley in the 1st millennium BC. This shows that interactions between Nubia and modern day Ethiopia long pre-date the Axumite conquest. Archaeologist Rodolfo Fattovich believed that the people of the pre-Axumite culture had contacts with the kingdom of Kush, the Achaemenid Empire and the Greeks, but that these contacts were "mostly indirect".

File:Travels to discover the source of the Nile, in the years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 BHL41816603.jpg

Stele with Egyptian hieroglyphs found in Axum, as shown in James Bruce's Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile.

Scottish traveller James Bruce, in his multi-volume work Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile included a drawing of a stele found in Axum and brought back to Gondar by the Ethiopian emperor. The stele had carved figures of Egyptian gods and was inscribed with hieroglyphs. E. A. Wallis Budge believed the stele to be a "Cippi of Horus" which were placed in homes and temples to keep evil spirits away. He noted that these date from the end of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty (c. 664–525 BC) onwards. Budge believed this was proof of contacts between Egypt and Axum in the early 4th century BC. Archaeological excavations in the Kassala region have also revealed direct contact with Pharaonic Egypt. Some tombs excavated in the Yeha region, the likely capital of the Dʿmt kingdom, contained imported albastron dated to c. 770–404 BC which had a Napatan or Egyptian origin.

Budge noted that none of the Egyptian and Nubian kings on the 1922 list appear on other known regnal lists from Ethiopia. He believed that contemporary Ethiopian priests had been "reading a modern European History of Egypt" and had incorporated in the regnal list Egyptian pharaohs who had "laid Nubia and other parts of the Sudan under tribute", as well as the names of various Kushite kings and Priest kings. To support his argument, he stated that while the names of Abyssinian kings have meanings, the names of Egyptian kings would be meaningless if translated into the Ethiopian language. Historian Manfred Kropp likewise noted that no Ethiopian manuscript prior to Tafari's regnal list included names of monarchs resembling those used by ancient Egyptian rulers.

A comparison of Tafari's list with other known Ethiopian regnal lists shows that most of the kings on Tafari's list with Egyptian or Nubian names do not have these elements in their names on the other regnal lists (see Regnal lists of Ethiopia). For example, the 102nd king on Tafari's list, Amen Hotep Zagdur, only appears as "Zagdur" on one British Museum manuscript and on Rossini's list. The next king, Aksumay Ramissu, is only known as "Aksumay" on the same two lists. The 106th king, Abralyus Wiyankihi II, only appears as "Abralyus" on the same manuscript. The 111th king, Tsawi Terhak Warada Nagash, is a combination of multiple kings. One king named "Sawe" or "Za Tsawe" is listed as the fifth king following Menelik I, according to one British Museum manuscript and the lists recorded by Bruce and Salt. Another king named "Warada Nagash" is named as the eighth king following Menelik I on a different manuscript. No known list includes both kings, and Tafari's list combined the two different kings as a single entry, with the addition of the name "Terhak", to be equated with the Nubian pharaoh Taharqa, who otherwise does not appear on other Ethiopian regnal lists. Taharqa's inclusion on the regnal list ties in with the mention of his name in the Hebrew Bible (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9), where he was described as the "King of Ethiopia", in reference to Kush in modern-day Sudan. Also missing from other Ethiopian regnal lists are the six "Kandake" queens numbered 110, 135, 137, 144, 162 and 169. It is likely that these queens refer to the reigning female monarchs of Kush, although it is unclear who exactly they are based on as their names do not match any known queens of Kush. The second Kandake queen, Nikawla (no. 135), has a name which was sometimes used in medieval times to the refer to the Queen of Sheba.

File:KingHerihorAndQueenNodjmetAdoreOsiris.jpg

Herihor, High Priest of Amun of Upper Egypt between c. 1080 and 1074 BC, shown here with wife Nodjmet.

The inclusion of the High Priests of Amun who ruled Upper Egypt between c. 1080 and 943 BC can be directly traced to Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie and contemporary Egyptology. The association between these Egyptian High Priests and Aethiopia was particularly strong in European Egyptological writings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period, several major Egyptologists (such as Heinrich Brugsch, James Breasted and George Reisner) believed that the rise of the Kush kingdom was due to the influence of the High Priests of Amun moving into Nubia towards the end of the Twentieth Dynasty because of political conflict arising at the end of the New Kingdom. Brugsch in particular entertained the idea that the early Kushite kings were lineal descendants of the priests from Egypt, though this was explicitly rejected by Breasted. Later Egyptologists A. J. Arkell and Walter Emery theorized that a priestly "government in exile" had influenced the Kushite kingdom. E. A. Wallis Budge agreed with these ideas and suggested that the High Priests of Amun moved south to Nubia due to the rise of the Libyan pharaohs in Lower Egypt, and consolidated their high position by intermarrying with Nubian women. Budge further theorised that the name of the Nubian pharaoh Piye or "Piankhi" was taken from that of the High Priest of Amun Piankh and he was possibly Piankh's descendant. Such ideas around the Kushite monarchy originating from this specific line of priests are now considered outdated, but the popularity of these theories in the early 20th century explains their inclusion, in almost exact chronological order, on Tafari's regnal list from 1922.

Greek influences

6th century BC Greek black-figure vase showing Memnon leaving for Troy.

The ancient Greek mythical queen of Aethiopia, Cassiopeia, is claimed as part of Ethiopia's ancient history according to Tafari's list, which lists her as the 49th monarch and the third of the Ag'azyan dynasty. Her grandson Electryon also makes an appearance on this list, though oddly he is placed six centuries before Cassiopeia, as part of the Tribe of Kam. Cassiopeia's husband, Cepheus also makes an appearance on the regnal list, but is numbered 71st and is dated to over 400 years after her reign. These discrepancies stem from the narrative of Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie, where he claimed that two separate queens named Cassiopeia existed at different times. Morié's book also influenced the inclusion of Memnon, a mythical king of "Aethiopia" who fought in the Trojan War, under the name "Amen Emhat II", with his father Tithonus included under the name "Titon Satiyo".

The author of the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list also included additional figures who were not part of Morié's original narrative. The legendary Cretian king Minos is listed as the 66th monarch under the name "Mandes", a variation of the name used by Diodorus in his work Bibliotheca Historia, though oddly he was listed as a king of Egypt in Diodorus' original text rather than Crete. Diodorus' text seems to have influenced other parts of the regnal list, such as the 122th monarch named "Sabakon" (an alternate name for the Nubian pharaoh Shabaka, who is already mentioned earlier in the list) and the 127th monarch named "Apras", the Greek name for Egyptian pharaoh Wahibre Haaibre. In addition to the above, the Egyptian king Proteus is also included on the list as part of the Ag'azyan dynasty, however he only appears in Greek writings and is otherwise unattested in the Egyptian archaeological record.

Conflict with other Ethiopian traditions

File:Abreha and Atsbeha Church - Painting 01.jpg

Abreha and Atsbeha

Tafari's list occasionally does not match with other Ethiopian traditions. One example is Abreha and Atsbeha, who are believed by Ethiopians to have been two brothers who brought Christianity to Ethiopia. However, Tafari lists 'Abreha Atsbeha' as a single monarch numbered 201st on his list and as a son of queen Sofya. In reality, the son of Sofya was king Ezana who was the first Christian king of Axum. Ezana and his brother Saizana could have been the historical figures that Abreha and Atsbeha were based on. Queen Sofya ruled as a regent for her son Ezana, though Tafari considers her to be a reigning monarch in her own right, even allowing for her regency to be counted as a period of co-rule with her son. The listing of 'Abreha Atsbeha' as a single figure is most likely a transcrible error, as Aleka Taye's version of the regnal list clearly states that 'Abreha' and 'Atsbeha' are two separate individuals. Historian Manfred Kropp believed that the listing of 'Abreha Atsbeha' as a single monarch was an error in transcription.

Another example of conflicting traditions is that of king Angabo I, who is placed in the middle of the Ag'azyan dynasty on the 1922 regnal list. However some Ethiopian legends claim that this king was the founder of a new dynasty. In both cases the dating is given as the late 14th century BC.

E. A. Wallis Budge noted that there were differing versions of the chronological order of the Ethiopian kings, with some lists stating that a king named Aithiopis was the first to rule while other lists claim that the first king was Adam. Tafari's list instead begins with Aram.

The list also has its own internal conflicting information. Tafari claims that it was during the reign of the 169th monarch, queen Garsemot Kandake VI, in the first century AD when Christianity was formally introduced to Ethiopia. However, this is in direct conflict with the story of the later queen Sofya, who ruled 249 years later.

Regnal list

Gregorian Dates: Tafari's regnal list uses dates according to the Ethiopian Calendar. According to Charles Fernand Rey, one can estimate the Gregorian date equivalent by adding a further seven or eight years to the date. As an example, he states that 1 AD on the Ethiopian calendar would be 8 AD on the Gregorian calendar. He notes that the calendar of Ethiopia likely changed in some ways throughout history but argued that this was a good enough method for estimates. E. A. Wallis Budge stated that the Ethiopian calendar was 8 years behind the Gregorian calendar from 1 January to 10 September and 7 years behind from 11 September to 31 December.

Tribe of Ori or Aram (1,286 years)

"Tribe or Posterity of Ori or Aram"

File:113 of 'Great Explorers of Africa. With illustrations and map' (11227997164).jpg

1894 map of the theoretical location of the so-called "Mountains of the Moon".

The first dynasty of this regnal list consists of 21 monarchs who ruled before the Biblical "Great Flood". This dynasty is legendary and borrowed from a list of pre-Flood kings of Egypt that is found in medieval Coptic and Arabic texts. French historian Louis J. Morié recorded a similar list of 19 monarchs in his 1904 book Histoire de L'Éthiopie. The medieval Arab text Akhbar al-Zaman contains a regnal list that may have been an earlier version of the list Morié saw centuries later. This list contained a total of 19 kings and the majority had similar names to those found on the later version in 1904. Morié noted that the kings were supposed to be rulers of Egypt, but he personally believed that they had actually ruled what he referred to as "Ethiopia" (i.e. Nubia). He pointed to a story of the third king, Gankam, who had a palace built beyond the Equator at the Mountains of the Moon, as proof that these kings resided in Aethiopia. The kings of this dynasty are described as Priest-kings in Coptic tradition and were called the "Soleyman" dynasty. While the original Coptic tradition called the first king "Aram", in reference to the son of Shem of the same name, this regnal list calls the king "Ori or Aram". The name "Ori" may have originated from Morié's claim that this dynasty was called the "Aurites", and that Aram had inspired the name of his country, which was called "Aurie" or "Aeria". Alternatively, the use of the name "Ori" may have been used because of the Biblical genealogy from Adam to Solomon written in the Kebra Nagast, which includes an additional king named "Orni" whose identity remains unclear and is placed directly before Aram.

The "Soleyman" dynasty was said to have ruled before the Great Flood for 9,000 years, though Morié personally believed the period of rule was closer to 2,000 years. Their capital city was called either "Fanoun" or "Kanoun" and they ruled over much of North and East Africa according to Coptic legend. They also founded other cities named "Gevherabad" (capital of the province of "Schadoukiam"), "Ambarabad" (or "Anbarabad") and "Gabkar" and used a now lost language called "Bialban".

Due to its non-native origin, the tradition of the Ori/Aram dynasty has often been treated as irrelevant to wider Ethiopian tradition. Ethiopian writer and foreign minister Heruy Wolde Selassie ignored this dynasty in his book Wazema. Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa, in his book Ethiopia's 5,000-year history, completely omitted this dynasty and instead begins with the Ham/Kam dynasty. In his book Regents of Nations, Peter Truhart described this dynasty as "non-historical".

Other Ethiopian traditions name a completely different line of kings as the first to rule Ethiopia. Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge stated that in his time the contemporary Ethiopians could not "tell us [anything] about the reigns of their [pre-Flood] kings" and relied on Biblical genealogy for a list of names. The list that Budge provided for the pre-Flood kings varies considerably from the one on Tafari's list (see Regnal lists of Ethiopia), essentially using the Biblical genealogy from Adam to Solomon. Budge noted that some Ethiopian regnal lists stretched back to 5500 BC (the year the world was believed by the Ethiopians to have been created) and began with Adam. Other Ethiopian traditions instead state that the Ethiopians descend from Ham, a grandson of Noah. There are some brief regnal lists that outline a genealogy from Ham and his son Cush to kings representing Ethiopia and Axum.

By contrast, Tafari's list names neither Adam or Ham as the founder of the Ethiopian line, but instead chooses Aram, son of Shem, a grandson of Noah, to be the "great ancestor" of the Ethiopian monarchy. E. A. Wallis Budge believed that the reason for this was because contemporary Ethiopians wanted to distance themselves from Ham and the Curse of Ham. The medieval Ethiopian text Kebra Nagast stated that "God decreed sovereignty for the seed of Shem, and slavery for the seed of Ham". The original writer of Tafari's regnal list appears to have deliberately relegated Ham to being the founder of the second Ethiopian dynasty instead of the first dynasty as was done on older regnal lists.

The only rulers of this dynasty who do not originate from the Coptic Antediluvian regnal list are "Senefrou" and "Assa", who E. A. Wallis Budge equated with the historical Egyptian pharaohs Sneferu and Djedkare Isesi. Their inclusion as rulers of Ethiopia may be due to some kind of interaction with Nubia (i.e. "Aethiopia").

No.	Name	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
1	Ori I	60 years	4530–4470 BC	970–1030	Aram	Son of Shem in Biblical tradition. Son of Adam in the Coptic tradition of the "Soleyman" dynasty.
2	Gariak I	66 years	4470–4404 BC	1030–1096	Gether	Son of Aram. There may have originally been other kings who ruled between Gariak I and Gannkam.
3	Gannkam	83 years	4404–4321 BC	1096–1179		Descendant of Gariak I. Coptic tradition credits this king with building a palace out of iron and bronze at the foot of the Mountains of the Moon after foreseeing the Great Flood and its future destruction. It was said that the palace had 35 bronze statues that spouted water from their mouths. Gannkam was also credited by Coptic tradition as the author of several history books.
4	Borsa (Queen)	67 years	4321–4254 BC	1179–1246		First female monarch on this regnal list. Coptic tradition credits Borsa with "administering justice to the people sitting on a throne of fire".
5	Gariak II	60 years	4254–4194 BC	1246–1306		Son of Gannkam.
6	Djan I	80 years	4194–4114 BC	1306–1386	Giyan	"Djan" is an old Ethiopian title meaning "chief", "king" or "royalty". Medieval Coptic tradition claims the word "Jinn" supposedly came from the name of this king.
7	Djan II	60 years	4114–4054 BC	1386–1446	Giyan	Son of Djan I. Built 3 pyramids in Egypt according to Coptic tradition.
8	Senefrou	20 years	4054–4034 BC	1446–1466	Sneferu	Historical pharaoh Sneferu (r. 2613–2589 BC) who raided Nubia during his reign.
9	Zeenabzamin	58 years	4034–3976 BC	1466–1524	Zayn az-Zaman	Founded the Iraninan city of Anbarabad according to Coptic tradition. The name "Zeyn al-Zaman" means "Ornament of the century".
10	Sahlan	60 years	3976–3916 BC	1524–1584
11	Elaryan	80 years	3916–3836 BC	1584–1664	El-Rian Rujan	Pyramid builder according to Coptic tradition.
12	Nimroud	60 years	3836–3776 BC	1664–1724	Youssef	Not to be confused with the Biblical figure Nimrod. According to Coptic tradition, his original name was Youssef and he was a minister to king Elaryan. He was also a pyramid builder.
13	Eylouka (Queen)	45 years	3776–3731 BC	1724–1769	Dalukah	Second female monarch on this regnal list. A pyramid builder according to Coptic tradition. She was also believed to have built the Lighthouse of Alexandria, a Nilometer at Memphis and a wall around Egypt to protect it against invasion.
14	Saloug	30 years	3731–3701 BC	1769–1799	Sahlok Saluq	Originally the 34th ruler of this dynasty according to Coptic tradition. The surviving list of kings by the early 20th century was apparently incomplete.
15	Kharid	72 years	3701–3629 BC	1799–1871	Harid Sarid Scharid Surid	Eldest son of Saloug. Coptic tradition credits this king with building 3 pyramids and reigning 390 years before the Great Flood. Tafari's list dates the end of this king's reign to 385 years before the Flood.
16	Hogeb	100 years	3629–3529 BC	1871–1971	Hugib	The longest-reigning monarch of this regnal list. Second son of Saloug and brother of Kharid.
17	Makaws	70 years	3529–3459 BC	1971–2041	Makaos Manos
18	Assa	30 years	3459–3429 BC	2041–2071	Isesi	Historical pharaoh Djedkare Isesi, who had a pygmy brought back to him from the "Land of the Spirits" (Punt).
19	Affar	50 years	3429–3379 BC	2071–2121	Afros	Coptic tradition claimed that this king's name was the inspiration behind the word "Africa".
20	Milanos	62 years	3379–3317 BC	2121–2183	Malinos
21	Soliman Tehagui	73 years	3317–3244 BC	2183–2256	Soliman Cagi Soleyman Tchaghi Pharaon	Originally the 40th and last ruler of the "Soleyman" dynasty in medieval Coptic tradition. Coptic and Arabic tradition claimed that this king sent his general "Sourkhrag" and priest "Philemon" to discuss with Noah the worship of God and of idols prior to the Great Flood.
"Total: 21 sovereigns of the Tribe of Ori."

Interregnum (531 years)

"From the Deluge until the fall of the Tower of Babel".

The 531-year period from 3244 BC to 2713 BC (2256–2787 A.M.) is the only gap in Tafari's regnal list where no monarchs are named. Tafari leaves this gap unexplained, but some older Ethiopian regnal lists state that the monarchs who reigned between the Great Flood and the fall of the Tower of Babel were pagans, idolators and worshippers of the "serpent", and thus were not worthy to be named.

The Tower of Babel was, according to the Bible, built by humans in Shinar at a time when humanity spoke a single language. The tower was intended to reach the sky, but this angered God, who confounded their speech and made them unable to understand each other and caused humanity to be scattered across the world. This story serves as an origin myth to explain why so many different languages are spoken around the world.

Tribe of Kam (728 years)

"Sovereignty of the tribe of Kam after the fall of the tower of Babel."

This dynasty begins with the second son of the Biblical prophet Noah, Ham, whose descendants populated the African continent and adjoining parts of Asia according to Biblical tradition. Ham was the father of Cush (Kush/Nubia), Mizraim (Egypt), Canaan (Levant) and Put (Libya or Punt). According to Heruy Wolde Selassie's book Wazema, the Kamites originated from the Middle East and conquered Axum, Meroe, Egypt and North Africa.

Most Ethiopian traditions present a very different line of kings descending from Ham. E. A. Wallis Budge stated that in his time there was a common belief in Ethiopia that the people were descended from Ham, his son Cush and Cush's son Ethiopis, who is not named in the Bible, and from whom the country of Ethiopia gets its name. Budge however found it doubtful that the Kushites were the first to inhabit the region of modern-day Ethiopia. Nonetheless, Ham has often been considered the founder of Ethiopia according to many Ethiopian regnal lists. Some lists explicitly state the names "Ethiopia" and "Axum" come from descendants of Ham that are not named in the Bible. See Regnal lists of Ethiopia page for more information.

Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa's book Ethiopia's 5,000-year history begins this dynasty with Noah and omits Habassi, but otherwise has a similar line of kings as this list. Heruy Wolde Selassie omitted the first three rulers of this dynasty in his book Wazema and begins the dynasty with Sebtah in 2545 BC. Peter Truhart, in his book Regents of Nations, dated the monarchs of this dynasty to 2585–1930 BC and stated that the capital during this period was called Mazez. He identified king Kout as the first king of this dynasty instead of Kam. Truhart called the monarchs from Kout to Lakniduga the "Dynasty of Kush" based at Mazez and stated they ruled from 2585 to 2145 BC, while the monarchs from Manturay to Piori I are listed as the "Kings of Ethiopia and Meroe" who ruled from 2145 to 1930 BC.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
22	Kam		78 years	2713–2635 BC	2787–2865	Ham Kmt	Biblical figure Ham, son of Noah. Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa provided alternate reign dates for this king of 3500–2787 BC (713 years) and listed Noah as the first king of this dynasty with reign dates of 3844–3500 BC (344 years). According to Louis J. Morié, Kam/Ham was killed in a battle against the Assyrians 480 years after the Great Flood after attempting to invade their territories. E. A. Wallis Budge theorized that this king's name was actually a reference to "k.mt", the name of Egypt before the Greco-Roman period and noted that some kings of this dynasty had clearly Egyptian-inspired names (such as Amen, Horkam and Ramenpahte). Peter Truhart believed this king's inclusion on the regnal list represented Egyptian contacts with Punt (which he identifies with modern-day Ethiopia) that took place around 3000 BC.
23	Kout		50 years	2635–2585 BC	2865–2915	Cush	Biblical figure Cush, son of Ham. Often considered a representation of the Kingdom of Kush in modern-day Sudan. Some translations of the Bible identify Kush with "Aethiopia", leading to the traditional Ethiopian identification with ancient Kush, which is seen throughout this list. Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa provided alternate reign dates for this king of 2787–2545 BC (242 years).
24	Habassi		40 years	2585–2545 BC	2915–2955		Son of Cush/Kout. Ethiopian sources claim the word "Abyssinia" is derived from the name of this king. The medieval text Akhbar al-Zaman mentions Habassi (or "Habash") as a son of Cush and ancestor of the Abyssinians. While many historians link the word "Abyssinia" with the Arabic word "Habesh", this link was rejected by Ethiopian scholar Aleqa Asras Yenesaw. Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa omitted this king from his list of monarchs of the Kam dynasty.
25	Sebtah		30 years	2545–2515 BC	2955–2985	Sabtah	Biblical figure Sabtah, son of Cush. An Ethiopian tradition states that Sebtah was king of Kush and Wurd Bashir was the capital during his reign. This legend states that he traveled to the source of the Nile and built Wurd Bashir with a great wall and nine gates.
26	Elektron		30 years	2515–2485 BC	2985–3015	Electryon?	Similar name to Electryon, king of Tiryns and Mycenae in Greek mythology.
27	Neber		30 years	2485–2455 BC	3015–3045	Nabir
28	Amen I		21 years	2455–2434 BC	3045–3066		Not numbered on Tafari's list. Peter Truhart stated this king ruled for 29 years.
29	Nehasset Nais (Queen)		30 years	2434–2404 BC	3066–3096	Nahset Nays	Third female monarch on this regnal list. According to Ethiopian writer Aleka Taye, it was during the reign of this queen that the Sinites, descended from Ham, came to Ethiopia. There is an Ethiopian tradition that the Sinites were the ancestors of the Shanqella tribe. This queen's name could be based on the ancient Egyptian word "Nehesy" meaning "the Nubian".
30	Horkam		29 years	2404–2375 BC	3096–3125	Tarkim Raema Horus	Husband of Nehasset Nais. According to Ethiopian writer Aleka Taye, it was in the 15th year of this king's reign that Canaan's son Arwadi ("the Arvadite") and his wife Entela came to Ethiopia due to a famine in the land of Canaan. There is an Ethiopian tradition that the Qemant tribe is descended from Anayer, a son of Arwadi and Entela.
31	Saba I		30 years	2375–2345 BC	3125–3155	Seba	Could be the Biblical figure Seba, a son of Cush. According to Ethiopian writer Aleka Taye, it was in the 15th year of this king's reign that the Zemarites came to Ethiopia due to a famine in Egypt. An Ethiopian tradition states that the Zemarites are the ancestors of the Weyto tribe. Mistakenly numbered "Saba II" on Tafari's list.
32	Sofard		30 years	2345–2315 BC	3155–3185	Sofarid
33	Askndou		25 years	2315–2290 BC	3185–3210	Eskendi
34	Hohey		35 years	2290–2255 BC	3210–3245	Hohey Satwo
35	Adglag		20 years	2255–2235 BC	3245–3265	Ahyat Adeldag
36	Adgala I		30 years	2235–2205 BC	3265–3295	Adgas Adgale	Not numbered on Tafari's list.
37	Lakniduga		25 years	2205–2180 BC	3295–3320	Bakundon Malis
38	Manturay		35 years	2180–2145 BC	3320–3355	Manturay Haqbi Mithra Mithras Mentu-Ra	In Louis J. Morié's narrative, Manturay and his successor Rakhu were the first legislators of Ethiopia and regulated the order and ceremonies of the solar cult in Aethiopia.
39	Rakhu		30 years	2145–2115 BC	3355–3385	Rakhu Dedme Phlegyas	Louis J. Morié identified this king with Phlegyas, a king of the Lapiths who appears in Greek mythology.
40	Sabe I		30 years	2115–2085 BC	3385–3415	Sobi Kepheas Sabtechah	Could be the Biblical figure Sabtechah, a son of Cush. Louis J. Morié claimed that it was during the reign of this king that a Kushite tribe went to Chaldea and lived alongside the Jewish population there.
41	Azagan I		30 years	2085–2055 BC	3415–3445	Azagan Far'on Azegan	Not numbered on Tafari's list.
42	Sousel Atozanis		20 years	2055–2035 BC	3445–3465	Sosahul Atonzanes Aktisanes
43	Amen II		15 years	2035–2020 BC	3465–3480	Amen Sowiza	Peter Truhart omitted this king from his regnal list.
44	Ramenpahte		20 years	2020–2000 BC	3480–3500	Raminpahti Masalne Menpekhtira	E. A. Wallis Budge believed this king's name was based on "Men-pekhti-Ra", the throne name of Ramesses I (r. 1292–1290 BC).
45	Wanuna		3 days	2000 BC	3500
46	Piori I		15 years	2000–1985 BC	3500–3515	Poeri	According to Heruy Wolde Selassie, this king was defeated by Rama (a Hindu god) of India. This narrative was inspired by Louis J. Morié's Historie de l'Ethiopie, in which he claimed that Rama had a vast empire stretching across India and Arabia and had defeated the Egyptian Pharaoh. According to Morié, the Ethiopian king, "Poeri I", then became a tributary to Rama. While Morié did not make this identification, it is possible that the author of the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list identified Rama with Raamah, son of Cush and father of Sheba, who founded the next dynasty of this regnal list.
"Total: 25 sovereigns of the tribe of Kam, plus 21 sovereigns of the tribe of Ori – Grand total, 46 sovereigns."

Ag'azyan Dynasty (1,003 years)

"Agdazyan [sic] dynasty of the posterity of the kingdom of Joctan."

Note: Historian Manfred Kropp stated the word "Agdazyan" is likely a transcribal error and meant to say "Ag'azyan", as the Ethiopian syllable signs da and 'a are relatively easy to confuse with each other.

File:Ancient Blocks With Sabaean Inscriptions, Yeha, Ethiopia (3146498586).jpg

Ancient blocks from Yeha, the likely capital of D'mt, with Sabaean inscriptions.

The third dynasty of this regnal list is descended from Joktan, a son of Eber, grandson of Shem and great-grandson of Noah. The first ruler of the dynasty, Akbunas Saba, could be Sheba, son of Joktan or at least a descendant of Joktan. The dynasty ends with the famous Queen of Sheba, whose name is Makeda in Ethiopian tradition. According to Genesis 10:7 and 1 Chronicles 1:9, Sheba was a grandson of Cush through Raamah, which provides a link between this Semitic dynasty and the Hamitic dynasty that preceded it. The so-called Ag'azyan dynasty includes a number of kings whose names clearly reference ancient Egypt and Kush, most notably the line of High Priests of Amun that reigned near the end of this dynastic period. While most of these monarchs are archaeologically verified, they did not rule modern-day Ethiopia, but rather ruled over or had some contact with ancient Nubia and Kush, which is equated with Ethiopia in some translations of the Bible and these translated editions have influenced modern Ethiopia's belief in an affinity with ancient Nubia.

This section of the regnal list is heavily influenced by Louis J. Morié's book Histoire de L'Éthiopie, with the majority of monarchs having similar names and line of succession to those found in Morié's book. Much of Morié's book cannot be considered historically accurate, as it was written over a century ago and largely attempted to fit contemporary Egyptological knowledge within the Biblical narrative. Historian Manfred Kropp identified this book as a key source in the creation of the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list as a whole, and felt that it was more imaginative than scientific in its approach to the history of Aethiopia. Morié's claim that Sabaeans came to Aethiopia during the reign of either pharaoh Pepi I or Pepi II may have inspired the narrative of a "Sabaean" dynasty ruling Ethiopia, as claimed by the 1922 regnal list.

File:Four Arwe panels.jpg

Four panels by an unknown 17th to 19th century Ethiopian painter showing the killing of Arwe.

While this dynasty takes inspiration from foreign sources, it does include some notable kings that developed within indigenous Abyssinian tradition. Specifically, five monarchs are named in native Ethiopian sources as rulers from distant ancient times, these being Angabo I (no. 74), who founded a new dynasty after killing the serpent king Arwe, and his successors Zagdur I (no. 77), Za Sagado (no. 80), Tawasya Dews (no. 97) and Makeda (no. 98), the last of whom is identified with the Queen of Sheba (See Regnal lists of Ethiopia for more information). The 1922 regnal list incorporates these five rulers within the longer narrative of Louis J. Morié. There is also another king named Ethiopis, who Ethiopian tradition credits with inspiring the name of the country.

The word Ag'azyan means "free" or "to lead to freedom" in Ge'ez. According to Heruy Wolde Selassie in his book Wazema, this originated from the liberation of Ethiopia from the rule of the Kamites/Hamites. Selassie also claimed that three of Joktan's sons divided Ethiopia between themselves. Sheba received Tigray, Obal received Adal and Ophir received Ogaden. If this is to be believed, then presumably the later monarchs who followed Sheba/Akbunas Saba ruled from the Tigray Region.

E. A. Wallis Budge had a different theory of the origin of the term Aga'azyan, believing that it referred to several tribes that migrated from Arabia to Africa either at the same time as or after the Habashat had migrated. He stated that the word "Ge'ez" had come from "Ag'azyan". The term "Ag'azyan" may also refer to the Agʿazi region of the Axumite empire located in modern-day Eastern Tigray and Southern Eritrea.

File:Ethiopian Chapel IMG 0574.JPG

Depiction of Makeda, the Queen of Sheba, from an Ethiopian Chapel in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

Sheba is usually considered by historians to have been the south Arabian kingdom of Saba, in an area that later became part of the Aksumite Empire. The Kebra Nagast however specifically states that Sheba was located in Ethiopia. This has led to some historians arguing that Sheba may have been located in a region in Tigray and Eritrea, which was once called "Saba". American historian Donald N. Levine suggested that Sheba may be linked with the historical region of Shewa, where the modern Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa is located. Additionally, a Sabaean connection with Ethiopia is evidenced by a number of settlements on the Red Sea coast that emerged around 500 BC and were influenced by Sabaean culture. These people were traders and had their own writing script. Gradually over time their culture merged with that of the local people. The Sabaean language was likely the official language of northern Ethiopia during the pre-Axumite period (c. 500 BC to 100 AD).

Some historians believe that the kingdom of Dʿmt, located in modern-day Eritrea and Ethiopia, was Sabaean-influenced, possibly due to Sabaean dominance of the Red Sea or due to mixing with the indigenous population. D'mt had developed by the first millennium BC in modern-day northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, and had "a veneer of cultural affinities adopted largely from the Saba'an culture centred across the Red Sea in the area of modern Yemen". The D'mt area had a written language that appeared "almost entirely Saba'an in origin". Historian Jacke Phillips argued that "some form of underlying political unification must have allowed its dispersal". Older hypotheses on the origin of the pre-Axumite culture suggested that it developed due to migrations of population from south Arabia in pre-modern times or that there had been some kind of Sabaean colonization of the modern-day Ethiopia/Eritrea region. More recent theories instead suggest that the culture developed out of a long process of contacts dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. Taking into account the proof of Sabaean-Ethiopian contacts, this dynasty, while legendary, is nonetheless a clear reference to the historical interactions with southern Arabia that occurred in the ancient past and influenced Ethiopian culture and tradition.

Roman-Jewish historian Josephus wrote that that Achaemenid king Cambyses II conquered the capital of Aethiopia and changed its name from "Saba" to "Meroe". Josephus also stated the Queen of Sheba came from this region and was queen of both Egypt and Ethiopia. This suggests that a belief in a connection between Sheba and Kush was already in place by the 1st century AD. Josephus also associated Sheba/Saba with Kush when describing a campaign led by Moses against the Ethiopians, in which he won and later married Tharbis, the daughter of the king of 'Saba' or Meroe.

This dynasty includes a line of Egyptian High Priests of Amun numbered 88 to 96 which closely matches archaeological evidence but is not entirely correct. Manfred Kropp felt that these monarchs were the clearest borrowings from Egyptological knowledge and he theorized that Heruy Wolde Selassie deliberately altered the chronological order when writing this regnal list.

Peter Truhart, in his book Regents of Nations, dated the kings from Akbunas Saba II to Lakndun Nowarari to 1930–1730 BC and listed them as a continuation of the line of "Kings of Ethiopia and Meroe" that begun in 2145 BC. However, Truhart's regnal list then jumps forward and dates the kings from Tutimheb onwards as contemporaries of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasties of Egypt, with a date range of 1552–1185 BC. Truhart also identified modern-day Ethiopia with the Land of Punt. His list however omits the High Priests of Amun from Herihor to Pinedjem II without giving a clear reason. Despite this, he still acknowledges the rule of the High Priests in Thebes as taking place from c. 1080 to 990 BC.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
47	Akbunas Saba II		55 years	1985–1930 BC	3515–3570	Ahnahus Seba Akhunas Saba Ankhnas	Possibly Sheba, son of Joktan or otherwise a descendant of Joktan.
48	Nakehte Kalnis		40 years	1930–1890 BC	3570–3610	Nakhati Kalenso Nekhite Kalas
49	Kasiyope (Queen)	75px	19 years	1890–1871 BC	3610–3629	Cassiopeia Kesayopi	Fourth female monarch on this regnal list. Despite sharing a name with Cassiopeia, a queen of Aethiopia in Ancient Greek myth who was the wife of Cepheus and mother of Andromeda, Louis J. Morié's original narrative differentiates this queen from the more well-known Cassiopeia/"Kasiyope". Instead, "Kasiyope I" is the name given to an otherwise unnamed queen of Ethiopia who plotted the assassination of Osiris with Set according to one version of the Osiris myth recounted by Plutarch.
50	Sabe II		15 years	1871–1856 BC	3629–3644	Sebi Ayibe	Aleka Taye stated this king was the son of a man named "Amin", though it is unclear who this is meant to be.
51	Etiyopus I		56 years	1856–1800 BC	3644–3700	Ethiopis Aethiopis Atew Ityepis Itiyopp'is	An Ethiopian legend claims that "Ethiopia" is derived from the name of king Ethiopis. Likewise, Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder believed that the word "Aethiopia"/"Ethiopia" came from a king named Aethiopis, who was the son of the Roman god Vulcan. Some Ethiopian traditions trace the word "Ethiopia" to Itan, a Ge'ez word for incense, a reference to the Ethiopian plateau which has long traded in incense. One Ethiopian tradition states that Etiyopus was a son of Cush and grandson of Kam. Another tradition additionally claims that Etiyopus' son was named Aksumawi, and he had a son named Malayka Aksum, who then had six sons named Sum, Nafas, Bagi'o, Kuduki, Akhoro and Farheba. The names of Etiyopus' son, grandson and great-grandsons are not found on Tafari's regnal list. According to the Book of Axum, this king built Ethiopia's first capital, Mazaber. Some Ethiopian regnal lists claim this king was the first to rule Ethiopia. One tradition states Etiyopus was buried in Aksum and that fire used to burn in his grave.
52	Lakndun Nowarari		30 years	1800–1770 BC	3700–3730	Lakendun Nowar Ori Lakundu Neworos	Peter Truhart seemingly identified this king with the mythical serpent of Ethiopian legend "Arwe", though it is unclear why.
53	Tutimheb		20 years	1770–1750 BC	3730–3750	Tehuti-em-heb Thout-em-heb Tharbos	Louis J. Morié claimed this king was the father of Tharbis, a Cushite princess who married Moses after he defeated the Aethiopians as head of the Egyptian army, according to a narrative by Josephus. Peter Truhart stated that this king was deposed by the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep I, likely following Morié's narrative that this king was defeated by Mosesas the head of the army of Amenhotep I. However, the estimated reign dates of Amenhotep I (c. 1524–1503 BC) are far later than the reign dates of Tutimheb on this list.
54	Her Hator I	75px	20 years	1750–1730 BC	3750–3770	Yotor At-Hor Hephaestus[172]	Ancient Greek god Hephaestus who was the father of Ethiopis according to Pliny the Elder. Louis J. Morié claimed that the previous king "Thout-em-heb" was replaced by Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I with one of the pharaoh's astronomers, "At-Hor", who is Jethro of the Bible. This would mean that At-Hor/Jethro was the father of Zipporah, wife of Moses, the latter having lead the army of Amenhotep I against Thout-em-heb/Tutimheb according to Morié's narrative. The author of the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list may have combined the two separate narratives of Hephaestus and Jethro into one king.
55	Etiyopus II		30 years	1730–1700 BC	3770–3800	Atew Ityopis	Son of Vulcan (Roman counterpart of Hephaestus) according to Pliny the Elder.
56	Senuka I		17 years	1700–1683 BC	3800–3817	Senka Menkon
57	Bonu I		8 years	1683–1675 BC	3817–3825	BennuTsawente Ben(n)u	The name of this king is based on Bennu, an Egyptian god.
58	Mumazes (Queen)		4 years	1675–1671 BC	3825–3829	Moso	Daughter of Bonu I. Fifth female monarch on this regnal list.
59	Aruas (Queen)		7 months	1671 BC	3829	Arwas Aru'aso	Daughter of Mumazes according to Tafari. However, Louis J. Morié originally claimed that Aruas was a son of Mumazes. Both Aleka Taye and Peter Truhart retained this identification on their respective regnal lists. Sixth female monarch on this regnal list.
60	Amen Asro I		30 years	1671–1641 BC	3829–3859	Amanislo Asru-meri-Amen	E. A. Wallis Budge believed this king to be identifiable with Amanislo, a Nubian king of Kush who ruled from c. 260 to 250 BC and whose name is inscribed on a granite lion statue currently held in the British Museum. Louis J. Morié however identified Amanislo with the second king named "Amen Asro" (no. 116). In Louis J. Morié's original narrative this king ruled Egypt briefly for 2 years.
61	Ori II		30 years	1641–1611 BC	3859–3889	Aram
62	Piori II		15 years	1611–1596 BC	3889–3904	Paser I Poeri Perahu	Peter Truhart believed this king is identifiable with Perahu, the only known king of Punt, who was a contemporary of Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1479–1458 BC). However, Louis J. Morié's original narrative in Historie de l'Ethiopie, misidentified Paser I, Viceroy of Kush, as a reigning king of Aethiopia. Paser was the father of Amenemopet, who is named as the next king on this list, "Amen Emhat I". Paser was also in power during the reigns of Ay and Horemheb (c. 1323–1292 BC) and thus was alive over two and a half centuries after the dates on this regnal list.
63	Amen Emhat I	75px	40 years	1596–1556 BC	3904–3944	Amenemopet Aminswamhat Behas	Son of Paser/Piori II. Louis J. Morié misidentified the Viceroys of Kush named Paser I and Amenemopet as reigning kings of Aethiopia (i.e. Kush). As such, the king "Amen Emhat I" is to be equated with Amenemopet, who followed his father Paser I/"Piori II" to power. Morié himself called Amenemopet by the name "Amen-em-hat". Amenemopet was Viceroy of Kush during the reign of Seti I (c. 1290–1279 BC).
64	Tsawi I		15 years	1556–1541 BC	3944–3959	Dawe	Not numbered on Tafari's list.
65	Aktissanis		10 years	1541–1531 BC	3959–3969	Actisanes Aktisanes Oktisanisa	Legendary king of Aethiopia who, according to Diodorus, defeated the Egyptian Pharaoh Ahmose II. While the reign of Ahmose II was much later than the dates for Aktissanis on this list, the reign of Ahmose I (c. 1550–1525 BC) did take place around this time. "Actisanes" was possibly based on the historical Kushite king Aktisanes who ruled Nubia in the early third century BC.
66	Mandes		17 years	1531–1514 BC	3969–3986	Minos?	Possibly a legendary king of Egypt mentioned by Diodorus, known as Menden or Marron, who built the famous Labyrinth and succeeded Actisanes. This king is better known as the legendary king of Crete, Minos, who appears in Greek mythology.
67	Protawos		33 years	1514–1481 BC	3986–4019	Pretowes Seshul	Egyptian king Proteus from Greek mythology who is mentioned the writings of Herodotus, Euripides and Homer. The existence of this king is not supported by archeology and he does not appear on any Egyptian regnal lists.
68	Amoy I		21 years	1481–1460 BC	4019–4040	Amoya
69	Konsi Hendawi		5 years	1460–1455 BC	4040–4045		This king's name means "Konsi the Indian". According to Louis J. Morié's narrative, this king arrived in Aethiopia as part of a Hindu colony and was a son of the goddess Ganga. The name "Konsi" is based on the name of the Egyptian god Khonsu.
70	Bonu II		2 years	1455–1453 BC	4045–4043	Bennou Phoenix Belus	Louis J. Morié identified this king as several different legendary characters from Greek mythology, specifically Phoenix (son of the king of Tyre), Belus (King of Egypt), Aleus (King of Arcadia), Polydorus (King of Thebes) and Argus (King of Argos). Both Belus and Phoenix have been identified in different sources as the father of Cepheus, the next ruler on this regnal list.
71	Sebi III (Kefe)	75px	15 years	1453–1438 BC	4047–4062	Cepheus	Third son of Bonu II. Cepheus, an Aethiopian king from Greek mythology who was the husband of Cassiopeia and father of Andromeda.
72	Djagons		20 years	1438–1418 BC	4062–4082	Se-Khons (Gigon) Jagonso Jagonis Sekones Danaus?	Possibly Danaus, a king of Libya from Greek mythology who is sometimes named as a brother of Cepheus and son of Belus.
73	Senuka II		10 years	1418–1408 BC	4082–4092	Snouka-Menken Raskhoperen Senuka Felias Sanuka	Peter Truhart stated this king invaded Egypt during the reign of pharaoh Amenmesse, likely following Louis J. Morié's narrative that this king ruled Egypt during the first three years of his reign after defeating Amenmesse, although Amenmesse actually reigned more than two centuries after the dates of Senuka II on this regnal list.
74	Angabo I (Zaka Laarwe)	75px	50 years	1408–1358 BC	4092–4142	Za Besi Angabo Angabos Agabo Angad Za on Zia-Bisi-Angaba	King who killed a mythical serpent called Arwe or Wainaba in native Abyssinian/Ethiopian tradition. Some sources claim that this ruler was the founder of a new dynasty in 1370 BC. Some variations of the Arwe myth claim that Angabo was of non-royal origin and was made king as reward for slaying Arwe. This version of the legend states that Angabo was a stranger who saved Makeda (the future Queen of Sheba) from being sacrificed to Arwe and that her father was chief minister to king "Za Sebado". Some Ethiopian sources place Arwe at the beginning of Ethiopian history, though this is obviously not the case with Tafari's list. Some traditions claim that Angabo was king for 200 years. According to Aleka Taye, Angabo was the son of "Adhana", though it is unclear what their relation, if any, is to this dynastic line. According to some Ethiopian traditions, Angabo was the father of Makeda.
75	Miamur		2 days	1358 BC	4142		A similar name "Miamun" was used by Josephus to refer to Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II.
76	Helena (Queen)		11 years	1358–1347 BC	4142–4153	Belina Kalina Eleni?	Seventh female monarch on this regnal list.
77	Zagdur I		40 years	1347–1307 BC	4153–4193	Gedur Za-Gedur Zabagdour Bagdour	Son of Angabo I. Some Ethiopian traditions claim that this king ruled for 100 years. According to Aleka Taye, this king devised the phonetic Ge'ez alphabet.
78	Her Hator II		30 years	1307–1277 BC	4193–4223	Erythras Herhator Ertas	Grandson of Sebi III (Kefe) and son of Andromeda and Perseus according to Louis J. Morié. However, Louis J. Morié also identified this king with Erythras, who was the son of Perseus and Amphimedusa, daughter of Danaus and granddaughter of Belus.
79	Her Hator III		1 year	1277–1276 BC	4223–4224	Herhator Zesbado Erythras	Nephew of Her Hator II and son of Perses (son of Andromeda and Perseus). Erroneously called "Her Hator (Za Sagado) III" on Tafari's list.
80	Akate (Za Sagado)		20 years	1276–1256 BC	4224–4244	Zazebass Besaso Sebado Za-Sebadho Sabaruth Nycteus Nakhti Epopeus Nikti Zesbado	Mistakenly numbered "Akate (Za Sagado) IV" by Tafari. This is likely due to Louis J. Morié's original narrative which named a king called "Nekhti IV" as the successor of "Her Hator III". Sagado is the name of a mountain in the Amhara region. Some Ethiopian traditions claim this king reigned for 50 years. The name "Akate" could be based on "Nycteus", as following Louis J. Morié's narrative and line succession for the kings of Aethiopia, while "Za Sagado" is likely based on "Sebado", the name of one of the successors of Angabo in native Abyssinian/Ethiopian tradition.
81	Titon Satiyo		10 years	1256–1246 BC	4244–4254	Tetouni Doudoni Tinton Sotio Tithonus	Tithonus, prince of Troy and father of Memnon and Emathion in Greek mythology. Louis J. Morié claimed he attempted to conquer Aethiopia but was taken prisoner by "Nekhti IV" (identifiable with "Akate IV" on this list). However, the daughter of the Aethiopian king wished to marry him, so he was freed and later became king. Morié also claimed that this king ruled parts of Upper Egypt during the reign of pharaoh Amenmesse. However, Amenmesse actually reigned over half a century after the dates on this regnal list.
82	Hermantu		5 months	1246 BC	4254	Emathion	Emathion, a king of Aethiopia in Greek mythology who was a son of Tithonus (no. 81) and brother of Memnon (no. 83). Mistakenly numbered "Hermantu I" by Tafari. An illegitimate son of Titon Satiyo according to Louis J. Morié's narrative. Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa stated that this king reigned for only 1 month. One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list also lists a 1-month reign for this king while another lists 5 months. Manfred Kropp theorized that the confusion could be a transcibal error resulting from the similarity of the Ethiopian numbers for 1 and 5.
83	Amen Emhat II		5 years	1246–1241 BC	4254–4259	Memnon Amenemhat-Meiamoun	Greek mythical figure Memnon, who was king of Aethiopia and fought in the Trojan war. He was a son of Tithonus (no. 81 on this regnal list) and brother of Emathion (no. 82). Historian Martin Bernal, in his controversial work Black Athena, argued that it was possible for the name "Memnon" to have originated from the Egyptian name "Amenemhat".
84	Konsab		5 years	1241–1236 BC	4259–4264	Khons-Ab Kus-awil-dendan	Son of Akate Za Sagado. Name means "Heart of Khons". Mistakenly named "Konsab I" on Tafari's list.
85	Sannib		5 years	1236–1231 BC	4264–4269	Konseb Khons-Ab	This king's name could be an error. Aleka Taye called this king "Konseb II" rather than Sannib and this may explain why Tafari called this king "Sannib II" on his regnal list despite no prior king named Sannib appearing on this regnal list. This also may be why he refers to the prior king as "Konsab I" despite no further kings of name appearing on this list. It is possible that "Sannib" may be a mistakenly transcribed name combining the prior king "Konsab" with the next king "Sanuka".
86	Senuka III		5 years	1231–1226 BC	4269–4274	Snouka-Menken
87	Angabo II		40 years	1226–1186 BC	4274–4314	Angabo Hezbay
88	Amen Astate	75px	30 years	1186–1156 BC	4314–4244	Amenhotep Amen-As-Tat Monostatos	Egyptian High Priest of Amun Amenhotep. According to Ethiopian historian Tekletsadiq Mekuria, this king was the father of Herihor. However, there is no archaeological evidence to prove this. Louis J. Morié's narrative in Historie de l'Éthiopie did not identify Amen Astate with the High Priest of Amun Amenhotep and instead claimed there was a gap of 130 years between this king and "Her-Hor".
89	Herhor		16 years	1156–1140 BC	4244–4360	Herihor Arhor	Egyptian High Priest of Amun Herihor. Herihor was the de facto ruler of Upper Egypt during the time of the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt. Mainstream Egyptologists however place his reign much later compared to this regnal list (c. 1080–1074 BC). He is also now believed to have succeeded Piankh rather than preceded him. Herihor and his successors maintained rule of Upper Egypt for over 130 years, though there is no evidence their rule extended to the area of modern-day Ethiopia. Herihor was also Viceroy of Kush during the reign of Ramesses XI.
90	Piyankihi I		9 years	1140–1131 BC	4360–4369	Piankh Piyankihi Piyankiya Pianki Henquqay	Egyptian High Priest of Amun Piankh, who is believed by Egyptologists to have ruled Upper Egypt from c. 1074 to c. 1070 BC, over half a century after the dates on this list. Piankh was also Viceroy of Kush and led a campaign into Nubia. Name written as "Wiyankihi" on Tafari's list.
91	Pinotsem I	75px	17 years	1131–1114 BC	4369–4386	Pinedjem Tenot Sem Pinotsem Meiamoun	Egyptian High Priest of Amun Pinedjem I, who is believed by Egyptologists to have ruled Upper Egypt from c. 1070 to c. 1032 BC Son of Piankh.
92	Pinotsem II		41 years	1114–1073 BC	4386–4427	Tenot Sem Pinedjem Pinotsem Meiamoun	Although there was a second High Priest of Amun named Pinedjem, his line of succession fits more closely with the position of Pinotsem III below. Manfred Kropp noted that the existence of a third High Priest of Amun named Pinedjem was an error in late 19th-century Egyptology, which suggests that the writer of Tafari's regnal list had used European sources for compiling the list. Louis J. Morié's narrative in Historie de l'Éthiopie claimed this king was a son of Pinotsem I.
93	Massaherta		16 years	1073–1057 BC	4427–4443	Masaharta Mashirtar Tuklay	Egyptian High Priest of Amun Masaharta, who is believed by Egyptologists to have succeeded Pinedjem I and to have ruled Upper Egypt from c. 1054 to c. 1045 BC Son of Pinedjem I/Pinotsem I. Louis J. Morié's narrative in Historie de l'Éthiopie claimed this king was a son of Pinotsem II.
94	Ramenkoperm	75px	14 years	1057–1043 BC	4443–4457	Menkheperre Ramenkopirm Sehel	Egyptian High Priest of Amun Menkheperre, who came to power shortly after the end of Masaharta's reign (though not a direct successor) and is believed by Egyptologists to have ruled Upper Egypt from c. 1045 to c. 992 BC Son of Pinedjem I. Louis J. Morié's narrative in Historie de l'Éthiopie claimed this king was a son of Pinotsem II.
95	Pinotsem III		7 years	1043–1036 BC	4457–4464	Pinedjem Tenot Sem	Egyptian High Priest of Amun Pinedjem II, who is believed by Egyptologists to have ruled Upper Egypt from c. 990 to c. 976 BC His predecessor Nesbanebdjed II is not included on this regnal list. Son of Menkheperre.
96	Sabe IV		10 years	1036–1026 BC	4464–4474	Pasebakhaennuit Psusennes Za Sebadh	Egyptian High Priest of Amun Pasebakhaennuit III, who succeeded Pinedjem II and is believed by Egyptologists to have ruled Upper Egypt from c. 976 to c. 943 BC
97	Tawasya Dews		13 years	1026–1013 BC	4474–4487	Zakawsya b'Axum Kawnasya Tawasya Za Qawasya Zakaouasya Kavasya Aboul-Foutouh-Ouaschy Rouzouan-Shah	Some Ethiopian traditions claim this king ruled for only 1 year. Father of Makeda.
98	Makeda (Queen)	75px	31 years	1013–982 BC	4487–4518	Za Makeda Makeka Magueda Saba Nicaula Azis Kantakeh Bilqis Balqis Baltis	Daughter of Tawasaya Dews. Eighth female monarch on this regnal list. The Biblical Queen of Sheba in Ethiopian tradition. She is believed by Ethiopians to have visited king Solomon of Israel and had a son with him named Menelik. According to some Ethiopian traditions, Makeda's father was named Angabos and he became king of Ethiopia after killing the serpent king Arwe. One version of the tradition states her father was chief minister to king "Za Sebado" and she was rescued from the serpent Arwe by Angabo, who later became king. The Kebra Nagast refers to this queen as the "Queen of the South [who] was the Queen of Ethiopia". In this text she is described as "very beautiful in face", having a "superb" stature and possessing intelligence and understanding of "high character". Because of this she travelled to Jerusalem to "hear the wisdom of Solomon". The Kebra Nagast also states that she was very rich and traded "by sea and by land" to regions such as India and Aswan in Egypt. An alternate tradition states that Makeda ruled for 50 years, dying in c. 955 BC, aged about 60. According to the Kebra Nagast, she also supposedly forbade women from ruling Ethiopia in the future, though this is contradicted by thirteen reigning queens who appear later in this list. The Kebra Nagast claims that she abdicated in favour of her son Menelik I. E. A. Wallis Budge theorised that the name "Makeda" may be based on "Maatkare", the throne name of pharaoh Hatshepsut. Alternatively, the name may be based on "mlkt", a Sabaean term for "queen" that appears on some Sabaean inscriptions. According to the Book of Axum, Makeda rebuilt Axum in the territory of Aseba and this was the reason why the Bible refers to her as the "Queen of Saba" and "Queen of Azeb" (i.e. South). Louis J. Morié noted Makeda is sometimes known as "Kandake" or "Candace", but he believed this was an alteration of her name "[Ma] Keda".
"Of the posterity of Ori up to the reign of Makeda 98 sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia before the advent of Menelik I."

Dynasty of Menelik I (1,475 years)

A new dynasty begins with Menelik I, son of Queen Makeda and King Solomon. The Ethiopian monarchy claimed a line of descent from Menelik that remained unbroken – except for the reign of Queen Gudit and the Zagwe dynasty — until the monarchy's dissolution in 1975. Tafari's 1922 regnal list divides up the Menelik dynasty into three sections:

• Monarchs who reigned before the birth of Christ (982 BC–9 AD)
• Monarchs who reigned after the birth of Christ (9–306 AD)
• Monarchs who were Christian themselves (306–493 AD).

Additionally, a fourth line of monarchs descending from Kaleb is listed as a separate dynasty on this regnal list but most Ethiopian regnal lists do not acknowledge any dynastic break between Kaleb and earlier monarchs. This line of monarchs is dated to 493–920 AD and is made up of the last kings to rule Axum before it was sacked by Queen Gudit. The line of Menelik was restored, according to tradition, with the accession of Yekuno Amlak.

Heruy Wolde Selassie considered Makeda to be the first of a new dynasty instead of Menelik.

Monarchs who reigned before the birth of Christ (991 years)

File:ArkCovenant-Axum.jpg

The Ark of the Covenant arriving in Ethiopia with Menelik I.

Ethiopian tradition credits Makeda with being the first Ethiopian monarch to convert to Judaism after her visit to king Solomon, before which she had been worshipping Sabaean gods. However, Judaism did not become the official religion of Ethiopia until Makeda's son Menelik brought the Ark of the Covenant to Ethiopia. While Ethiopian tradition asserts that the kings following Menelik maintained the Jewish religion, there is no evidence that this was the case and virtually nothing is known of Menelik's successors and their religious beliefs.

Other Ethiopian regnal lists, based on either oral or textual tradition, present an alternate order and numbering of the kings of this dynasty (see Regnal lists of Ethiopia). If any other Ethiopian regnal list is taken individually, then the number of monarchs from Menelik I to Bazen is not enough to realistically cover the claimed time period from the 10th century BC to the birth of Jesus Christ. Tafari's list tries to bring together various different regnal lists into one larger list by naming the majority of kings that are scattered across various oral and textual records regarding the line of succession from Menelik. The result is a more realistic number of monarchs reigning over the course of ten centuries. Of the 67 monarchs on Tafari's list from Menelik I to Bazen, at least 40 are attested on pre-20th century Ethiopian regnal lists.

Tafari's regnal list names various Nubian/Kushite and Egyptian rulers as part of Menelik's dynasty. These Nubian and Egyptian rulers did not follow the Jewish religion, so their status as alleged successors of Menelik calls into question how strong the 'Judaisation' of Ethiopia truly was in Menelik's reign. These kings do not have Egyptian and Nubian elements in their names on regnal lists from before the 20th century and these elements were only added in 1922 to provide a stronger link to ancient Kush. Louis J. Morié's book Histoire de l'Éthiopie clearly influenced the names and regnal order of this section of the regnal list, as it had also influenced previous dynasties. The author of the 1922 regnal list combined Morié's line of kings with pre-existing Axumite regnal lists to form a longer line of monarchs from Menelik I's reign in the 10th century BC to Bazen's reign which coincided with the birth of Christ. In many cases, kings from Morié's book are combined with different kings from the Axumite regnal lists.

Peter Truhart, in his book Regents of Nations, believed that an "Era of Nubian Supremacy" began with the reign of Amen Hotep Zagdur, as from this point onwards many kings' names show clear links to the kings of Napata and Kush. Truhart believed that the kings from Safelya Sabakon to Apras were likely related to or possibly identifiable with the Pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth dynasties (c. 730–525 BC). He additionally believed that an "Era of Meroen Influence" began with the reign of Kashta Walda Ahuhu.

Some historians refer to this dynasty as the "Solomon" dynasty, in reference to its claimed descent from king Solomon and because of the use of the term to the refer to the later Solomonic dynasty that was descended from this earlier line of kings.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
99	Menelik I	75px	25 years	982–957 BC	4518–4543	Ebna El-Hakim Ibn Hakim Dawit David Daoud Menilehec Menileh	According to Ethiopian tradition, Menelik was the son of Makeda, the Queen of Sheba, and King Solomon of Israel. The Kebra Nagast states he ruled in the 10th century BC, which matches with the dates listed here. Some Ethiopian traditions state Menelik founded Aksum, while some chronicles claim this was done by Solomon. Peter Truhart dated the beginning of Menelik's reign to c. 950 BC. Other regnal lists claim Menelik's reign lasted between 4 and 29 years.
100	Hanyon I		1 year	957–956 BC	4543–4544	Handeyon Za Handadyo Zagdur	Other regnal lists claim this king's reign lasted to between 1 and 8 years. Not numbered by Tafari.
101	Sera I (Tomai)		26 years	956–930 BC	4544–4570	Sirah Tomay Ab-Rakid Tomas Zerakh Zerah	Son of Menelik I. At least one Ethiopian regnal list claims he ruled for 15 years. The name "Sera" was not used for this king prior to the 1922 regnal list. The decision to add this name was influenced by Louis J. Morié's book Histoire de l'Éthiopie, which inspired much of the regnal list as a whole. Morié believed a king named "Atserk-Amen I" (who he identified with the Biblical Zerah the Cushite) had reigned directly before kings named "Amenhotep" and "Ramissu" (the next two kings on this regnal list) and had failed to conquer the Kingdom of Judah during the reign of Asa, as mentioned in the Book of Chronicles (2 Chronicles 14:9–15). However, the reign dates for Sera I on this regnal list are too early to align with the commonly accepted reign dates of Asa among modern-day archaeologists (c. 911–870 BC).
102	Amen Hotep Zagdur II		31 years	930–899 BC	4570–4601	Zagduru Za-Gedur Amenhotep Barakid	Only known as "Zagdur" or "Zagduru" on pre-20th century regnal lists. The addition of the name "Amen Hotep" was done to closer match the narrative of Louis J. Morié's book Histoire de l'Éthiopie, which claimed that a king called "Amenhotep" ruled Aethiopia in the late 10th and early 9th centuries BC. This king may be identifiable with the Aksumite king GDRT, who appears in some regnal lists under the name "Gedur", "Zegdur" or "Zegduru" ("Ze" meaning "of" in Ge'ez). However the estimated period of GDRT's reign used by archeologists (c. 200 AD), more closely matches the similarly named king "Gaza Agdur" who appears as the 188th monarch on this list. One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list and Aleka Taye's regnal list both state that this king ruled for 41 years, from 930 to 889 BC, resulting in all of the following monarchs of this dynasty until Safelya Sabakon (no. 122) having their reign dates pushed forward by 10 years compared to Tafari's list. Not numbered by Tafari.
103	Aksumay Ramissu		20 years	899–879 BC	4601–4621	Aksumay Za Awda Aouda-Amat "The Aksumite"	This king's name references both the kingdom of Aksum and the Egyptian Pharaohs named Ramesses who ruled Egypt during the Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties. Only known as "Aksumay" on pre-20th century Ethiopian regnal lists. The addition of "Ramissu" to his name is due to the regnal list being influenced by Louis J. Morié's book Histoire de l'Éthiopie, which claimed a king called "Ramessou" ruled Aethiopia in the 9th century BC and succeeded king "Amenhotep".
104	Awseyo Sera II		38 years	879–841 BC	4621–4659	Sirah Za Awesyo Awsabyos Aufyi Za Awsyu	Only known as "Awesyo", "Awsabyos" or "Aufyi" on pre-20th century regnal lists. The decision to add "Sera" to this king's name was influenced by Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie, which claimed that king "Ramessou" was succeeded by "Atserk-Amen II" (otherwise known as "Zerakh II"), who launched a second invasion of Judah and carried off the family of Jehoram, as related in the Bible. The reign dates for Awseyo Sera II roughly correspond with the modern estimated reign dates for Jehoram (c. 849–842 BC).
105	Tawasya II		21 years	841–820 BC	4659–4680	Tawasaya Za Sawe Ta'asya Tahawasya
106	Abralyus Piyankihi II	75px	32 years	820–788 BC	4680–4712	Piye Piankhi Abralyus Abraham Abramyos Abralios Piankhi Abralyos Piyankiya	Piye or "Piankhi", a historical Kushite king who ruled Nubia from c. 744 to 714 BC and conquered Egypt in c. 720 BC, founding the Twenty-fifth dynasty. Only known as "Abralyus" on pre-20th century Ethiopian regnal lists. Name written as "Abralyus Wiyankihi" on Tafari's list.
107	Aksumay Warada Tsahay		23 years	788–765 BC	4712–4735	Aksumay Werede Tsehay Warada Dahay Ouarada-Tsahai	The second king on this list whose name references the ancient kingdom of Aksum. This king reinstated the ancient cults after Aethiopia had been following Judaism since the reign of Menelik I. Only known as "Warada Tsahay" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
108	Kashta Hanyon II		13 years	765–752 BC	4735–4748	Kashta Kaseheta Handeyon Handadyo Kaschata	Historical Kushite king Kashta who was Piye/Piankhi's immediate predecessor. Only known as "Hanyon" on pre-20th century regnal lists. Not numbered on Tafari's list.
109	Sabaka	75px	12 years	752–740 BC	4748–4760	Shabaka	Historical Kushite Pharaoh Shabaka who ruled Nubia and Egypt from 705 to 690 BC and was a son of Shebitku. Some historians have theorized that there may be some affinity between the word "Saba" and the name of the so-called Aethiopian king Sabaka.
110	Nicauta Kandake I (Queen)	75px	10 years	740–730 BC	4760–4770	Nikanta Qendeke Amenirdis I	Ninth female monarch on this regnal list. The first of 6 Queens on this list named Kandake, the Meroitic term for the sister of the king of Kush who sometimes ruled over Kush and Nubia as regent or as a monarch in her own right. None of the reigning Kandakes are known to have ruled as far back as the 8th century BC, with the earliest known reigning queen of Kush having ruled during the 2nd century BC. The inclusion of this queen on this regnal list may be inspired by Louis J. Morié's claim that Amenirdis I was a "Kantakeh" queen who ruled as regent during the reigns of three Aethiopian kings. In reality Amenirdis was a God's Wife of Amun during the time of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt. She was a daughter of Kashta.
111	Tsawi Terhak Warada Nagash	75px	49 years	730–681 BC	4770–4819	Taharqa Dawe' Tirhaq (Werede Negash) Sawe Za Tsawe Warada Nagasha Wurrod-Negush	Historical Kushite Pharaoh Taharqa, who ruled Nubia and Egypt from 690 to 664 BC and was a son of Piye. Mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9), where he fought against Sennacherib of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Hebrew Bible calls him the "King of Ethiopia", although this specifically refers to the Kingdom of Kush in Nubia. Only known as "Tsawe" or "Warada Nagash" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
112	Erda Amen Awseya		6 years	681–675 BC	4819–4825	Asanya Ardamen Awseya Ourd-Amen Roud-Amen Aousanya Aouseyo	Son-in-law of Taharqa (Tsawi Terhak) according to Louis J. Morié's narrative. E. A. Wallis Budge believed this king to be Rudamun, a Libyan pharaoh of the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt. Louis J. Morié certainly used "Roud-Amen" as an alternate name for this king. Rudamun ruled over Upper Egypt from c. 759 to c. 755 BC, more than 70 years before the dates on this regnal list, and is not known to have extended any influence over Nubia. Only known as "Awseya" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
113	Gasiyo Eskikatir		–	–	–	Gesiyo Gasyo Za Gasyo Za Gesyu Basilius Basilo Basyo	The only monarch on this regnal list with no dates. "Eskikatir" means "until Noon" or "until Midday". Ethiopian historians Aleka Taye and Fisseha Yaze Kassa both state that this king reigned for only six hours. Peter Truhart stated that this king reigned for half a day.
114	Nuatmeawn	75px	4 years	675–671 BC	4825–4829	Tantamani Nuatmiomun Nuatmiamen Za Mawat Mouta Za Maute Nouat-Meiamoun	Historical Kushite Pharaoh Tantamani, who ruled Nubia from 664 to 653 BC and ruled Egypt from the beginning of his reign until he lost control of it in 656 BC. Peter Truhart identified this king with "Za Mawat", who appears on some Ethiopian regnal lists. Other regnal lists claim the reign of "Mawat"/"Maute" lasted from 8 years and 4 months to 20 years and 1 month.
115	Tomadyon Piyankihi III		12 years	671–659 BC	4829–4841	Toma Dahay Toma Seyon Tomaseyon Piyankiha	Only known as "Tomadyon" on pre-20th century regnal lists. Husband of Amenirdis I in Louis J. Morié's narrative. "Toma-Seyon" means "Twin of Zion".
116	Amen Asro II	75px	16 years	659–643 BC	4841–4857	Amanislo Amenosro	Historical Kushite king Amanislo,. who reigned in the 3rd century BC. Name written as "Amen Asero" on Tafari's list. Not numbered by Tafari.
117	Piyankihi IV (Awtet)		34 years	643–609 BC	4857–4891	Piankhi IV (Awtio) Biyankiya (Awteyo)	Son of Piyankihi III and Amenirdis I in Louis J. Morié's narrative.
118	Zaware Nebret Aspurta	75px	41 years	609–568 BC	4891–4932	Aspelta Zuwarenbret Aspurta	Historical Kushite king Aspelta, who ruled Nubia from c. 600 to c. 580 BC. "Zaware Nebrat" means "seed of the High Priest" according to Louis J. Morié.
119	Saifay Harsiataw	75px	12 years	568–556 BC	4932–4944	Harsiotef Serfay Harsiatew Horsiatew Scifi	Historical Kushite king Harsiotef, who ruled Nubia from c. 404 to c. 369 BC.
120	Ramhay Nastossanan	75px	14 years	556–542 BC	4944–4958	Nastasen Ramahay Rami	Historical Kushite king Nastasen, who ruled Nubia from c. 335 to c. 315 BC. An unpublished chronicle from Aksum states that a king named "Ramahay" reigned at the time of Alexander the Great and asked for Greek technicians and engineers to build palaces, monuments and stelae, one of which was destroyed centuries later by Gudit. Alexander's rule of Egypt did not take place until 332 BC, over two centuries after these dates, and thus either the dating is wrong or this legend refers to the second king named Ramhay on this list (no. 145). Perhaps coincidentally, the Nubian king Nastasen did in fact reign during the time of Alexander the Great. It is unknown if this is the reason why the author of this regnal list associated Nastasen with Ramahay despite the Nubian king's absence on earlier Ethiopian regnal lists.
121	Handu Wuha Abra		11 years	542–531 BC	4958–4969	Handar Handew Abra Handiwa'bra Haduna Artsé	E. A. Wallis Budge identified this king as Wahibre Ibiau, who was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th dynasty. Peter Truhart also identified this king with Pharaoh "Wahabre".
122	Safelya Sabakon		31 years	531–500 BC	4969–5000	Sofelia Nekibon Zafelya Sabakon Sofelya Nabikon	An alternate name for Nubian pharaoh Shabaka, as used by Diodorus in his work Bibliothecia Historia.
123	Agalbus Sepekos		22 years	500–478 BC	5000–5022	Shebitku Agelbul Sewekos	"Sepekos"/"Sebikhos" is an alternate name for the Kushite pharaoh Shebitku used in Manetho's Aegyptica. One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list and Aleka Taye's regnal list state that this king reigned for 21 years, from 490 to 469 BC This, combined with the addition of 10 years to Amen Hotep Zagdur's reign earlier, results in all monarchs of this dynasty until Feliya Hernekhit (no. 146) on Selassie's list and Queen Nicotnis Kandake V (no. 162) on Taye's list having their reign dates pushed forward by 11 years compared to Tafari's list.
124	Psmenit Warada Nagash		21 years	478–457 BC	5022–5043	Psmeret (Werede Negash)	Possibly based on one of the pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth dynasty named "Psamtik". If this is the case, then this king could be Psamtik II, who invaded Kush in 592 BC and sacked Napata. Name written as "waradanegash" on Tafari's list.
125	Awseya Tarakos		12 years	457–445 BC	5043–5055	Asanya Awesya Awesia Burakos	Possibly an alternate name for Taharqa. Only known as "Awseya" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
126	Kanaz Psmis		13 years	445–432 BC	5055–5068	Qaniz Peshmez Qeniz Pismes Katzina Kanazi Za Qanaz Kanati	Son of Awseya Tarakos. Other regnal lists claim this king's reign lasted 9 or 10 years.
127	Apras		10 years	432–422 BC	5068–5078	Apries Apraso	Historical Egyptian pharaoh Apries, who ruled Egypt from 589 to 570 BC. This pharaoh is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in Jeremiah 44:30.
128	Kashta Walda Ahuhu		20 years	422–402 BC	5078–5098	Walda Mehrat Keshita Welde Equh Kasheta Walda Ekhuhu
129	Elalion Taake		10 years	402–392 BC	5098–5108	Taaaken Elalion Te'niki Elalior Ilalyos	Restored Judaism as the official religion of Aethiopia. Only known as "Elalion" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
130	Atserk Amen III		10 years	392–382 BC	5108–5118	Atsirkamin	Peter Truhart re-numbered this king as "Atserk Amen I", likely because no king of this name appears earlier on the 1922 regnal list. The confusion over the numbering of the kings named "Atserk Amen" stems from the numbering used by Louis J. Morié, who named this king the third to use this name. However the first two kings named "Atserk Amen" in his narrative were renamed to "Sera I (Tomai)" (no. 101) and "Awseyo Sera II" (no. 104) on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. Truhart also believed that the four kings named "Atserk Amen" were based on the name of a Merotic king, though does not specify who.
131	Atserk Amen IV		10 years	382–372 BC	5118–5128	Atsirkamin	Peter Truhart re-numbered this king as "Atserk Amen II".
132	Hadina (Queen)		10 years	372–362 BC	5128–5138	Haduna Za Hadena	Tenth female monarch on this regnal list. Other regnal lists claim this monarch ruled for 9 years.
133	Atserk Amen V		10 years	362–352 BC	5138–5148	Atsirkamin	Peter Truhart re-numbered this king as "Atserk Amen III".
134	Atserk Amen VI		10 years	352–342 BC	5148–5158	Atsirkamin	Peter Truhart re-numbered this king as "Atserk Amen IV".
135	Nikawla Kandake II (Queen)	75px	10 years	342–332 BC	5158–5168	Kantakeh Kandake Candace	Eleventh female monarch on this regnal list. The name "Nicaula" was sometimes used to refer to the Queen of Sheba. Giovanni Boccaccio, in his work De Mulieribus Claris (1361–1362), claimed that queen "Nicaula" was queen of Aethiopia, Egypt and Arabia and had a large palace on the island of Meroe. The Queen of Sheba was also called "Nicaula" in The Book of the City of Ladies (1405) by Christine de Pizan and A New History of Ethiopia (1684) by Hiob Ludolf, the latter doubting Giovanni Boccaccio's claim that "Nicaula" was also queen of Egypt. Based on the dating given on this list, this queen may the Kandake who was said to have fought Alexander the Great, according to the Alexander Romance. However, in reality Alexander never attempted to conquer Nubia. Portuguese missionary Jerónimo Lobo noted that contemporary Abyssinians/Ethiopians in the 17th century sometimes used the name "Nicaula" for the Queen of Sheba, alongside the names "Makeda" and "Nagista Azeb". Louis J. Morié's narrative claimed that this queen married Alexander and he was recognised as ruler of Aethiopia, though he personally never had the chance to visit there.
136	Bassyo		7 years	332–325 BC	5168–5175	Za Bahas Ba'os Basei Bas'u
137	Akawsis Kandake III (Queen)		10 years	325–315 BC	5175–5185	Nikawsis Qendeke Akawkis Qendeke Kantakeh III Candance Kandake	Twelfth female monarch on this regnal list. In Louis J. Morié's original narrative, this queen was the Kandake who fought against the Romans and Gaius Petronius. However, the 1922 regnal list pushes this queen's reign dates back by nearly three centuries and therefore she can not be identified with this particular queen.
138	Arkamen I	75px	10 years	315–305 BC	5185–5195	Erk-Amen Ergamenes Arqamani	Louis J. Morié's original narrative identified this king with Ergamenes, a Kushite king mentioned in the writings of Diodorus Siculus. Modern-day archaeologists consider Arqamani to be the most likely king of Kush that the story of Ergamenes is based on. Aleka Taye swapped this king's position with Awtet Arawura below.
139	Awtet Arawura		10 years	305–295 BC	5195–5205	Awtet Arawra Awestet Awetet	Only known as "Awtet" on pre-20th century Ethiopian regnal lists. Aleka Taye swapped this king's position with Arkamen above.
140	Kolas (Koletro)		10 years	295–285 BC	5205–5215	Kels'a (Kelitro) Kalas Za Kal'aku Kalas Kalito	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 6 years.
141	Zaware Nebrat II		16 years	285–269 BC	5215–5231	Zewarienebret	Name written as "Zawre Nebrat" on Tafari's list.
142	Stiyo		14 years	269–255 BC	5231–5245	Stoyo Sotio Satyo Za Satyo Solaya	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 16 years.
143	Safay		13 years	255–242 BC	5245–5258	Sayfay Sodofay
144	Nikosis Kandake IV (Queen)		10 years	242–232 BC	5258–5268	Nikosis Qendeke Kantakeh Kandake Candace	Thirteenth female monarch on this regnal list.
145	Ramhay Arkamen II	75px	10 years	232–222 BC	5268–5278	Arakamani Ergamenes Ramahay Remhay Armin	Likely a Kushite king, either Arakamani or Arqamani, who ruled Kush in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC However, it is more likely this king is intended to be Arakamani, often equated with Ergamenes, a Nubian king reported by Greek historian Agatharchides to have reigned during the time of Pharaoh Ptolemy IV of Egypt (r. 221–204 BC). An unpublished chronicle from Axum states that a king named "Ramahay" reigned at the time of Alexander the Great and asked for Greek technicians and engineers to build palaces, monuments and stelae, one of which was destroyed centuries later by Gudit. Alexander's rule of Egypt took place during 332–323 BC, and thus this king's reign is a century too late to be a contemporary of Alexander. However, this story of king Ramahay bears notable similarities with the story of Ergamenes, who was said to have been instructed in Greek philosophy, interested in Greek art and the general Greek way of life. It is therefore possible that naming this king "Ramhay Arkamen" is intended to reflect that "Ramahay" is to be identified with "Ergamenes". Only known as "Ramhay" on pre-20th century regnal lists. In Louis J. Morié's narrative, this king was the son of queen Kandake IV.
146	Feliya Hernekhit		15 years	222–207 BC	5278–5293	Falaya Za Filya Fielya Hurnekhet Felya Hurnekeht Safelia	Other regnal lists state this king reigned for 26 years.
147	Hende Awkerara		20 years	207–187 BC	5293–5313	Henden Handu Ouikera Hende(n) Awkerarq Hendor	Son of Feliya Hernekhit. One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list claims this king reigned for 22 years. This, along with the addition of 10 years to the reign of Amen Hotep Zagdur (no. 102) and the removal of 1 year from the reign of Agalbus Sepekos (no. 123) results in all monarchs up to Queen Nicotnis Kandake V (no. 162) having their reign dates pushed forward by 11 years compared to Tafari's list.
148	Agabu Baseheran		10 years	187–177 BC	5313–5323	Aghabu Bisehran Bahas Za Bahse Za Bahas	Son of Hende Awkerara. Only known as "Bahas" on pre-20th century Ethiopian regnal lists. Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 9 years.
149	Sulay Kawawmenun		20 years	177–157 BC	5323–5343	Sulay Awawminun Kawida Kawuda Za Taweda Khouwoumenou Shoufoumenou	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 2 years.
150	Messelme Kerarmer		8 years	157–149 BC	5343–5351	Masleni Qurarmer Meslni Qurarmer Kanata
151	Nagey Bsente		10 years	149–139 BC	5351–5361	Nagsay Besinti Negsay Bisiniti Psentes Psenthes
152	Etbenukawer		10 years	139–129 BC	5361–5371
153	Safeliya Abramen		20 years	129–109 BC	5371–5391	Sifelya Abramin Za Felya Abramen	E. A. Wallis Budge and Peter Truhart both suggested that this king could be the Axumite king Aphilas, although the reign dates on this list are far too early.
154	Sanay		10 years	109–99 BC	5391–5401	Senay
155	Awsena (Queen)		11 years	99–88 BC	5401–5412	Awasina Asisena Za Awzena Aouzena	Fourteenth female monarch on this regnal list. Other regnal lists claim this monarch ruled for only 1 year.
156	Dawit II		10 years	88–78 BC	5412–5422		The reason why Tafari called this king "Dawit II" may be because Aleka Taye numbered the king this way and referred to Menelik I as "Dawit" in his regnal list.
157	Aglbul		8 years	78–70 BC	5422–5430	Aghelbuls Aglebu Engeleb Za Aglebu Aglebel	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 3 years.
158	Bawawl		10 years	70–60 BC	5430–5440	Bawel Bawawel Bewawl
159	Barawas		10 years	60–50 BC	5440–5450	Berewas Za Birwas Bawaris Bahr Uedem	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 29 years. Name means "esteemed defender".
160	Dinedad		10 years	50–40 BC	5450–5460	Danidad
161	Amoy Mahasse		5 years	40–35 BC	5460–5465	Mohesa Za Mahasi Za Mahele Za Masih	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 1 year. Name means "Pious man".
162	Nicotnis Kandake V (Queen)	75px	10 years	35–25 BC	5465–5475	Nicotris Hendeke Amanirenas?	Fifteenth female monarch on this regnal list. Kushite queen Amanirenas reigned during this period, but her rule is not known to have extended to modern day Ethiopia. This queen's name bears similarities to Nitocris, a likely legendary queen who was said to have ruled Egypt at the end of the sixth dynasty, and appears in the writings of numerous ancient Greek writers. Aleka Taye called this queen "Nicotris Hendeke", which is even closer to the name Nitocris.
163	Nalke		5 years	25–20 BC	5475–5480	Nolkee Nolki	One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list and Aleka Taye's regnal list both state that this king reigned for 4 years, from 14 to 10 BC Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa stated that this king reigned for 2 years.
164	Luzay		12 years	20–8 BC	5480–5492	Laka	One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list and Aleka Taye's regnal list both state that this king reigned for 2 years, from 10 to 8 BC Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa stated that this king reigned for 8 years.
165	Bazen		17 years	8 BC–9 AD	5492–5509	Za B'esi Bazen Tazen	Other Ethiopian regnal lists claim this king ruled for 16 years, but are consistent in stating his reign began 8 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa stated that this king reigned for 6 years. Egyptologist Henry Salt claimed that he saw an ancient inscription on a stone in a church in Axum stating "This is the sepulchral stone of Bazen". He did however claim that this was the name of several Abyssinian kings, so he may not have been referring to this specific king.
"Before Christ 165 sovereigns reigned."

Monarchs who reigned after the birth of Christ (297 years)

Rembrandt, The Baptism of the Eunuch, c. 1626

Text accompanying this section:
"These thirty-five sovereigns at the time of Akapta Tsenfa Arad had been Christianized by the Apostle Saint Matthew. There were few men who did not believe, for they had heard the words of the gospel. After this Jen Daraba, favourite of the Queen of Ethiopia, Garsemat Kandake, crowned by Gabre Hawariat Kandake, had made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem according to the law of Orit (the ancient law), and on his return Philip the Apostle [sic] taught him the gospel, and after he had made him believe the truth he sent him back, baptising him in the name of the trinity. The latter (the Queen's favourite), on his return to his country, taught by word of mouth the coming of our Saviour Jesus Christ and baptised them. Those who were baptised, not having found an Apostle to teach them the Gospel, had been living offering sacrifices to God according to the ancient prescription and the Jewish Law."

Despite the text above claiming that Christianity was introduced to Ethiopia during this line of monarchs, Charles F. Rey pointed out that this retelling of events contradicts both the known information around the Christianisation of Ethiopia and the story of Queen Ahwya Sofya and Abreha and Atsbeha in the next section.

The claim that Matthew the Apostle had Christianized king Akaptah Tsenfa Arad (no. 167) is inspired by Louis J. Morié's narrative in Historie de l'Éthiopie, in which he claimed that a king named "Hakaptah" ruled Aethiopia beginning in c. 40 AD and it was during his reign that Matthew converted the king's daughter Ephigenia. This narrative was inspired by the older Church story of Matthew which involved a king named "Egippus".

The story of Garsemot Kandake VI and Jen Daraba is based on the biblical story of the Ethiopian eunuch, who was the treasurer of Kandake, queen of the Ethiopians and was baptized after travelling to Jerusalem. However, the eunuch was actually baptised by Philip the Evangelist, not Philip the Apostle as Tafari mistakenly states. Louis J. Morié's narrative did not accept that this Kandake queen, whom he numbered fifth rather than sixth, was the one who is mentioned in the story of the Ethiopian eunuch. The apparent contradiction in story of the Christianisation of Ethiopia according to this regnal list is due to an attempt to accommodate both the native Ethiopian tradition around Abreha and Atsbeha and the Biblical traditions of "Ethiopia" (i.e. Nubia).

This section is the last part of the regnal list that directly refers to ancient Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush, which came to an end in the 4th century AD following its conquest by Ezana.

Peter Truhart believed that the line of Axumite kings begins with Gaza Agdur (no. 188) and dated the beginning of his reign to c. 150.

Note: All monarchs numbered 166 to 200 (with the exception of 168) appear on other Ethiopian regnal lists (see Regnal lists of Ethiopia). The other lists suggest there are multiple distinct traditions regarding the order of succession from Bazen to Abreha and Atsbeha, which this regnal list attempts to combine into a longer line of succession. Numerous monarchs also have their names expanded or altered specially for the 1922 regnal list.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
166	Sartu Tsenfa Asagad		21 years	9–30	5509–5530	Seretu (Tsenfe Aseged) Za Senatu Za Sartu Za-Sendo	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 26 years. This king was supposedly remembered as a bad ruler. Name written as "Sartu Tsenfa Assegd" on Tafari's list.
167	Akaptah Tsenfa Arad		8 years	30–38	5530–5538	Egippus Hakaptah Akatatah (Senfa Ared) Tzenaf Segued	Tafari claimed that this king was Christianized by Matthew the Apostle. This likely refers to an Aethiopian king named "Egippus" who, in Church tradition, was the father of saint Ephigenia of Ethiopia, who was consecrated by Matthew. One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list and Aleka Taye's regnal list both claim this king ruled for only 2 years, from 30 to 32 AD Taye claimed this king was followed by a king named "Settah" who reigned for 8 years, from 32 to 40 AD, and is not mentioned on Tafari's list. Only known as "Senfa Arad" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
168	Horemtaku	75px	2 years	38–40	5538–5540	Hirtacus Hor-em-tekhou	Brother of Akaptah Tsenfa Arad. King Hirtacus who, in Church tradition, asked Matthew the Apostle to persuade Ephigenia to marry him, but instead Matthew rebuked the king for lusting after her and the king promptly had Matthew killed while he stood at the altar. Aleka Taye claimed this king reigned from 40 to 42. One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list claimed this king reigned from 32 to 34.
169	Garsemot Kandake VI (Queen)	75px	10 years	40–50	5540–5550	Gersmot Garsamot (Hendeke) Guerma Calez Kantakeh Amanitore? Amanikhatashan?	Sixteenth female monarch on this regnal list. The historical Kandake whose period of rule may align with this monarch could be Amanitore or Amanikhatashan, who both ruled in the 1st century AD. According to some Ethiopian traditions, the first church of Ethiopia, the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, was built during this queen's reign by eunuch after her converstion to Christianity. However, it is more likely the church was built by Ezana in the 4th century after his conversion to Christianity. One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list claimed this queen ruled for 8 years from 34 to 42. Aleka Taye likewise claimed this queen ruled for 8 years, but dated her reign to 42–50.
170	Hatoza Bahr Asagad		28 years	50–78	5550–5578	Baher [A]sgad Hatez Baher Asged Hatoza Bahr Asgad	Only known as "Baher Asagad" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
171	Mesenh Germasir		7 years	78–85	5578–5585	Meshin Germasor Masenh Germa Sor Za Masenh Za Museneh	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 6 years. He is only known as "Masenh" or "Museneh" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
172	Metwa Germa Asfar		9 years	85–94	5585–5594	Za Shetet Za Sutuwa Setwa Germa Asfir Sateua	Only known as "Sutuwa" or "Shetet" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
173	Adgala II		10 years and 6 months	94–104	5594–5604	Adgala Za Adgaba Za Adgasa Bahr Argad	Some regnal lists claim this king ruled for 16 years.
174	Agba		6 months	104–105	5604–5605	Za Agabos Za Agba	Aleka Taye claimed this king reigned for a full year.
175	Serada		16 years	105–121	5605–5621
176	Malis Alameda I		4 years	121–125	5621–5625	Melis Alamida Za Malis Za Malik	Some regnal lists claim this king ruled for 6 years. He is only known as "Malis" or "Malik" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
177	Hakabe Nasohi Tseyon		6 years	125–131	5625–5631	Tzion Haqabi Kulu Tsion Hakabe Nasohi Seyon Kuelula-Zion	Only known as "Tsyion" on pre-20th century regnal lists. This king was a scholar and fluent in the Greek language, but was also greedy and debauched.
178	Hakli Sergway		12 years	131–143	5631–5643	Zoskales Za Hakli Za Hakale Sargai Sharguay Hakale Sergway	Could be the Aksumite king Zoskales, the earliest known king of Axum who ruled in c. 100. Egyptologist Henry Salt and Ethiopian scholar Sergew Hable Sellassie both theorised that Zoskales was the king known as "Za Haqala" or "Za Hakale" that appears on some Ethiopian regnal lists. However, G.W.B. Huntingford felt that there is not enough evidence to support this identification. The names "Hakli" and "Sergway" are often listed independently on other Ethiopian regnal lists, which could mean that they are two different kings. However, no known regnal lists (apart from Tafari's) have both names included. Some regnal lists claim that king "Hakli" reigned for 13 years.
179	Dedme Zaray		10 years	143–153	5643–5653	Dedeme Zeray Za Demahe Zaray	The names "Dedme" and "Zaray" are often listed independently on other Ethiopian regnal lists, which could mean that they are two different kings. However, no known regnal lists (apart from Tafari's) have both names included.
180	Awtet		2 years	153–155	5653–5655	Za Awtet	Third king named "Awtet" on this list but not numbered.
181	Alaly Bagamay		7 years	155–162	5655–5662	Bagamai Ela Arka Za Ela-Herka	Brother of Dedme Zaray. The names "Bagamai" and "Arka"/"Herka" are often listed independently on other Ethiopian regnal lists, which could mean that they are two different kings. However, no regnal list (apart from Tafari's) includes both names, so it is possible they are meant to be two names for the same person.
182	Awadu Jan Asagad		30 years	162–192	5662–5692	Za El-'Aweda Jan Segued Sabe Asgad Saba Asgad	Brother of Dedme Zaray. The names "Awadu" and "Jan Asagad" are often listed independently on other Ethiopian regnal lists, which could mean that they are two different kings. However, no known regnal lists (apart from Tafari's) have both names included. Louis J. Morié believed this was the king whose conquests was recorded on the Monumentum Adulitanum inscription.
183	Zagun Tseyon Hegez		5 years	192–197	5692–5697	Zagen Tsion Hagez Za Zigen Zamare Dezta?	Some regnal lists claim that Zagun was a co-ruler with the next king Rema. These lists state that they ruled for either 20 or 40 years, though do not state if they were co-rulers for this entire length of time. Only known as "Zagun" or "Zamare" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
184	Rema Tseyon Geza		3 years	197–200	5697–5700	Betza Seyon Geza Reima Tsion Geza Zamare?	Some regnal lists claim that Rema was a co-ruler with the previous king Zagun. These lists state that they ruled for either 20 or 40 years, though do not state if they were co-rulers for this entire length of time. The names "Rema" and "Seyon Geza" are often listed independently on other Ethiopian regnal lists, which could mean that they are two different kings. However, no known regnal lists (apart from Tafari's) have both names included.
185	Azegan Malbagad		7 years	200–207	5700–5707	Moal Genba Azeigan Me'albagad Azagan	Aleka Taye stated that this king reigned either 5 or 7 years. Only known as "Moal Genba" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
186	Gafale Seb Asagad		1 year	207–208	5707–5708	Za Gafali Gefelie Seb' Aseged	Only known as "Gafale" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
187	Tsegay Beze Wark		4 years	208–212	5708–5712	Za Baesi Serk Tsegayon Be'esie Serq Segay Besi Sarq	Only known as "Besi Sark" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
188	Gaza Agdur		9 years	212–221	5712–5721	GDRT? Zagdur? Gadar(at)	This king may be identifiable with the Aksumite king GDRT, who appears in some regnal lists under the name "Gedur", "Zegdur" or "Zegduru" ("Ze" meaning "of" in Ge'ez). A similarly named king "Amen Hotep Zagdur" appears earlier in Tafari's list as no. 102. However, archeologists believe that king GDRT reigned at some point in the early third century AD, which more closely matches the date of the 188th king on this list. Only known as "Agdur" on pre-20th century regnal lists. The name of this king could be a reference to Gaza in Palestine, which was promised by king Solomon to Makeda according to the Kebra Nagast.
189	Agduba Asgwegwe		8 years	221–229	5721–5729	Za Elasguaga Za El-Azwagwa Agdur Asguaga Adbah ʽDBH Agduba ela Asgwagwa	Some chronicles claim that a king named "Azguagua" was the son of a king named "Alada" and was converted to Christianity by Frumentius and his brother Edesius. Tafari's list rejects this tradition and instead dates the conversion of Ethiopia to Christianity in the reign of Ahywa Sofya. The reign dates for Asgwegwe on this list are also far too early to be in line with the lifetime of Frumentius. Other regnal lists claim this king reigned for 76 years. Peter Truhart identified this king with the Axumite king ʽDBH or "Adhebah". Only known as "Asgwegwe" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
190	Dawiza		1 year	229–230	5729–5730	Za Baesi tsawera Za Be'si Saweza	Brother of Agduba Asgwegwe.
191	Wakana (Queen)		2 days	230	5730	Za Wakena Za Wakna	Seventeenth female monarch on this regnal list. According to Aleka Taye, this queen reigned for 2 months instead of 2 days.
192	Hadawz		4 months	230	5730	Za Hadus Za Hadawesa Hawdes	Some regnal lists claim this king ruled for 2 months.
193	Ailassan Sagal		3 years	230–233	5730–5733	El Segel Za Ela-Sagal Aslal Sen Segel Za Asgal Zoskales	Some regnal lists claim this king ruled for 2 years. Peter Truhart identified this king as the Axumite king Zoskales and dated the beginning of his reign to c. 210 or 220.
194	Asfehi Asfeha		14 years	233–247	5733–5747	El Asfeh Za Ela Asfeha Asfeho Asfeha	Some regnal lists claim this king ruled for 10 years. Only known as "Asfeha" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
195	Atsgaba Seifa Arad		6 years	247–253	5747–5753	Saif Araad Senda 'Ar'ad Atsgebe Seyfe Are'd Asgaba Sayfa Arad	One Ethiopian tradition states that the father of Abreha and Atsbeha was a king named "Senfa Arad". E. A. Wallis Budge referred to this king as "Senfa Arad (II)", suggesting that the king should be identified with the 195th king of this list, rather than Akaptah Tsenfa Ared above (no. 167). This identification however still raises questions over Tafari's list, as this king is followed by four further kings before the mother of Abreha and Atsbeha becomes ruler of Ethiopia. One regnal list quoted by Carlo Conti Rossini claimed that "Seifa Arad" was the throne name of king Tazer (no. 199 on this list). This king was only known as "Seifa Arad" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
196	Ayba		17 years	253–270	5753–5770	Za Aiba El Aiga Za Ela Ayba Za Ela Ayga	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 16 years. He is possibly identifiable with king "Ayga", who ruled for 18 years according some regnal lists.
197	Tsaham Lakniduga		9 years	270–279	5770–5779	El Tshemo Za Ela Saham Tseham Lakdun Za Ela Saham Laknduga	Son of Ayba. Only known as "Tsaham" on pre-20th century regnal lists.
198	Tsegab	100px	10 years	279–289	5779–5789	El Tsegaba Za Ela Segab Ze Ela Segab(a) Wazebas?	Other regnal lists claim this king ruled for 23 years. Peter Truhart tentatively identified this king as the Axumite king Wazeba. This idenfication allows for Tafari's list to match with archaeological evidence that shows that Wazeba was succeeded by Ousanas, who Truhart identifies with the next king Tazer. Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 300 and stated his reign lasted for either 10 or 13 years.
199	Tazer	75px	10 years	289–299	5789–5799	Tazier Tazena Seifa Arad Tazena Ela Ameda Tazer Sayfa Arad	One regnal list quoted by Carlo Conti Rossini claimed that Tazer's throne name was "Seifa Arad" (no. 195). Peter Truhart identified this king with "Ela Ameda" or Ousanas. This idenfication allows for Tafari's list to match with archaeological evidence that shows Ousanas was succeeded by his wife Sofya as regent before their son became king of Axum. Truhart stated that this king's reign lasted for either 10 or 30 years.
200	Ahywa Sofya (Queen)		7 years	299–306	5799–5806	Sofya El Ahiawya Za Ela 'Ahyawa Eguala Anbasa	Eighteenth female monarch on this regnal list. Tafari's regnal list notes that "her regnal name was Sofya, and she was the mother of Abreha Atsbeha". An Aksumite queen named Sofya ruled Axum as regent following the death of her husband Ousanas (otherwise known as Ella Allada) in c. 330. Her son was king Ezana. However, her husband is not mentioned by name on this list and her son's reign on this list is dated to over 150 years after her reign ends. Other regnal lists name a monarch called "Ahywa" who reigned for 3 years and was the predecessor of Abreha and Atsbeha. Peter Truhart dated the beginning of this queen's reign to c. 325. Manfred Kropp theorised that the story of Queen Ahywa Sofya and her sons Abreha and Atsbeha was modeled on Roman Empress Helena and her son Constantine I, and that the traditional date of the conversion of Ethiopia to Christianity (317) is deliberately placed before the time of the First Council of Nicaea.

Christian Sovereigns (187 years)

"Chronological table of the Christian sovereigns who received baptism and followed completely the law of the Gospel."

Church of Abreha and Atsbeha

Brothers Abreha and Atsbeha are frequently cited in Ethiopian tradition as the first Christian kings of Ethiopia, although Tafari's list strangely considered them to be one person and this may have been an error that arose when transcribing the list. According to Tyrannius Rufinus, Christianity was introduced to this region by Frumentius and his brother Edesius. They were sailing down the Red Sea with a Syrian merchant named Meropius when they landed on the coast and were seized by the native people, who spared the two brothers and took them to the king. Frumentius was made the king's chancellor and Edesius was made cupbearer or butler. After the king's death, the widowed queen asked both men to stay until her son was grown up and Frumentius assisted her in ruling the kingdom. During his time in power, Frumentius had many churches built and obtained facilities to allow more trade with Christians and years later asked Athanasius, the Pope of Alexandria, to send a bishop to Abyssinia to teach the Christians there who had no leader. E. A. Wallis Budge believed that the brothers had initially arrived at Adulis.

Tafari's regnal list reflects the above tradition by specifically crediting Frumentius, under the name of Aba Salama, with introducing Christianity during the rule of queen Ahywa Sofya, who is the widowed queen of the story. According to Tyrannius Rufinus, the Axumites converted to Christianity during the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine I (306–337). The dating of Tafari's list aligns with this narrative.

Peter Truhart believed that a "period of disintegration" began with the reign of Queen Adhana I during which there may have been multiple reigning monarchs at the same time. Truhart dated this period to c. 375–450. E. A. Wallis Budge previously stated that he believed there were "kinglets" who ruled parts of Ethiopia between 360 and 480 separate from other lines of kings. This theory was used to explain why there was so much variation between different Ethiopian regnal lists. Budge identified most of the monarchs from Adhana I to Lewi as "kinglets", while the later kings were those who appear more frequently on regnal lists. John Stewart's book African States and Rulers provides alternate reign dates and succession order for the monarchs from Abreha I to Del Na'od.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
"In the year 327 after Jesus Christ – 11 years after the reign of these two sovereigns (mother and son) – the gospel was introduced to Ethiopia by Abba Salama, and the Queen Sofya, who was baptised, became a good Christian."
–	Joint rule of Ahywa Sofya and her son Abreha Atsbeha [sic]	75px	26 years	306–332	5806–5832	Abreha Atsbeha Ella Abreha Ella Atsbeha Ezana Saizana Aizanas Za Ela Asbeha Za Ela Asfeha Masqal	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) for Abreha and Atsbeha from John Stewart: 356–370. According to Tafari, it was during this joint reign that Aba Salama introduced the Gospel to Ethiopia in 327 and the Queen Ahwya Sofya was baptised. Manfred Kropp argued that this date was wrong and it should be 317. Some Ethiopian traditions state that it was in the year 333 that the people converted to Christianity. Ethiopian tradition states that two brothers named Abreha and Atsbeha ruled the country in the 4th century and were the first to adopt Christianity. Tafari however lists 'Abreha Atsbeha' as a single figure, seemingly merging several myths and historical facts. A king named Ezana is known to be the son of Queen Sofya and was a minor at the time of his accession, but is usually considered separate from the legend of Abreha and Atsbeha. It is also known that it was Ezana who was the first king to convert to Christianity, due to the teachings of Aba Salama. Despite this, Ezana is largely absent from many Ethiopian regnal lists. According to Aleka Taye, the joint 26-year reign from 306 to 322 was of that of Abreha and Atsbeha, not of queen Sofya with any other ruler. Taye states that Sofya ruled for 7 years (299–306) followed by Abreha and Atsbeha for 26 years (306–332) and then followed by the sole rule of Abreha by himself for 12 years (332–344). It is possible that Tafari may have erroneously misread this information when compiling the regnal list. Historian Manfred Kropp likewise argued that this joint reign should be read as the joint reign of brother Abreha and Atsbeha not mother and son.
201	Atsbeha (alone)		12 years	332–344	5832–5844		Despite previously listing 'Abreha Atsbeha' as a single person who "partly [ruled] with his mother", Tafari's regnal list now states that Atsbeha ruled separately for 12 years, similar to what was stated on Aleka Taye's list, except that Taye named Abreha as sole ruler rather than Atsbeha. This may confirm that a transcribing error took place in the writing of Tafari's regnal list, and Abreha and Atsbeha were indeed meant to be listed as two different kings. There is a possibility that names 'Abreha' and 'Atsbeha' may corruptions of the names of Ezana and his brother Shiazana. However, E. A. Wallis Budge was skeptical of this and suggested that the chroniclers deliberately avoided mentioning Ezana and Shizana and instead preferred to claim conversion took place through members of the so-called Solomonic line, which Ezana and Shizana may not have been part of. Stuart Munro-Hay theorized that the story of Abreha and Atsbeha resulted from a confusion over two historical figures; The Aksumite king Kaleb, whose throne name was Ella Atsbeha, and Aksumite general Abraha, who promoted Christianity in Yemen. The dates on this list roughly correspond with the estimated period of Ezana's reign by historians (c. 320s-360). Heruy Wolde Selassie equated 'Abreha Atsbeha' with Ezana on his regnal list. One regnal list quoted by Egyptologist Henry Salt equated Abreha with Ezana and Atsbeha with Saizana. Peter Truhart dated Ezana's reign to c. 339–365 (26 years). Peter Truhart dated the beginning of Saizana's reign to c. 365 and believed he reigned 17 years.
202	Asfeh Dalz		7 years	344–351	5844–5851	Asfeha
203	Sahle I		14 years	351–365	5851–5865	Sahel Ella Shahel Ela Sahl Asael Saizana?	One tradition states that this king was a co-ruler with Abreha and Atsbeha from 356 to 370, and that each day of their joint reign was divided into three parts, so that each king was absolute during a specific part of the day. Peter Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 365 and theorised that he may be the same king as Saizana.
204	Arfed Gebra Maskal		4 years	365–369	5865–5869	Arphad Arfasked Arfaked Arshad Gabra Masqal	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 370–374. Son of Ezana/Abreha.
205	Adhana I (Queen)		5 years	369–374	5869–5874	Ella 'Adhana	Nineteenth female monarch on this regnal list. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 374–379. One regnal list claims this monarch ruled for 14 years. Name means "God renews him".
206	Riti		1 year	374–375	5874–5875	Ella Rete'a	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 379–380.
207	Asfeh II		1 year	375–376	5875–5876	Asfeha Ella Asfeh Jan Asfeha	Son of Asfeh Dalz or Arfed Gebra Maskal. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 380–381.
208	Atsbeha II		5 years	376–381	5876–5881	Ella 'Asbeha	Son of Asfeh II. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 381–386.
209	Amey I		15 years	381–396	5881–5896	Ameda Ella 'Amida	Second son of Asfeh II. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 386–401.
210	Abreha II		7 months	396	5896	Ella 'Abreha	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 401. Some regnal lists claim this king ruled for 6 months.
211	Ilassahl		2 months	396	5896	Ella Shahel	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 401–402. According to one Ethiopian tradition, this king was murdered by his successor Elagabaz. The king was known to be vain and proud and refused to allow his daughter Admas to be married to Elagabaz when he asked for her hand in marriage. Ilasshal died shortly after being imprisoned.
212	Elagabaz I		2 years	396–398	5896–5898	WʽZB? Ella Gobaz	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 402–404. Possibly the Axumite king WʽZB who reigned during the mid 6th century, also known as "Ella Gabaz" on an inscription where he states that he is the son of "Ella Atsbeha" or king Kaleb, who is placed much further down Tafari's list. Alternatively WʽZB may be the second king named Elagabaz on this list (no. 222). One Ethiopian tradition claims that Elagabaz killed his predecessor, Ilassahl, and married a princess named Admas before proclaiming himself king. He had been ordered to be executed by the king, but rose up against him with an army. Elagabaz later married a pagan queen named Lab, who was from a neighbouring district. This resulted in a brother of Admas, named Shahel (or Suhal), to rise up and kill both Elagabaz and Lab, and proclaim himself king. Name means "Hero of God".
213	Suhal		4 years	398–402	5898–5902	Sahel Ella Shahel Ella Sehal	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 404–408. According to one Ethiopian tradition, this king was the brother-in-law of Elagabaz, and slew him to become king. E. A. Wallis Budge dated the beginning of his reign to 394. Peter Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 395.
214	Abreha III		10 years	402–412	5902–5912	Abraha Ella Abreha	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 408–418. Some regnal lists claim this king was a co-ruler with Adhana for 16 years. Peter Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 400.
215	Adhana II (Queen)		6 years	412–418	5912–5918	Ella Adhana	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 418–424. Some regnal lists claim this monarch was a co-ruler with Abreha III for 16 years. With the exception of the usurper Gudit, Adhana II is the last queen named on this regnal list and it appears that no legitimate female monarch reigned over Ethiopia until Empress Zewditu in 1913. Mentewab had herself crowned co-ruler on the accession of her son Iyasu II in 1730 but this is not noted in the regnal list.
216	Yoab		10 years	418–428	5918–5928	Eyoab	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 424–434.
217	Tsaham I		2 years	428–430	5928–5930	Ella Saham Sehma Tesama	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 434–436. Some regnal lists claim this king ruled for 28 years. Despite being numbered "Tsaham I", there is an earlier king on this list named "Tsaham Lakniduga" (no. 197).
218	Amey II		1 year	430–431	5930–5931	Ameda Ela Ameda Sembrouthes? Semrat?	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 436–446. Peter Truhart identified this king with the Axumite king Sembrouthes. Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 430 and believed he may have reigned for between 1 and 12 years. Truhart also considered that this king may be identical with Amey I.
219	Sahle Ahzob		2 years	431–433	5931–5933	Sahel Ella Shahel Lalibala	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 446–448.
220	Tsebah Mahana Kristos		3 years	433–436	5933–5936	Ella Sebah Ela Sabah Tsebah Meharene Christos	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 448–451.
221	Tsaham II		2 years	436–438	5936–5938	Ella Saham Sehma Tesama	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 451–466. Stewart lists the next king Elagabaz II as his co-ruler from 463 to 466. Some regnal lists claim this king ruled for 15 years. Peter Truhart suggested that this king could be identitical with Tsaham I.
222	Elagabaz II		6 years	438–444	5938–5944	Ella Gobaz Elle Gabaz	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 463–474. Stewart lists the previous king Tsaham II as his co-ruler from 463 to 466. This king may be the Aksumite king WʽZB who reigned during the sixth century (see note for Elagabaz I, no. 212). Some regnal lists claim this king ruled for 21 years.
223	Agabi		1 year	444–445	5944–5945	Agabie Angabo	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from E. A. Wallis Budge and John Stewart: 474–475. Stewart lists both Agabi and Lewi as co-rulers. Some regnal lists state that these kings were co-rulers, and E. A. Wallis Budge dated their joint reign to c. 474–475.
224	Lewi		3 years	445–448	5945–5948	Liewee
225	Ameda III		2 years	448–450	5948–5950	Amoy Alla Amidas? Ousanas? Yacob Ela Ameda	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 475–486. The reason why Tafari calls this king "Ameda III" despite no prior king of this name appearing on his list could be due to Aleka Taye numbering the king this way on his regnal list. Taye referred to the two kings named "Amey" as "Ameda", hence the numbering. John Stewart believes this king was Alla Amidas, who other historians believe reigned in the mid 6th century. Alternatively, this king may be Ousanas, also known as Ella Allada or Ella Amida, who reigned in the 4th century. Stewart lists joint kings Jacob and David (who do not appear on Tafari's list) as ruling between Alla Amidas and Armah from 486 to 489. E. A. Wallis Budge also confirmed one Ethiopian tradition that states that Yakob (Jacob) and Dawit (David) ruled jointly for three years following Alla Amidas. Aleka Taye called this king "Ameda III (Yacob)", seemingly combining Yakob with Alla Amidas, and Dawit being combined with Armah.
226	Armah Dawit		14 years	450–464	5950–5964	Najashi Ashamah	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from E. A. Wallis Budge and John Stewart: 489–504. Possibly the Axumite king who is also known as Najashi and is believed by historians to have reigned from 614 to 630. John Stewart lists two kings after Armah who do not appear on Tafari's list: Zitana (504–505) and Jacob II (505–514). Budge also gives the same kings' names and dates, adding that one Ethiopian tradition claimed Jacob II (Yakob II) was called "Arwe" because of his cruelties and was defeated by 'Ella 'Asbeha, otherwise known as Kaleb. One regnal list claimed this king ruled for 14 years, 6 months and 10 days. Peter Truhart stated this king ruled for between 6 and 14 years.
227	Amsi		5 years	464–469	5964–5969	Amzi	Descendant of Adhana I.
228	Salayba		9 years	469–478	5969–5978	Seladoba Aladeb Al'adoeb	Son of Amsi.
229	Alameda II		8 years	478–486	5978–5986	Ousanas? Alla Amidas? Ellamida	Son of Salayba. Either Aksumite king Ousanas, also known as Ella Allada or Ella Amida, or Alla Amidas, who reigned in the mid 6th century. E. A. Wallis Budge believed this king to be Alla Amidas, during whose reign the Nine Saints came to Ethiopia. Some regnal lists claim he ruled for either 11 or 14 years. Peter Truhart stated this king ruled for between 8 and 30 years.
230	Pazena Ezana		7 years	486–493	5986–5993	Tazena Tazena (Ezana) Ousanas Wazena? Zitana Ela Asbeha Tezshana	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 325–356. Son of Alameda II. Despite sharing the same name as the Axumite king Ezana, he reigned much earlier than these dates and it is more likely this king is meant to be Tazena, father of Kaleb, the next king on this list. Alternatively, this king could also be Wazena, who succeeded Alla Amidas (if the previous king is to be identified with Alla Amidas), however his reign predates that of Ella Gabaz who already appears earlier in this list. A further possibility is that this king meant to be Zitana, a king who does not appear on all regnal lists but is said to be the father of Kaleb, which would match with this regnal list as Kaleb follows as the next king. John Stewart places Ezana much earlier in chronological placement compared to Tafari, putting him in a similar position to Queen Ahywa Sofya on Tafari's list which would closer match the archeological evidence. Stewart also lists a co-ruler named Shiazana who ruled alongside Ezana from 328 to 356. Aleka Taye called this king "Tazena II (Ezana)", seemingly equating Ousanas (Tazena) with Ezana even though archeological evidence would suggest they were two different kings. Peter Truhart called this king "Ezana II", having previously acknowledged Abreha I as the same person as Ezana of Axum.
"Of the posterity of Sofya and Abreha Atsbeha until the reign of Pazena Ezana 31 [sic] sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia: from Ori until the reign of Pazena Ezana 230 [sic] sovereigns."

Dynasty of Atse (Emperor) Kaleb until Gedajan (427 years)

File:Kaleb.jpg

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The majority of the following monarchs are attested on other regnal lists.

Other Ethiopian regnal lists do not acknowledge a dynastic break between Kaleb and earlier kings. It is possible that this list marks a break here only because it considers Kaleb to be the first emperor of Ethiopia. Louis J. Morié stated that Saint Elesbaan (another name for Kaleb) was the first to claim the title of "Emperor". However, Henry Salt believed that Menelik I was the first to use this title.

Despite this section's heading, three further rulers are named after Gedajan, with Dil Na'od being the actual last king of this line of Axumite kings. The choice of title for this section may be due the interruption of the Axumite line by queen Gudit, although some Ethiopian traditions state that she usurped the throne after Dil Na'od, and thus her reign is often dated later compared to this regnal list.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
231	Kaleb		30 years	493–523	5993–6023	Constantine David Ella 'Asbeha Elesbaan Elasboas Helestaios Dawit Questantinos	Son of Pazena Ezana or Zitana. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from E. A. Wallis Budge and John Stewart: 514–542. James Bruce on the other hand stated that this king came to power in 522. Some regnal lists claim Kaleb ruled for 28 or 40 years. Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to c. 493–533 and claimed he abdicated.
232	Za Israel	75px	1 month	523	6023	Beta Israel	Elder son of Kaleb. Previously governor of Adwa or Himyar. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 542–550. Aleka Taye did not give this king a reign length and simply stated that it was "undocumented". Taye additionally states that a king named "Gebru" reigned for 1 month between Za Israel and Gabra Maskal. This king is not named on Tafari's list. Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to either 533 or 534.
233	Gabra Maskal		14 years	523–537	6023–6037	Guebra Maskal	Son of Kaleb. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 550–564. E. A. Wallis Budge also believed that this king's reign begun around 550. This king's name means "Servant of the Cross". Budge noted that at least one regnal list gave this king a reign length of 14 years, but he also noted that some traditions state that the king did not die until between 570 and 580, at least 20 years after his reign began. Some regnal lists claim Gabra Maskal ruled for 40 years. Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to 534–548.
234	Kostantinos		28 years	537–565	6037–6065	Constantine Yeshak Kostantinos (Sahel)	Son of Gabra Maskal. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 564–578. Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to 548–576.
235	Wasan Sagad		15 years	565–580	6065–6080	Wusen Segued Wosen Seged Meharene Christos Bazagar? Bazer?	Son of Gabra Maskal. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 578–591. Exiled to Arabia. Wasan Sagad could be the king named Saifu in Chinese sources based on dating and a possible similarity in the names. Stuart Munro-Hay identified "Saifu" as a grandson of Kaleb.
236	Fere Sanay		23 years	580–603	6080–6103	Fere Shanay Ferie Senay Fere Sanaya	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 591–601.
237	Advenz	75px	20 years	603–623	6103–6123	Aderaaz Aderarz Adre'azar Armah?	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 601–623. Aleka Taye claimed that the reign of this king coincided with the ascendance of Prophet Muhammad. However, the ruler of Ethiopia during this time was actually Armah (r. 614–630).
238	Akala Wedem		8 years	623–631	6123–6131	Kala Wedem Cullandin-Aama ("Strength of royal blood") Akul Woodem Zeray Akala Wedem Eklewudem	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 623–633. Aleka Taye stated this king reigned for 10 years, from 623 to 633 (Ethiopian dates). This king became blind.
239	Germa Asafar		15 years	631–646	6131–6146	Gersum? Galaoudeouos Klaoudyos Guerma Azfare Germa Safar	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 633–648. Could be Aksumite king Gersem, who ruled at the beginning of the 7th century. Aleka Taye claimed this king reigned from 633 to 648 (Ethiopian dates).
240	Zergaz		10 years	646–656	6146–6156	Deraz Zeray Zergaz Germa Sor Gergaz Heryaqos	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 648–656. Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 8 years, from 648 to 656 (Ethiopian dates).
241	Dagena Mikael		26 years	656–682	6156–6182	Dengna Mika'el Zergaz Degna Mikael	Name means "Minister of Saint Michael". Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 656–677. Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 21 years, from 656 to 677 (Ethiopian dates).
242	Bahr Ekla		19 years	682–701	6182–6201	Bahra Ekala Baher Ikla Ekle Bahre Ekil	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 677–696. Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 14 years, from 677 to 691 (Ethiopian dates).
243	Gum		24 years	701–725	6201–6225	Gouma Hezba Seyon	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 696–720.
244	Asguagum		5 years	725–730	6225–6230	Asgoungum Ashagum Asguomgum	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 720–725.
245	Latem		16 years	730–746	6230–6246	Let-um Letem	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 725–741.
246	Talatam		21 years	746–767	6246–6267	Thala-tum Talatem	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 741–762.
247	Gadagosh		13 years	767–780	6267–6280	Badagaz Badgaz Woddo Gush Adhsha 'Oda Sasa Ode Gosh Adegos Lul Sagad Abreha	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 762–775.
248	Aizar Eskikatir		Half a day	780	6280	Ayzor Izoor Gefa	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 775. "Eskakatir" means "until Noon". One manuscript from Gojjam claims that this king was the father of Gudit and had a wife named Makia Maryam who was Gudit's mother. Like Tafari's list, this manuscript states that Aizar only reigned for half a day and reigned two decades before Wudme Asfare (who is claimed to be Gudit's grandfather in other sources). This king died due to suffocation by a crowd on the same day he was crowned, which is why it became illegal afterwards to approach the emperor. A barrier was thereafter placed before the emperor to prevent this from happening again. Heruy Wolde Selassie specified that this king ruled for 7 hours while Aleka Taye simply noted that this king's reign lasted "until noon".
249	Dedem		5 years	780–785	6280–6285	Didum Dedem Almaz Dedem Almaz Sagad	Name means "new blood". Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 775–780.
250	Wededem		10 years	785–795	6285–6295	Awdamdem Wedemdem	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 780–790.
251	Wudme Asfare		30 years	795–825	6295–6325	Woodm Asfar Wedem Asfare Wedem Masfere W'dma Asferie Demawedem Demawedem Wedem Asfare	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 790–820. An unpublished chronicle from Axum states that this king was the grandfather of Gudit through his daughter. Ethiopian historian Sergew Hable Selassie estimated that Wudme Asfare's 30-year reign to have taken place from 792 to 822 AD Selassie felt that the actual reign dates could differ by as much as 100 years compared to written sources. Some chronicles claim this king ruled for 150 years.
252	Armah II		5 years	825–830	6325–6330	Remha Armah Rema Armah	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 820–825.
253	Degennajan		19 years	830–849	6330–6349	Degna Djan Degjan	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 825–845. Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 19 years and 1 month. Knud Tage Anderson estimated this king's reign lasted from c. 925 to c. 945. One tradition claims this king died of thirst while visiting an Arab country.
254	Gedajan		1 year	849–850	6349–6350	Gidajan Ged'a Zan Degna Djan? Dagajan Anbase Wedem?	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 845–846. This name has been suggested as an alternate name for Degnnajan, though Tafari considers them to be separate kings and the Paris Chronicle names Gedajan as a separate king. One tradition claims that Gedajan or Gidajan was the name of Anbase Wedem before he became king. Aleka Taye and Peter Truhart both claimed this king ruled for 10 months. This 10-month reign length is also found on one regnal list.
255	Gudit (Queen)		40 years	850–890	6350–6390	Yodït Judith Juditta Ester Esato Ecato Esaat Hewan Saat Asaat Ga'wa Amota Hamovia Terde Gomaz Yodit Masoba Warq	Twenty-first and last female monarch on this regnal list. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 846–885. A queen who was said to have laid waste to the kingdom of Aksum, according to oral tradition. Moved the capital of Ethiopia to Lasta after sacking Axum. One version of the legend places Gudit after Del Naad, who she supposedly had overthrown. Knud Tage Anderson argued that Gudit was the same woman as Masoba Wark, a daughter of Del Naad who married Mara Takla Haymanot, the founder of the Zagwe dynasty. However, he notes that a crucial difference is that Gudit is considered to be the predecessor of Anbase Wedem while Masoba Warq followed Dil Na'od, the last Axumite king. Some Ethiopian traditions state that Gudit was a granddaughter of Wudme Asfare. Scottish traveler James Bruce noted a version of the story of Gudit which stated that she was a cousin of Mara Takla Haymanot, who took over rule of Ethiopia following the reigns of Gudit's successors and founded the Zagwe dynasty. Bruce also recorded one legend that stated that Gudit was a princess and a wife of a governor of the district of Bugna who wanted to overthrow the Christian religion and place her infant son on the throne. According to this version of the story Gudit had 400 royal princes killed and Del Naad (who was an infant) was taken to Shewa as the last survivor of his line. Páez and de Almeida mentioned a different version of the legend where Gudit was a woman who ruled the kingdom of Tigre for 40 years, destroying all the churches there and was followed by Anbase Wedem (as also shown on Tafari's list). A different Queen named Ecato was said to have ruled in Amhara and was part of "a generation of traitors". Queen Ecato however does not appear on Tafari's list. Another legend is recorded by Louis J. Morié in his book Histoire de l'Ethiope in which Gudit (or Judith) was a Falasha or Jewish queen who established a new dynasty, moving the capital to Lasta and was succeeded by her daughter Judith II, with the dynasty lasting from 937 to 977. Morie claimed that Judith II was called Terda'e Gabaz, however other sources claim that this name was given to Gudit/Judith I. Yet another legend claims that Gudit was a poor girl who came to Axum and became a prostitute. A priest who slept with her stole a piece of golden curtain from the treasury of the Siyon church, made it into golden shoes and gave them to her. The priest was declared innocent of this theft because Gudit was blamed for tempting him, and she was then punished to have her right breast removed and be exiled. She met a Jewish Syrian prince named Zanobis, who pitied her and married her, and she converted to Judaism. Together the destroyed the city of Axum and were able to do so because the king, Degnajan, had perished of thirst while visiting an Arab country. Gudit's historicity appears to be confirmed in the writings of traveller Ibn Hawqal, who mentions that Ethiopia (called "the country of the Habasha") had been ruled by a woman for many years by the time of his visit and that she assumed power after killing the previous king. Ibn Hawqal's travels took place between 943 and 977, which would mean that Gudit's reign is dated later than what is suggested on this list. Ibn Hawqal stated that the queen had ruled for around 30 years by the time of his travels, meaning her reign began by 947 at the latest. A chronicle called History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church also confirms Gudit's historicity. The chronicle quotes a letter written in c. 980 to the patriarch of Alexandria which makes reference to a "Queen of the Bani al-Hamwiah" who imprisoned many Ethiopians and destroyed churches. The Ethiopian king had also been driven out. The queen's reign came to an end when the patriarch Philotheos sent a new Metropolitan bishop to Ethiopia. Knud Tage Anderson argued that the negative portrayal of Gudit was a creation of later times. He believed that Gudit/Yodit had been a member of the royal family and took power after the disappearance of king Degnajan's army and his death by thirst in Arabia. He also argued that she may have saved the country from political disaster, just as the biblical Judith had saved her people from disaster. He noted that Ibn Haqwal's description of Gudit/Yodit was positive and even in admiration of this queen. The chronological placement of Gudit's reign various by source. While some traditions claimed she brought an end to the Axumite line, others, like this regnal list, explicitly claim that the Axumite line was briefly restored after her reign. An unpublished chronicle from Axum claims Anbase Wedem was Gudit's successor. E. A. Wallis Budge dated Gudit's accession to roughly 300 years before the beginning of Yekuno Amlak's reign (c. 970). Taddesse Tamrat dated the beginning of Gudit's reign to c. 945. The name "Gudit" is likely a nickname, as it means "the freak, the monster, the unnatural or unusual or surprising or strange one". "Yodït" may be her real name, given its similarity with the more common "Gudït". The alternate name "Esato" means "Fire". The alternate name "Ga'wa" is likely a conflation with the much later Tigray queen Ga'ewa from the sixteenth century.
256	Anbase Wedem		20 years	890–910	6390–6410	Ambaca Udem Ambasa Woodim Degnajan Anbasa Wedem	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 885–905. Usually considered son and successor of Degna Djan and older brother of Dil Na'od. The placement of Anbase Wedem's reign as following that of Gudit's is corroborated by an unpublished chronicle from Aksum. Páez and de Almeida also read of one version of the Gudit legend which named Anbase Wedem as her successor. However, this is not supported by all sources. A version of the Gudit legend recounted by James Bruce places Gudit after Dil Na'od. regnal lists seen by Páez and de Almeida, Salt and Budge all state that Anbase Wedem succeeded Degna Djan, not Gudit. Another tradition claims the he succeeded his father Degnajan but roamed from mountain to mountain to escape Gudit. Peter Truhart claimed this king had been a "pretender" to the throne from 875 until his accession in 885.
257	Del Naad		10 years	910–920	6410–6420	Dil Na'od	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 905–c. 950. James Bruce stated that this king's reign ended in 960. Henry Salt dated the end of this king's reign to c. 925. Some Ethiopian traditions claim he was the son of Anbase Wedem, while other traditions claim his father was Degna Djan. Last king of Axum.

Sovereigns issued from Zagwe (333 years)

See also: Zagwe dynasty

The Zagwe kingdom in c. 1200.

The following monarchs are historically verified, though exact dates remain unclear among historians. Some historians, such as Carlo Conti Rossini, believe that this dynasty did not come to power until the 12th century, disagreeing with the much earlier dates suggested by Tafari's list. Some Ethiopian regnal lists omit the Zagwe dynasty altogether, considering it illegitimate. Many regnal lists state that after the reign of Dil Na'od the kingdom was ruled by "another people who were not of the tribe of Israel" (i.e. not descended from king Solomon). Dr. Ghelawdewos Araia disagreed with the idea that the Zagwe kings were usurpers and instead argued that they "continued the material and spiritual culture" of Axum. He also stated that the Zagwe line was founded by the Agaw people.

Multiple traditions around the Zagwe dynasty exist, most commonly stating that the dynasty was in power for 133 or 333 years. Tafari follows the longer tradition for his regnal list. Carlo Conti Rossini suggested that the Zagwe dynasty was actually founded shortly before 1150. 16th century missionary Pedro Páez stated that the Zagwe dynasty had ruled for 143 years. E. A. Wallis Budge noted another version of the Zagwe tradition states that 11 kings ruled for 354 years, meaning that each king reigned for an average of 32 years, which Budge felt was unrealistic. James Bruce theorized that five kings of this dynasty were Jewish and descendants of Gudit, while the other six kings were Christians and originated from Lasta. Bruce specifically named Tatadim, Jan Seyum, Germa Seyum, Harbai and Mairari as the "Pagan" or Jewish kings, while Mara Takla Haymanot, Kedus Harbe, Yetbarak, Lalibela, Yemrehana Krestos and Na'akueto La'ab (in these chronological orders) were Christians.

E. A. Wallis Budge noted another tradition that claimed that Na'akueto La'ab abdicated the throne in favour of Yekuno Amlak. If this was the case, then according to Budge the dynasty may have continued to claim the title of Negus until c. 1330, with their descendants governing Lasta for centuries after this.

The following list includes seven consecutive kings ruling for 40 years each. This is also reported in other regnal lists, although there is no confirmed proof that these seven kings ruled for these exact number of years. The suspiciously round numbers given for their reign lengths suggest certain gaps in Ethiopia's history that were filled in by extending the reigns of the Zagwe kings. The existence of multiple traditions for this dynasty, ranging from 133 to 333 years in power, further suggest great uncertainty over this period in Ethiopian history. See regnal lists of Ethiopia for more information on the alternate lines of succession for this dynasty.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
258	Mara Takla Haymanot		13 years	920–933	6420–6433	Zagwe Mararah Takla Haymanot Mera Taqla Haymanot	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 1117–1133. A text from Dabra Libanos claimed this king reigned for 40 years, like most kings of this dynasty. Ethiopian traditions differ on the exact circumstances around the rise of the Zagwe dynasty. One tradition states that Mara married Masoba Wark, a daughter of Dil Na'od, and overthrew him to become king. According to this tradition, Mara Takla Haymanot was a high-ranking official before taking the throne. Another tradition states that Dil Na'od was instead overthrown by Gudit who was succeeded to the throne by several of her own family before her cousin Mara ascended to the throne. Knud Tage Anderson argued that Masoba Wark and Gudit were the same woman.
259	Tatawdem		40 years	933–973	6433–6473	Tatadim Tetewedem	Elder son of Mara Takla Haymanot. E. A. Wallis Budge dated the reigns of the first two kings of this dynasty to c. 992–1030 based on the reign lengths of 3 and 40 years that are given for these kings on some regnal lists. Name means "Sun of the Blood" or "Blood of the Sun".
260	Jan Seyum		40 years	973–1013	6473–6513	Jan Sheyum Akotet Jan Seyon Chenouti Sinoda Degna Mikael	Son of Mara Takla Haymanot. Name means "Fear of the Divie majesty".
261	Germa Seyum		40 years	1013–1053	6513–6553	Germa Sheyum Bemnet Germa Seyon	Son of Mara Takla Haymanot. Name means "Fear of the Divine name".
262	Yemrhana Kristos		40 years	1053–1093	6553–6593	Yemrehana Krestos Yemreha Yemrehna Krestos Newaya Kristos	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 1133–1172. Son of Germa Seyum. Name means "May Christ forgive us".
263	Kedus Arbe (Samt)		40 years	1093–1133	6593–6633	Kedus Harbe Qedus Arbe Gabra Maryam Shan-Arbe Harbay	Son of Jan Seyum.
264	Lalibala		40 years	1133–1173	6633–6673	Lalibela Gebre Meskel Lalibela Gabra Masqal Oualda-Ghorgis	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 1172–1212. Another set of accepted Gregorian reign dates by some historians for this king are 1181 to 1221. Son of Jan Seyum.
265	Nacuto Laab		40 years	1173–1213	6673–6713	Na'akueto La'ab Ne'akuto Le'ab	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 1212–1260. This king's name means "Let us give thanks to the Father". Son of Kedus Harbe.
266	Yatbarak		17 years	1213–1230	6713–6730	Yetbarak Itibarek Egziabher	Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 1260–1268. Son of Lalibala. Heruy Wolde Selassie believed that this king was the last of the Zagwe line. E. A. Wallis Budge theorized that this king died in c. 1290 after a reign of 22 years if the tradition of Na'akueto La'ab abdicating in favour of Yekuno Amlak is to be believed.
267	Mayrari		15 years	1230–1245	6730–6745	Majoraf	Son of Yetbarak. E. A. Wallis Budge theorized that this king died in c. 1308 after a reign of 15 or 18 years if the tradition of Na'akueto La'ab abdicating in favour of Yekuno Amlak is to be believed.
268	Harbay		8 years	1245–1253	6745–6753	Harbejo	Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 10 years, from 1245 to 1255. E. A. Wallis Budge theorized that this king died in c. 1330 after a reign of 20 or 23 years if the tradition of Na'akueto La'ab abdicating in favour of Yekuno Amlak is to be believed. Possibly the same king as Kedus Harbe.
"Of the posterity of Mara Takla Haymanot (whose regnal name was Zagwe) until the reign of Harbay 11 sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia; 268 [sic] sovereigns in all."

Claimants during the Zagwe period

File:Shewa in Ethiopia (1943-1987).svg

The Shewa province in Ethiopia.

"Chronological table of the 8 generations of an Israelitish dynasty, who were not raised to the throne, during the period of the reign of the posterity of the Zagwe."

Tafari provides no background information on this list of kings, however E. A. Wallis Budge stated that these kings reigned at Shewa and were descendants of Dil Na'od. Henry Salt likewise stated that the Axumite royal family fled to Shewa after Axum was destroyed by Gudit and reigned there for 330 years until the accession of Yekuno Amlak. The names and order of kings on Tafari's list matches that found in René Basset's 1882 book Études sur l'histoire d'Éthiopie.

A manuscript from Dabra Libanos included an alternate list which numbered a total of 44 kings and a woman named Masoba Wark. In some traditions, Masoba Wark, whose name means "golden basket", is claimed to be a daughter of Dil Na'od who married Mara Takla Haymanot. She supposedly married him against her father's will and together they took the throne. Yekuno Amlak would claim his descent from king Solomon through this line of kings (see Emperors of Ethiopia Family Tree).

The description of this dynasty as an "Israelitish" dynasty is a reference to the Ethiopian monarchy's claimed descent from Solomon of Israel.

No.	Name	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
–	Mahbara Wedem	–	–	–	Mkhbara Widam Maimersa Woodim Makhbara-Ouedem Mahaber-Woudim	Son of Dil Na'od. Peter Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 920 while Louis J. Morié believed his reign did not begin until after 980. Name means "blood abundant in riches".
–	Agbea Tseyon	–	–	–	Agva Sion Igba-Sion Yakob	Son of Mahbara Wedem. Name means "Restore Zion".
–	Tsenfa Arad	–	–	–	Sin Farat Senfa Ared	Son of Agbea Tsyon. Louis J. Morié dated this king's reign to c. 1110.
–	Nagash Zare	–	–	–	Nagasa Zare Negus Zaré Negush Záree Nagehere	Son of Tsinfa Arad. Name means "Royal seed". Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to after 1000. Louis J. Morié dated this king's reign to c. 1150 to c. 1190 and claimed he sent an embassy to Pope Alexander III in 1177.
–	Asfeh	–	–	–	Asfeha Ela-Asfeha Atzfé	Son of Nagash Zare. Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to after 1000. Louis J. Morié dated this king's reign to c. 1200.
–	Yakob	–	–	–	–	Son of Asfeh.
–	Bahr Asagad	–	–	–	Bahr Seggad Birasgud Bahr-Sagad	Son of Yakob. Name means "Venerable as the sea" or "Who guards the sea". Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to after 1100. Henry Salt listed an additional king named "Asgud" between Bahr Asagad and Edem Asagad. Louis J. Morié also mentioned a king named "Asged" who, on some regnal lists, was confused with his predecessor under the name "Birasgud-Asgud".
–	Edem Asagad	–	–	–	Adam Asgad Admas Sagad Widma Asgad Woodem Asgud Ouedem-Asgad	Son of Bahr Asagad. Reigned directly before Yekuno Amlak. Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to c. 1210–1255. Louis J. Morié believed this king died in either 1255 or 1258.
"These eight did not mount the throne."

Solomonic dynasty before the Ethiopian-Adal war (247 years)

See also: Solomonic dynasty

"Chronological table of the sovereigns from Yekuno Amlak, Emperor, and of his posterity, all issued from the ancient dynasties which were raised to the throne".

Note: The following emperors are historically verified. However, some of the reign dates listed below are not used by Ethiopian historians and are inaccurate. For the correct reign dates, see List of emperors of Ethiopia.

The Solomonic dynasty is historically verified, but the dates included on Tafari's regnal list do not always match with the generally accepted dates used by historians, even when taking into account the 7 or 8-year gap between the Ethiopian calendar and the Gregorian calendar.

Historian Manfred Kropp was skeptical of the way this dynasty is often referred to as the "Solomonic" or "Solomonid" dynasty, which he believes was a creation of European Renaissance scholars. He noted that Ethiopian chronicles refer to the throne of the monarchy as the "Throne of David", not Solomon. Tafari's regnal list certainly makes no direct reference to this dynasty being called the "Solomonic" line, only that they were descended from the earlier ancient dynasties.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
269	Yekuno Amlak	75px	15 years	1253–1268	6753–6768	Tasfa Iyasus	Son of Edem Asagad. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1270–1285 (15 years). 'Yekuno Amlak' means "There shall be to him sovereignty". While many historians accept that Yekuno Amlak became ruler of Ethiopia after defeating the last Zagwe king at the Battle of Ansata, James Bruce related a different tradition where the monk Tekle Haymanot persuaded Na'akueto La'ab to abdicate in favour of Yekuno Amlak, who was reigning at Shewa, where a line of princes from Dil Na'od had continued to rule after the original Solomonic line was deposed by Gudit. Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 13 years, from 1255 to 1268.
270	Yasbeo Tseyon		9 years	1268–1277	6768–6777	Yagbe'u Seyon Salomon	Son of Yekuno Amlak. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1285–1294 (9 years). 'Yagbe'a Seyon' means "He [God] shall bring back Zion".
271	Tsenfa Arad		1 year	1277–1278	6777–6778	Senfa Ared	Son of Yagbe'u Seyon. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1294–1295 (1 year). E. A. Wallis Budge called this king Senfa 'Ar'ed IV, acknowledging the reigns of Akaptah Tsenfa Ared (no. 167), Atsgaba Seifa Arad (no. 195) and the unnumbered Tsinfa Arad from the Israelite dynasty on Tafari's list.
272	Hesba Asagad		1 year	1278–1279	6778–6779	Hezba Asgad	Son of Yagbe'u Seyon. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1295–1296 (1 year).
273	Kedme Asagad		1 year	1279–1280	6779–6780	Qedma Asgad	Son of Yagbe'u Seyon. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1296–1297 (1 year).
274	Jan Asagad		1 year	1280–1281	6780–6781	Jin Asgad	Son of Yagbe'u Seyon. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1297–1298 (1 year). Name means "venerable majesty".
275	Sabea Asagad		1 year	1281–1282	6781–6782	Saba Asgad	Son of Yagbe'u Seyon. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1298–1299 (1 year). E. A. Wallis Budge called this king Sab'a Asgad (II).
276	Wedma Arad		15 years	1282–1297	6782–6797	Wedem Arad	Son of Yekuno Amlak. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1299–1314 (15 years).
277	Amda Tseyon I	75px	30 years	1297–1327	6797–6827	Gebre Mesqel	Son of Wedem Arad. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1314–1344 (30 years). 'Amda Seyon' means "Pillar of Zion". Not numbered on Tafari's list.
278	Saifa Ared		28 years	1327–1355	6827–6855	Newaya Krestos	Son of Amda Seyon I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1344–1372 (28 years). 'Newaya Krestos' means "Vessel of Christ".
279	Wedma Asfare		10 years	1355–1365	6855–6865	Newaya Maryam Wedem Asfare Gemma Asfare	Son of Newaya Krestos. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1372–1382 (10 years).
280	Dawit		30 years	1365–1395	6865–6895	–	Son of Newaya Krestos. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1382–1413 (31 years). Third monarch named "Dawit" on this regnal list list, after Dawit II (no. 156) and Armah Dawit (no. 226).
281	Tewodoros		4 years	1395–1399	6895–6899	Walda Anbasa	Son of Dawit I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1413–1414 (9 months). First of two Ethiopian emperors named "Tewodros", however Tewodros II reigned after 1779, the year this regnal list ends.
282	Yeshak		15 years	1399–1414	6899–6914	Gabra Masqal	Son of Dawit I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1414–1429 (15 years).
283	Andreyas		6 months	1414	6914	–	Son of Yeshaq I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1429–1430 (1 year).
284	Hesba Nañ		4 years and 6 months	1414–1418	6914–6918	Takla Maryam	Son of Dawit I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1430–1433 (3 years). 'Takla Maryam' means 'Plant of Mary'.
285	Bedl Nan [sic]		6 months	1418–1419	6918–6919	Sarwe Iyasus Mehreka Nan	This king's name is likely an error, as his actual name was "Sarwe Iyasus". The name "Bedl Nan" is the throne name of the next monarch Amda Iyasus. Son of Takla Maryam. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1433 (4 or 8 months) "Sarwe Iyasus" means "Prop of Jesus". Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 1 year and 6 months, from 1418 to 1419.
286	Amde Tseyon [sic]		7 years	1419–1426	6919–6926	Amda Iyasus Badel Nan	This king's name is likely an error, as his actual name was "Amda Iyasus". Son of Takla Maryam. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1433–1434 (8 months).
287	Zara Yakob	75px	34 years	1426–1460	6926–6960	Kwestantinos	Son of Dawit I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1434–1468 (34 years).
288	Boeda Maryam		10 years	1460–1470	6960–6970	Cyriacus	Son of Zara Yaqob. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1468–1478 (10 years). "Baeda Maryam" means "he who is in the hand of Mary". First of three Ethiopian emperors named "Baeda Maryam", however the latter two reigned after 1779, the year in which this regnal list ends.
289	Iskender		16 years	1470–1486	6970–6986	Kwestantinos	Son of Baeda Maryam I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1478–1494 (16 years). Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 16 years and 5 months.
290	Amda Tseyon II		1 year	1486–1487	6986–6987	–	Son of Eskender. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1494 (6 months). Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 1 year and 6 months. Not numbered on Tafari's list.
291	Naod		13 years	1487–1500	6987–7000	–	Son of Baeda Maryam I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1494–1508 (14 years).
"Of the posterity of Yekuno Amlak up to the reign of Naod 23 sovereigns ruled over Ethiopia; in all 291 [sic] sovereigns."

Solomonic dynasty during the Ethiopian-Adal war (55 years)

See also: Ethiopian-Adal war

Note: The following emperors are historically verified. However, some of the reign dates listed below are not used by Ethiopian historians and are inaccurate. For the correct reign dates, see List of emperors of Ethiopia.

Text accompanying this section:

• "Elevation to the throne of Atse (Emperor) Lebna Dengel, and the invasion of Ethiopia by Gran"
• "Fifteen years after Atse (Emperor) Lebna Dengel came to the throne Gran devastated Ethiopia for fifteen years."

The following three kings are usually considered part of the Solomonic dynasty, but are separated by Tafari into a different group, likely because the conquest of three-quarters of Ethiopia by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi took place during this time.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
292	Lebna Dengel		32 years	1500–1532	7000–7032	Wanag Sagad Dawit	Son of Na'od. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1507–1540 (33 years). Tafari states that 15 years after Lebna Dengel ascended to the throne, "Gran devastated Ethiopia for fifteen years". Historians accept the Gregorian dates for the Ethiopian–Adal war as 1529–1543, beginning 22 years after the beginning of Lebna Dengel's reign rather than the 15-year figure used by Tafari. "Lebna Dengel" means "incense of the virgin". Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 30 years, from 1500 to 1530. This results in all kings until Sarsa Dengel having their reign dates pushed back by 2 years compared to Tafari's list.
293	Galawdewos	75px	19 years	1532–1551	7032–7051	Mar Gelawdewos Asnaf Sagad	Son of Lebna Dengel. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1540–1559 (19 years).
294	Minas	75px	4 years	1551–1555	7051–7055	Admas Sagad	Son of Lebna Dengel. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1559–1563 (4 years).
"Grand total: 294 [sic] sovereigns."

The House of Gondar (224 years)

Note: The following emperors are historically verified. However, some of the regnal dates listed below are not used by Ethiopian historians and are inaccurate. For the correct dates, see List of emperors of Ethiopia.

The Gondarian Line of the Solomonic dynasty is usually defined as beginning with the reign of Susenyos; however, Tafari includes the 3 prior kings to Susenyos as part of this line as well. This is likely because Sarsa Dengel moved the centre of the Ethiopian empire away from Shewa to the Begemder province, where Gondar is located.

The regnal list omitted Susenyos II who reigned briefly in 1770. Susenyos II was said to be an illegitimate son of Iyasu II, but his claims are dubious and this is the most likely reason for his omission.

No.	Name	Picture	Length of reign	Reign dates (Ethiopian Calendar)	"Year of the World"	Alternate names	Notes
295	Sartsa Dengel	75px	34 years	1555–1589	7055–7089	Malak Sagad	Son of Menas. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1563–1597 (34 years). "Sarsa Dengel" means "sprout of the virgin".
296	Yakob		9 years	1589–1598	7089–7098	Malak Sagad	Son of Sarsa Dengel. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1597–1603, 1604–1606 (8 years). Historians generally consider Yakob's reign as divided into 2 parts, interrupted by the brief reign of Za Dengel. However, Tafari places Za Dengel as a direct successor at the end of Yakob's uninterrupted 9-year reign. Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 7 years, from 1587 to 1594. This results in all kings until Susenyos I having their reign dates pushed back by 4 years compared to Tafari's list.
297	Za Dengel		1 year	1598–1599	7098–7099	Atsnaf Sagad	Nephew of Sarsa Dengel. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1603–1604 (1 year).
298	Susneyos	75px	28 years	1599–1627	7099–7127	Seltan Sagad Malak Sagad	Grandson of Lebna Dengel. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1606–1632 (26 years).
299	Fasil	75px	35 years	1627–1662	7127–7162	Basilide Alam Sagad	Son of Susenyos I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1632–1667 (35 years). Aleka Taye considered this king to be the "founder of Gondar". Taye also claims this king ruled for 36 years, from 1623 to 1659.
300	Degu-Johannis I	75px	15 years	1662–1677	7162–7177	Yohannes	Son of Fasilides. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1667–1682 (15 years). Aleka Taye called this king "Yohannes the Benevolent". Taye also claimed this king reigned from 1659 to 1674. Not numbered on Tafari's list.
301	Adyam Sagad Iyasu I	75px	25 years	1677–1702	7177–7202	Adyam Sagad	Son of Yohannes I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1682–1706 (25 years). Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 24 years, from 1674 to 1698. This results in the next two kings having their reign dates pushed back by 4 years compared to Tafari's list. Not numbered on Tafari's list.
302	Takla Haymanot I		2 years	1702–1704	7202–7204	Le'al Sagad	Son of Iyasu I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1706–1708 (2 years). Not numbered on Tafari's list.
303	Tewoflus		3 years	1704–1707	7204–7207	Walda Anbasa	Son of Fasilides. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1708–1711 (3 years).
304	Yostos		4 years	1707–1711	7207–7211	Tsehay Sagad	Great-grandson of Yohannes I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1711–1716 (5 years). Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 5 years, from 1703 to 1708. This results in the next two kings having their reign dates pushed back by 3 years compared to Tafari's list.
305	Dawit		5 years	1711–1716	7211–7216	Adbar Sagad	Son of Iyasu I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1716–1721 (5 years). Fourth king of this name to appear on this regnal list.
306	Bakaffa	75px	9 years	1716–1725	7216–7225	Asma Giyorgis Masih Sagad	Son of Iyasu I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1721–1730 (9 years).
307	Birhan Sagad Iyasu II	75px	24 years	1725–1749	7225–7249	Iyasu Alem Sagad	Son of Bakaffa. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1730–1755 (25 years). Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 25 years, from 1722 to 1747. This results in all kings until Tekle Giyorgis I having their reign dates pushed back by 2 years compared to Tafari's list. Not numbered on Tafari's list.
308	Iyoas	75px	15 years	1749–1764	7249–7264	Adyam Sagad	Son of Iyasu II. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1755–1769 (14 years).
309	Johannis II		5 months and 5 days	1764	7264	–	Son of Iyasu I. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1769 (5 months). Not numbered on Tafari's list.
310	Takla Haymanot II		8 years	1764–1772	7264–7272	Admas Sagad	Son of Yohannes II. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1769–1770, 1770–1777 (8 years). Aleka Taye claimed this king ruled for 7 years and 7 months. Not numbered on Tafari's list.
311	Solomon		2 years	1772–1774	7272–7274	–	Grandson of Iyasu II. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1777–1779 (2 years).
312	Takla Giyorgis		5 years	1774–1779	7274–7279	Feqr Sagad	Son of Yohannes II. Gregorian dates generally accepted by historians: 1779–1784 (first reign) (5 years).
"Of the posterity of Sartsa Dengel up to the reign of King Takla Giyorgis 18 sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia. From Ori to Takla Giyorgis the total is 312 [sic] sovereigns."

Subsequent monarchs

File:Zauditu of Ethiopia-empress-onasofa.jpg

Empress Zauditu, the incumbent Ethiopian monarch at the time the regnal list was written, pictured in 1921.

See also: List of emperors of Ethiopia

Tafari's regnal list concludes with the end of the first reign of Takla Giyorgis, after which the Emperors of Ethiopia had significantly diminished power compared to before. By the time Tekle Giyorgis I begun his reign, Ethiopia had already entered the "Zemene Mesafint" or Era of the Princes, during which the emperor was merely a figurehead. Tekle Giyorgis I himself received the nickname Fiṣame Mengist ("the end of the government"), reflecting his status as the last emperor to exercise authority on his own.

Charles F. Rey provided a list of monarchs that reigned after Takla Giyorgis I, with dates following the Gregorian calendar. Rey noted that from around 1730 to 1855, the kings of Ethiopia had no real power. The power was held by influential Rases, such Ras Mikael Suhul of Tigre (1730–1780), Ras Guksa of Amhara (1790–1819), his son Ras Maryre and grandson Ras Ali.

Rey's list includes the majority of emperors from Iyasu III to the then-incumbent empress Zewditu and prince-regent and heir Tafari Makanannon (the future Haile Selassie). Rey's list however ignored the reigns of Salomon III and Tekle Giyorgis II, as well as the repeated reigns of Tekle Giyorgis I, Demetros and Yohannes III after their first reign. Rey also names Tekle Haymanot of Gondar as emperor of Ethiopia from 1788 to 1789, although he usually not accepted as a legitimate monarch of Ethiopia.

Sources of information from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie

The following collapsible tables compare the list of kings found in Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie (Volumes 1 and 2) with the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list.

In the first volume, after the so-called "Blemmyes dynasty", Morié continued naming kings of Nubia, grouped together as the "Nobate dynasty" (548–c. 1145), the "kings of Dongola" (c. 1145–1820) and the "kings of Sennar". However, Tafari's regnal list ignores Nubian and Sudanese kings after the fall of the Kingdom of Kush.

Comparison between Louis J. Morié's Nubian regnal list and the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list

Louis J. Morié			1922 regnal list			Additional information
Name/Dynasty	Reign dates and length	Ref.	Name	Reign length	Numbered Position
Pre-Flood Kings of Africa — 8544–6282 BC			Tribe of Ori or Aram — 4530–3244 BC			The name used for the first ruler on the 1922 regnal list, "Ori", stems from Morié's claim that this dynasty was called the "Aurites", and that Aram had inspired the name of his country, "Aurie" or "Aeria".
Aram	c. 8300–8200 BC (100 years)		Ori or Aram	60 years	1	The so-called "Soleyman" dynasty from Coptic and Arabic folklore that ruled over Egypt in the Antediluvian era. The order is the same as recorded on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. The majority of the names also match, though some were altered for the Ethiopian regnal list.
Gariak I	c. 8200 BC		Gariak I	66 years	2
Gankam	–		Gannkam	83 years	3
Borsa (Queen)	–		Borsa (Queen)	67 years	4
Gariak II	–		Gariak II	60 years	5
Djan I	–		Djan I	80 years	6
Djan II	–		Djan II	60 years	7
Zeyn al-Zaman	–		Zeenabzamin	58 years	9
Sehelan	–		Sahlan	60 years	10
El-Rian I	–		Elaryan	80 years	11
Nimroud	–		Nimroud	60 years	12
Daloukah (Queen)	–		Eylouka (Queen)	45 years	13
Sahloug	c. 6700–6672 BC (28 years)		Saloug	30 years	14
Scharid I	c. 6672–6600 BC (72 years)		Khaird	72 years	15
Houjib	c. 6600–6500 BC (100 years)		Hogeb	100 years	16
Makaos	c. 6500–6400 BC (100 years)		Makaws	70 years	17
Aphar	c. 6400–6350 BC (50 years)		Affar	50 years	19
Malinos	c. 6350–6282 BC (68 years)		Milanos	62 years	20
Soleyman Tchaghi	c. 6282 BC		Soliman Tehagui	73 years	21
The God-Kings or Divine Dynasty — 5880–c. 5500 BC			Tribe of Kam — 2713–1985 BC Ag'azyan Dynasy —1985–982 BC			–
Kham	5880–5802 BC (78 years)		Kam	78 years	22	–
Kousch	5802 BC–?		Kout	50 years	23	–
As-oun			–	–	–	–
Mazig			–	–	–	–
Hathor (Queen)			–	–	–	–
Scheba I	c. 5600 BC		Saba I	30 years	31	Seba, son of Cush.
Sabta			Sebtah	30 years	25	–
Raema			–	–	–	–
Sabtekha			Sabe I	30 years	40	–
Habesch			Habassi	40 years	24	Morié stated that "Habesch" who was the father of the Abyssinians. He later claimed that Habesch was a son of Cush who ruled in Axum while the other sons of Cush ruled different regions.
Rehoum			–	–	–	–
Naphtoukh			–	–	–	–
Loud			–	–	–	–
Tetoun			–	–	–	–
Ankh (Queen)			–	–	–	–
Selk (Queen)			–	–	–	–
Aubal			–	–	–	–
–	–	–	Nehasset Nais	30 years	29	Morié mentioned a story of a Nubian courtesan named "Nahaset Nais" ("Nahaset the black") who drowned all her lovers in the Red Sea until she suffered the same fate at the hands of the Egyptian king "Hor-ka-am" (Horus), who is placed directly after Nehasset Nais on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. "Horkam" is an alternate name for the Egyptian god Horus used by Morié. He is identified by Morié with Raamah, a son of Cush. Morié also claims that Horkam/Raamah ruled over a coastal region of Ethiopia.
–	–	–	Horkam	29 years	30
Scheba II	c. 5550 BC		–	–	–	–
Iehouda			–	–	–	–
Malouli			–	–	–	–
The Meroites — c. 5500–c. 1800 BC			–	–	–	–
Mentou-Rai	c. 5500–5450 BC (50 years)		Manturay	35 years	38	Morié equated the Iranian god Mithra or Mithras with the Egyptian god Mentu (or "Mentou-Ra"). Morié described "Mentou-Rai" and "Ra-khou" as the "Ethiopian Menes and son" and the first legislators of Aethiopia, as well as regulating solar worship. Morié identified "Re-khou" with Phlegyas.
Ra-khou	c. 5450 BC		Rakhu	30 years	39
Sebi I	Between 4360 and 4100 BC		Sabe I	30 years	40	–
–	–	–	Sousel Atozanis	20 years	42	Morié used the name "Attozanes" as one of a number of alternate names for the Kushite king Aktisanes.
First conquest of Egypt during the Eighth dynasty — Between 3491 and 3358 BC			–	–	–	–
Second conquest of Egypt during the Thirteenth dynasty — 2398 BC			–	–	–	–
Snouka I Menken	2398–2385 BC (in Egypt) (13 years)		Senuka I	17 years	56	Morié gave the name "Snouka I Menken" to the Kushite king Aktisanes and stated that he dethroned the last king of the Thirteenth dynasty and founded the Fourteenth dynasty. "Snouka I Menken" ruled Egypt for 13 years before being deposed and expelled by the second king of the Fourteenth dynasty, called "Hakori III" or "Akhoréos". This statement was inspired by a narrative told by Diodorus.
Her-Hathor I	c. 2150 BC		Her Hator I	20 years	54	Morié identified this king with the ancient Greek mythical figure Erythras for unclear reasons; he believed that this king was a contemporary of Esau. Even though Morié called this particular king "Her Hator I", the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list reserves this regnal number and name for the king Morié called "At-Hor". Aleka Taye called Her Hator II "Herhator Ertas" on his regnal list, based on Morié's original narrative.
Ba-en-Khons	2072–2059 BC (13 years)		–	–	–	–
–	–	–	Ramenpahte	20 years	44	Morié claimed that this was the name of an Ethiopian nobleman who was supposed to marry "Béroua" (or Meroe), a daughter of "Ba-en-Khons"/Cambyses, but she was taken by the king to be his own wife.
Poeri I	Between 3817 and 1800 BC		Piori I	15 years	46	Morié stated this king reigned during a time when Rama (a Hindu god that Morié claimed was originally Maharaja of Magadha and Ayodhya) was able to conquer the whole of India, Ceylon and Arabia before arriving in Egypt and fought against the Pharaoh, who was killed in the fighting. The Pharaoh's successor then became a tributary to Rama and the king of Ethiopia, "Poeri", followed his example without engaging in battle with Rama. The empire of Rama did not survive its founder.
The Invasion of Rama — The Hyksos — c. 1914–c. 1700 BC			Ag'azyan Dynasty —1985–982 BC			The Hyksos or "Pasteurs" dynasty reigned after Aethiopia's conquest by Rama.
Akhnas	c. 1914–1885 BC (29 years)		Akbunas Saba II	55 years	47	Morié named Sheba, son of Raamah, as "Sheba II" and specifically notes that he ruled a part of Ethiopia. Morié also claimed that Sheba II built the city of "Sheba" in Ethiopia, named after himself, and also built "Hasabo" (the "City of the South") which later became Meroe. This narrative is partially based on Josephus's text Antiquities of the Jews, in which he described Sheba as a walled city in Aethiopia that was renamed Meroe by Cambyses II. "Ankhnas" was a supposedly "little-known" ruler of Aethiopia named by Morié who believed the name to be translated into Greek as Oceanus.
Nekhti I	c. 1885–1830 BC (55 years)		Nakehte Kalnis	40 years	48	Morié identified "Nekhti I" as the husband of Amalthea, though does not give an explanation why.
–	–	–	Kasiyope	19 years	49	Cassiopeia or "Kassiopée" is named by Morié as a monarch of Ethiopia and is, for unclear reasons, identified with the priest Khonsuemheb from the ancient Egyptian ghost story "Khonsuemheb and the Ghost". Morié uses the name "Kassiopée I" to refer to an otherwise unnamed queen of Ethiopia who plotted with Set the assassination of Osiris according to one version of the Osiris myth as recounted by Plutarch. Morié used this name a second time to refer to the wife of "Sebi III", whom he identifies with Cepheus. The second "Kassiopée" is also known as "Kassiépée" or "Anna-Melekît", allegedly a daughter of "Cynthia". Morié identified the "Kassiopée II" with the Syrian and Mesopotamian goddess Anammelech. "Kassiopée II" is the famous Cassiopeia of Greek mythology while "Kassiopée I" is a queen regnant who appears on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list as the 49th ruler.
Sebi II	c. 1830–1815 BC (15 years)		Sabe II	15 years	50	Husband of "Kassiopée the Elder". Morié claimed that some people believed this king was deified as the Semitic god Adrammelech. Aleka Taye called this king "Sabe II Ayibe" on his regnal list, inspired by the name "Adrammelech" being associated with Sabe II in Morié's narrative.
Nekhti II	c. 1815–1760 BC (55 years)		–	–	–	–
Atew I	c. 1760–1700 BC (60 years)		Etiyopus I	56 years	51	Morié named this king as a son of the Roman god Vulcan, following the narrative written by Pliny the Elder.
The Meroites — c. 1700–c. 1650 BC			–	–	–	–
Nower-Ari	c. 1700–1670 BC (30 years)		Lakndun Nowarari	30 years	52	Morié claimed this king was the father of Ahmose-Nefertari, wife of the Egyptian pharaoh Ahmose I. Morié additionally claimed that "Nower-Ari"'s wife was called "Ahhotep", similar to Ahmose's mother Ahhotep I, though Morié clarified that she should not be confused with Ahmose's mother. However, Ahmose-Nefertari's father was in fact the Egyptian pharaoh Seqenenre Tao.
Thout-em-heb	c. 1670–1650 BC (20 years)		Tutimheb	20 years	53	Morié claimed this king was defeated by Moses, who was the head of the army of pharaoh Amenemhat I.
The Jethrides — c. 1650–c. 1515 BC			–	–	–	Morié claimed that pharaoh Amenhotep I replaced "Thout-em-heb" with one of his astrologers named "At-Hor" (identified with Jethro, father of Zipporah and father-in-law of Moses), son of "Ra-oëri" (or "Raguel"). King "At-Hor" was succeeded by his son "Kheb-ab" (Hobab). Morié named Hephaestus as father of "Aethiops". This piece of information was combined with a later section on king "At-Hor" to provide the placement of king "Her Hator I" on the 1922 regnal list as the predecessor of "Etiyopus II". Aleka Taye called this king "Yotor" on his version of the regnal list, based on the name "At-Hor". "Atew II"'s daughter married "Danaos", nomarch of Tanis, possibly the same person as the mythical figure Danaus.
At-Hor	c. 1650–1625 BC (25 years)		Her Hator II	20 years	54
Kheb-ab	c. 1625–1572 BC (53 years)		–	–	–
Atew II	c. 1572–1570 BC (2 years)		Etiyopus II	30 years	55
Nekhti III	c. 1570–1515 BC (55 years)		–	–	–
Third conquest of Egypt during the Eighteenth dynasty — 1512 BC and 1477 BC			–	–	–
The Meroites — c. 1515–c. 1365 BC			–	–	–
Snouka II Menken	c. 1515–1499 BC (in Aethiopia) (16 years) 1512–1499 BC (in Egypt) (13 years)		Senuka I	17 years	56	According to Morié's narrative, "Snouka II Menken" was the High Priest of Amun and had support from the Egyptian people, who were revolting against Akhenaten and the Atenist religion at the time. "Snouka II Menken" was able to defeat Akhenaten in 1512 BC and became ruler of Egypt until his death, afterwards allowing Egyptians to choose a native Egyptian as the next king. Modern Egyptology however dates Akhenaten's reign to much later, c. 1351–1334 BC, unlike Morié's dating. Aleka Taye's version of the Ethiopian regnal list calls the 56th king "Senuka Menkon" after Morié.
Bennou I	1499–1491 BC (8 years)		Bonu I	8 years	57	Morié identified the Egyptian god Bennu (or "the Phoenix, Bennou") as a king of Ethiopia (i.e. Nubia). This is because of his belief that the name of the ancient Egyptian city Hebenu meant "home of the phoenix".
Moumeses (Queen)	1491–1487 BC (4 years)		Mumazes (Queen)	4 years	58	Morié stated that "Bennou I" was succeeded by his daughter "Moumésès (Moso)", who was said to ride a chariot dragged by bulls. Her name supposedly meant "Child of water, of the Nile". This name was inspired an alternate name used by Morié for Moses, "Moumësès (Moïse)". Morié claimed that, according to ancient Greek scholar Alexander Polyhistor, "Moso" had apprently been a female legislator to the Jews. Morié believed that there had been some confusion with accounts claiming that "Moso" was a legislator of the Jews, and other accounts claiming that Moses was a legislator for the Aethiopians. He believed that it was more likely that "Moso" referred to woman ruling over Aethiopia.
Aruas	1487 BC (7 months)		Aruas (Queen)	7 months	59	Morié stated that queen "Moumésès (Moso)" was succeeded by her son "Arouas". His name supposedly means "Precious Existence" and has sometimes been confused with Aaron, elder brother of Moses. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list replicated the name, order of succession and reign length, but changed the gender of "Arouas"/Aruas to female. Aleka Taye's version of the regnal list does not specify the gender of this ruler.
Amen-as-ro I	1487–c. 1470 BC (17 years)		Amen Asro I	30 years	60	This king supposedly briefly ruled Egypt as well for 2 years (1477–1475) before being driven out of Egypt by "Nowertai", a brother of pharaoh Ay.
Poeri II	Between 1460 and 1400 BC		Piori II	15 years	62	Morié mentioned a painting of pharaoh Seti I seated in a chapel while his son prince Ramesses brings with him the Aethiopian prince "Amen-em-hat", son of king "Poeri". These figures are the Viceroys of Kush named Paser I and Amenemopet, who were father and son and served as Viceroys during the reigns of the pharaohs from Ay to Seti I. Morié believed that "Amen-em-hat I" attempted a revolt against Ramesses II.
Amen-em-hat I	c. 1375–1370 BC (5 years)		Amen Emhat I	40 years	63
–	–	–	Protawos	33 years	67	Morié mentions Proteus as a king of Egypt from Greek mythology.
Khonsi	c. 1370–1365 BC (5 years)		Konsi Hendawi	5 years	69	According to Morié, this king was born in India and arrived in Aethiopia with a Hindu colony. Morié earlier claimed that in c. 1370 BC, a Hindu colony settled in Aethiopia, and this was the reason why some ancient Greek writers mentioned Aethiopians of Indian origin. Morié described "Khonsi" as a "hero remarkable for his beauty and size". He also stated that "Khonsi" was the son of an incestuous union, "committed unwittingly", between king "Ganges", previously called "Khliaros", and his mother, the goddess Ganga. Additionally, "Khonsi" was apparently the brother of "Limnate" and "Princess Limniaké", the latter being the mother of "Atys the Indian" who was killed the wedding of Perseus, the legendary founder of Mycenae. Morié claimed that "Khonsi" had come to Aethiopia and ruled there after going into exile following the death of his father by suicide. Despite having a "glorious reign" in which he founded "60 cities" and "drained swamps", he was nonetheless put to death by his subjects. The name "Khonsi" is similar to the name of the Egyptian god Khonsu and "Gangès" is a clear reference to the Ganges river.
The Bennides — 1365–1314 BC			–	–	–	–
Bennou II	c. 1365–1363 BC (2 years)		Bonu II	2 years	70	According to Morié, "Bennou II" was married to several women, including: Alphesiboea, mother of Adonis. Achiroe, mother of Cepheus (the next king on the 1922 regnal list). This woman is confusingly named twice, first as "Kléobula" and second as "Ankhinoé" and in both cases she is named as the mother of Cepheus and Phineas. Neaera, mother of Lycurgus of Arcadia. Auge, daughter of Aleus, king of Arcadia. Perimede, daughter of Oeneus (king of Calydon) and mother of Europa and Astypalaea. Additionally, he fathered children whose mothers are not known: Labdacus, king of Thebes in Greece. Piras, king of Argos (although his mother is known to be Evadne). Phoenice, a Phoenician princess (although her mother is known to be Telephassa). She was the mother of Proteus with Poseidon/Neptune. Morié equates Neptune with pharaoh Merneptah and Proteus with Seti II, perhaps because different Proteus of Egypt is known in Greek writings. Cilix (although his mother is known to be Cassiopeia). In total, he had 13 children. These marriages show that "Bennou II" is to be equated with several male mythological figures: Phoenix, son of Agenor. Belus, an Egyptian king from Greek mythology. Aleus, a king of Arcadia. Polydorus, king of Thebes. Argus, king of Argos. Such identifications result in much confusion around "Bennou II". In particular, it is odd that Morié should claim this king was both Aleus and married to a daughter of Aleus, even though there is no tradition telling of an incestous marriage between them. Morié claimed that "Bennou II"/"Phoenix" had settled in Aethiopia due to his sister Europa being kidnapped by the Cretans and Agenor forbidding his sons to return until she was found. "Bennou II"/"Phoenix" was unpopular because he was considered a usurper and abdicated in favour of his son Cepheus after two years of rule. He later returned to Sidon to become its second "Egyptian king" after the death of Agenor according to Morié. Additionally, Morié stated that "Sebi (Képhéos)" succeeded him at Meroe as king of Aethiopia, while another son "Bennou (Phinée)" was a nomarch of a province and was heir to the throne until Persius sowed disunity between them.
Sebi III	1363–1348 BC (15 years)		Sebi III (Kefe)	15 years	71	"Sebi III" was the son of the previous king "Bennou II" and Morié claimed that Cepheus/"Sebi III" was deified as the ancient Sicilican god Adranus. "Sebi III" was married to two women: Cassiopeia or "Kassiopée" – also known as "Anna-Melekît" and a daughter of "Cynthia". She was one of the most beautiful women of her time. She had a daughter named Andromeda, otherwise known as "Lykomède" or "Deltoton". "Ioppé" – daughter of Aeolus and inspiration behind the name of Jaffa. The traditional narrative of Cassiopeia in partially recounted by Morié in association with the wife of "Sebi III", though with some slight differences. He claims that a kind of beauty contest took place in Greece in which Cassiopeia (or possibly Andromeda) found no success due to her "tanned complexion" and this led to an open war. Cassiopeia insulted the queen of Crete and this led to the Greeks invading Aethiopia. In the ninth year of "Képhée"'s reign, a Greek fleet led by "Kétos" or "Karkharias" attacked the coast of Aethiopia and seized the port of Jaffa, where Cepheus was residing, and forced the king to give his daughter Andromeda in marriage to him. The oracle of Amun advised to king to grant this request and Cepheus/"Képhée" agreed to this on the condition that the Greeks do not stop trade with Aethiopia. Andromeda was unhappy with this arrangement but was nonetheless taken to the ship of "Kétos". She was rescued by Perseus, who killed "Kétos" and returned her to her father. Perseus married Andromeda after killing "Bennou (Phinée)", a brother of "Sebi III", who the king had once promised his daughter's hand in marriage. One of the children of Perseus and Andromeda was "Képhène", named after "Képhée", who was the father of the Aethiopian king "Erythras III". "Sebi III" was a powerful king who possessed Syene (modern-day Aswan in Egypt), and had the Nasamones of Libya and the Aethiopians of Gedrosia as his tributes. "Sebi III" had 20 sons and 2 daughters. The sons include "Anhour-em-hat" (Andromada) and "Pehrer" or "Pehres", while the rest are little known. One of the daughters was named "Hathor-em-hat" (Andromeda).
Se-Khons	1348–1327 BC (21 years)		Djagons	20 years	72	Aleka Taye's version of the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list calls the 72nd king "Jagonis Sekones". Morié claimed that it was during the reign of this king that Bacchus ravaged Aethiopia and "probably" killed the king. During the reign of "Se-Khons", an Egyptian prince named "Meneptah" (son of Sesostris) fled to Aethiopia and never left the country afterwards.
Fourth conquest of Egypt during the Nineteenth dynasty — 1327 BC			–	–	–	–
Snouka III Menkon	1327–1314 BC (in Aethiopia) (13 years) 1327–1324 BC (in Egypt) (3 years)		Senuka II	10 years	73	According to Morié, king "Snouka III-Menken" was secretly summoned by Egyptian nobles to declar war on pharaoh Amenmesse, who ruled Egypt with great cruelty. "Snouka III-Menken" defeated Amenmesse and ruled over Egypt for 3 years, during which time he ruled both Egypt and Aethiopia with kindness, equity and righteousness. He had the noses of thieves cut off before the thieves themselves were sent to Rhinocorura, located on the Egypt-Syria border (This story is inspired by that of Actisanes, who, according to Diodorus Siculus, founded Rhinocorura and conquered Egypt in the reign of pharaoh "Amasis"). "Snouka III-Menken" was eventually driven out of Egypt in 1324 BC by "Meneptah II", who was devoted to his minister named "Bai" (this likely refers to Siptah and Chancellor Bay). "Snouka III-Menken" held a son of "Meneptah I", named "Seti", as prisoner in Aethiopia and sent him to Egypt to cause embarrassment to the pharaoh, but an unexpected compromise was reached and "Meneptah II" acknowledged "Seti" as his eventual successor Seti II. Morié's interpretation of events is completely at odds with modern-day Egyptology, which places Seti II before Siptah and acknowledges Siptah as a son of either Seti II, Amenmesse or Merneptah.
–	–	–	Helena	11 years	76	The name "Hemera" is an alternate name Morié used for Eos, wife of Tithonus. Hemera is more commonly known as a personification of day in Greek mythology but is sometimes identified with Eos.
The Perseides (Meroites) — 1314–1280 BC			–	–	–	–
Her Hathor II	1314–1285 BC (29 years)		Her Hator II	30 years	78	According to Morié, "Her Hator II (Erythras)" was a later king who succeeded "Snouka III-Menken". "Her Hator II" (meaning "The Supreme Hathor") was a grandson of "Sebi III"/Cepheus through his daughter Andromeda and Perseus. Little is known of this king's reign and he drowned in Erythraean Sea, which gets its name from king "Her Hator II (Erythras)". This name also influenced the naming of Eritrea. He also named the continent of Africa "Kephenia" in honour of his grandfather. "Her Hator II" had no children.
Her Hathor III	1285–1284 BC (1 year)		Her Hator III	1 year	79	According to Louis J. Morié, "Her Hator II" was succeeded by his nephew "Her Hator III (Erythras)", who was the son of Persus, son of Andromeda and Perseus, and king of the Persians. Morié stated that little is known about this king and me may have drowned in the Erythraean Sea rather than his predecessor.
Nekhti IV	1284–1280 BC (4 years)		Akate IV (Za Sagado)	20 years	80	According to Morié, this king arrived in Aethiopia as head of a Greek or Egyptian colony. Morié identified this king with several mythical figures: Epopeus – King of Lesbos, who committed incest with his daughter Nyctimene Apis – A name of several mythical figures, but sometimes called a king of Egypt and equated with Epaphus Cinyras – King of Cyprus Cronus – Member of the Titans Thoas – Name of several mythical figures Theias – King of Assyria and father of Adonis Asopus – a name used for the gods of the Asopus rivers Morié is unsure who the parents of "Nekhti IV" are, naming Neptune, "Kelene", Belus, Hyrieus, Bacchus, Apollo and Sandocus as potential candidates. Morié did however name Lycus and Orion as "Nekhti IV"'s brothers. This suggests that Hyrieus is the most likely father of "Nekhti IV", as he had a son named Lycus. In turn, this would suggest that "Nekhti IV" is meant to be identified with Nycteus, who was the brother of Lycus of Thebes and sometimes named as a son of Hyrieus. "Nekti IV" has several wives: Iphigenia – Princess of Mycenae and daughter of king Agamemnon. Morié gave her the alternate name "Metharme" and claimed she was the daughter of "Pygmalion", king of Cyprus. He also claimed she had sons with "Nekhti IV" named "Adonis" and "Oxyponos", as well as 50 daughters including Ida and Myrrha. "Kallikopis" – Daughter of "Otreos", king of Phrygia. "Amalthea" (also known as "Amentakehat", "Kenkhris", "Kenkhreis", "Arithya", "Adamantea" or "Polyxo") – Daughter of "Melissos", king of Crete (possibly referring to Melisseus). Morié claimed she was the mother of 2 daughters, "Entew" (Antiope) and "Nekht-Amen" (Nyctimene). According to Morié, "Nekti IV" had many children including: Myrrha (also equated with Nyctimene) – In Greek mythology, she was said to have had an incestuous with her father Cinyras, resulting in a son named Adonis. Morié repeats this story, suggesting that "Nekti IV" had a child with his daughter, as Cinyras did. Morié additionally claimed that Myrrha married her uncle "Ameni" or "Ammon". Antiope – In some sources on Greek mythology, she was a daughter of Nycteus, wife of Epopeus and mother of Amphion and Zethus. "Atomi" (or "Adonis I") – Apparently different from the more famous Adonis. "Adonis I" was married to "Isis" (i.e. Aphrodite) and was the father of Golgos, Beroe and "Anemone". Oxyporos (or "Oxypnos" or "Oxyponos") – Son of Cinyras in Greek mythology. "Paphos" – Possibly Paphos, although he was actually the son of Pygmalion. "Marathon" – Possibly Metharme, who was actually a daughter of Pygmalion. Braesia – Daughter of Cinyras in Greek mythology. Laogora – Daughter of Cinyras in Greek mythology. Laodice – Daughter of Cinyras and wife of Elatus. Nycteïs – Daughter of Nycteus and Polyxo, wife of Polydorus, king of Thebes, and mother of Labdacus. "Ida" – Wife of Tithonus (possibly referring to Eos). Orsedice – Daughter of Cinyras in Greek mythology. Alcyone – Daughter of Aeolus in Greek mythology. Hera – Daughter of Cronus in Greek mythology. Hyrmine – Daughter of Neleus or Nycteus in Greek mythology. "Entew"/Antiope – Name of various Hellenistic mythological figures. "Nekht-Amen"/Nyctimene – Daughter of Epopeus, king of Lesbos, in Greek mythology. The story of her impregnation by her father is repeated by Morié in relation to "Nekhti IV". Morié also equates Nyctimene with Myrrha, mother of Adonis, who also had a child by her father. According to Morié, "Nekhti IV"'s daughter Antiope fled to the court of king Apis of Argos, who was charmed by her beauty and married her. Apis refused to return Antiope to "Nekhti IV", who then declared war on him. "Nekhti IV" later died of wound he received during a battle. Before his death, "Nekthi IV" asked his brother Lycus to avenge him, and Lycus later killed Apis, which brought an end to the war.
The Tithonides (Meroites) — 1280–c. 1230 BC			–	–	–	–
Tetouni	1280–1270 BC (10 years)		Titon Satiyo	10 years	81	According to Morié's narrative, "Tithon" was a foreign prince and was the son of Laomedon of Troy and "Strymo" or "Strymno" (daughter of Scamander), and was a brother of Priam. According to Morié, "Tithon" was a "well built and great warrior" who left Mysia and became a Satrap of Susiana. "Tithon" later seized the country by arms and founded or "embellished" the city of Susa (This narrative was inspired by Herodotus's statement that Susa was "the city of Memnon".). "Tithon" attempted a conquest of Aethiopia but was taken prisoner by "Nekhti IV". However, he was later freed after a daughter of the king named "Ait" or "Ida" wished to marry him due to his handsome appearance. "Ait"/"Ida" was the daughter of "Nekhti IV" and "Hapi-aa-kenen" (Iphigenia) according to Morié. "Tithon" and "Ait" had four sons: "Amenemhat-Meiamun" (Memnon) – was "associated" with his father (i.e. co-regent) and was the oldest legitimate son. "Her-Mentou"/"Hermathion I" – 4th son of "Tithonus"; Left Aethiopia and reigned over Emathia in Greece, which later became the Kingdom of Macedon. "Khons-Ab" ("Kousch-Avil") "Hor-em-heb" ("Eliops") – 5th son of "Tithonus"; Inspired the name of the Greek island Euboea. "Tithon" also had another son with a concubine: "Hermathion II" (Emathion) After "Nekhti IV"'s death, "Tithon" ascended the throne of Aethiopia and later took advantage of the troubles the emerged at the end of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt with the usurption of "Arisou" (possibly Amenmesse?) and conquered a part of Upper Egypt. "Tithon" gave his son Memnon the title of "Royal son of Abydos", similar to the way that "Prince of Kush" was given to sons of Egyptian pharaohs in the past. "Tithon" reigned during the time of the Trojan war, as recorded in Greek mythology, and sent 10,000 men and 200 war chariots under the command of his son Memnon, who killed many Greeks, including Antilochus. However, Memnon himself was killed after the Aethiopians were ambushed by the Thessalians. Memnon's body was burned and his bones were carried back to his father. According to Morié, Memnon had several children: "Paphlagonios" – son of "Hema", who lived in Asia Minor and gave her name to a stream flowed at the foot of Mount Ida and Paphlagonia in Turkey. 9 daughters by "Thespia" or "Asope", daughter of "Asopos", who inspired the name of the Asopus river. However, despite stating all of the above, Morié claims there were several "Memnons" and insisted that the "Memnon" who fought in the Trojan war was actually "Mhamnoun", the son of "Touklat-Adar I" (king of Assyria) and "Eos". According to Morié, "Tithonus" reached an advanced age and was overwhelmed by infirmiries. Because of this, he took his own life.
Her-Mentou	1270 BC		Hermantu I	5 months	82	According to Morié's narrative, an illegitimate son of "Tithonus" usurped the throne after his death. "Her-Mentou"/"Hermathion" or "Se-Khons"/"Gigon II" was deceitful and cruel and was later killed by Hercules.
Amenemhat II	1270–1265 BC (5 years)		Amen Emhat II	5 years	83	Louis J. Morié claimed that Memnon from Greek mythology was an Aethiopian king named "Amenemhat". In Morié's narrative, this king succeeded his half-brother "Her-Mentou"/Emathion. "Amenemhat II-Meiamoun" was born and died in Meroe and never went to Troy according to Morié (apparently this "Memnon" is different from the more famous Memnon). However, "Amenemhat II" did fight in a war abroad and was greatly missed by his people. He was initially buried in Meroe but his body was later transferred to Abydos in Egypt. The sites in Abydos called "Memnonia" by Strabo were supposedly named after "Amenemhat II-Meiamoun". The king also was the inventor of the Meroitic script according to Morié, though in reality the earliest surviving examples of it date to the 2nd century BC.
Khons-Ab I	1265–1260 BC (5 years)		Konsab	5 years	84	In Morié's narrative, "Tithonus"'s son "Khons-Ab I" (or "Kousch-Avil-Dendan") ruled Aethiopia for 5 years, from 1265 to 1260 BC. Morié claimed that a civil war erupted in Aethiopia after the death of Memnon due to two rival claimants fighting over the throne. According to Morié, the name "Koush-Avil-Dendan" was supposedly recorded by the Assyrians (possibly referring to an Assyrian king) and meant "son of Dendan", referring to "Doudani" (or Tithonus). During the reign of "Khons-Ab I" (or possibly "Khons-Ab II"), Aethiopia experienced a rise in power following a victorious war against Iran. Morié believed that "Thraetaouna" (or Fereydun) invaded lands owned by "Khons-Ab I" and was defeated. Morié theorised that this was not recorded in Persian records because they did not wish to acknowledge their defeats. "Khons-Ab I" himself was defeated by "Khons-Ab II" in 1260 BC and subsequently fled and disappeared, or possibly died in battle. His followers fled to Troy and Cyzicus.
Khons-Ab II	1260–c. 1255 BC (5 years)		Sannib	5 years	85	"Khons-Ab I" was directly followed by "Khons-Ab II" in Morié's narrative. This second "Khons-Ab" was not recorded in the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list but was recorded in other versions written by Heruy Wolde Selassie and Aleka Taye, suggesting that the name "Sannib" was an error on Tafari's version. According to Louis J. Morié, "Khons-Ab II" was a brother of "Azi-Dahak X" (or "Akhemenes III") and son of "Bakkhemon", who was a son of Perseus. "Khons-Ab II" desired to reclaim the throne of Aethiopia that had once belonged to descendants of Perseus. After several years of civil war, "Khons-Ab II" won and became king in 1260 BC, restoring the throne to the "Perseide" dynasty. Morié claimed this king was a contemporary of Ramesses III (who actually reigned later, around 1186 to 1155 BC). According to Morié's narrative, Ramesses III was able to expand the Egyptian empire as far as south as the Tigray Region in modern-day Ethiopia, though there is no archaeological proof that this happened. The decline of Egyptian power after the reign of Ramesses III meant that Meroe and the Kingdom of Kush would no longer recognize the suzerainty of Egypt.
Snouka IV Menkon	c. 1255–1240 BC (15 years)		Sanuka III	5 years	86	According to Morié, apparently nothing is known of king "Snouka IV-Menken" or "Snouka IV (Aktisanes)" except that he was a contemporary of Jephthah.
Amen-As-Tat	c. 1240–1230 BC (10 years)		Amen Astate	30 years	88	Morié called this king "Amen-As-Tat" or "Monostatos" (the latter being a name used for a character in the opera The Magic Flute). When Ramesses VII was prince of Kush, a young princess he was engaged to named "Pat-Amen" was kidnapped with her servant by "Amen-As-Tat". The High Priest of Isis, named "Ousir-as-ro", along with three priestesses was able to bring back the princess to be married to Ramesses VII.
Ammonian dynasty (Napatite Branch) — 1100–541 BC			–	–	–	Morié claimed that the next 100 years in Aethiopia after the reign of "Amen-As-Tat" remain shrouded in darkness. Morié noted that contemporary Egyptologists theorised that the High Priests of Amun in Upper Egypt founded the kingdom of Napata after being expelled from Egypt at the end of the New Kingdom of Egypt. He believed that this indeed took place, and Napata replaced the kingdom of Meroe, encompassing all of present-day Nubia and Abyssinia up to Aswan (although in reality the Napatan kings are not proven to have ruled over Abyssinia). Morié believed that after the death of the last king of the "Perseides" dynasty, "Her-Hor" entered Aethiopia with an army and was elected king. He was supposedly already the religious leader of the country before this.
Her-Hor	1110–1100 BC (In Egypt) (10 years) 1100–1094 BC (In Aethiopia) (16 years)		Herhor	16 years	89	Morié claimed that the weakening power of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt allowed the High Priests at Thebes to increase their own power in Upper Egypt and eventually claim Pharaonic titles. Morié noted that "Her-Hor" (Herihor) claimed the title "Prince of Kush", possibly referring to the title Viceroy of Kush. "Her-Hor" established his reign in 1100 BC and was recognised in Egypt, Aethiopia and Syria. According to Morié, a civil war erupted in Egypt between Smendes of the Twenty-first dynasty in Lower Egypt and Herihor which lasted 10 years until Herihor was driven out of Egypt. Herihor then fled to Aethiopia and took the tile of King of Napata. He had support from the descendants of the Egyptian High Priests who fled to Aethiopia during the reign of Akhenaten and together they developed a flourishing kingdom in Lower Nubia. "Her-Hor" would be an ancestor of the future Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt. This king and his descendants were initially allies of the Assyrian kings. Morié believed that "Her-Hor" introduced the practice of embalming to Aethiopia, where previously the dead were cremated.
Piankhi I	1094–1085 BC (9 years)		Wiyankihi I	9 years	90	"Piankhi I" (Piankh) was a son and successor of "Her-Hor" in Louis J. Morié's narrative, and apparently did not rule over Upper Egypt. Some modern-day Egyptologists however now consider Piankh to actually be Herihor's predecessor. Additionally, Piankh certainly ruled over Upper Egypt and was Viceroy of Kush.
Pinotsem I	1085–1069 BC (16 years)		Pinotsem I	17 years	91	"Piankhi I" was succeeded by his son "Pinotsem I" (Pinedjem I). In Morié's narrative, "Pinotsem I" was able to recover parts of Upper Egypt and was crowned at Thebes. His wife was "Tiouhathor-Honttaoui" (Duathathor-Henuttawy), who was a daughter of "Khonsoumos" and "Tontamoun" (Tentamun). "Pinotsem I" had two children, his successor "Pinotsem II" and a daughter named "Ouait-at-en-Mout" (Mutnedjmet).
Pinotsem II	1069–1028 BC (41 years)		Pinotsem II	41 years	92	"Pinotsem II" married princess "Makera" of the Ramesside line to legitimize his rule, and had 2 sons with her named "Masaherta" (Masaharta) and "Ra-men-khoper" (Menkheperre). "Makera" died in childbirth with their third child, a daughter named "Moutemhat" (Maatkare Mutemhat). Modern-day Egyptology now considers there to be only two High Priests of Amun named "Pinedjem". The information Louis J. Morié relates about "Pinotsem I" and "Pinotsem II" both refer to Pinedjem I.
Masaherta	1028–1012 BC (16 years)		Massaherta	16 years	93	After the death of "Pinotsem II", his younger son "Masaherta" (Masaharta) seized the throne.
Ra-men-khoper	1012–998 BC (14 years)		Ramenkoperm	14 years	94	"Masaherta" was followed to the throne by his brother "Ra-men-khoper" (Menkheperre). "Ra-men-khoper" married his niece "Isi-em-Kheb" (Isetemkheb), a daughter of "Masaherta". They had 3 children: "Pinotsem III" (Pinedjem II) "Tsanaser" or "Djanazer" (Djedkhonsuefankh) "Honttaoui II" (Henuttawy C)
Pinotsem III	998–992 BC (6 years)		Pinotsem III	7 years	95	"Pinotsem III" (Pinedjem II), son of "Ra-men-khoper", was a contemporary of king Solomon according to Louis J. Morié, and was married to "Neskhonsu" (Neskhons), a daughter of lady "Tonthontthouti" (Takhentdjehuti). "Pinotsem III" and "Neskhonsu" had 4 children: "Masaherta II" – Masaharta "Sepnower" – Psusennes III? "Ataoui" – Itawy "Nestenbashrou" – Nesitanebetashru
Sebi IV	992–983 BC (9 years)		Sabi IV	10 years	96	According to Louis J. Morié, there was a dispute over the succession to the throne after the death of "Pinotsem III". The Egyptian pharaoh "Psiounkha III" (Psusennes II) acted as arbitor and appointed "Sebi IV (Képhée)" as the king of Aethiopia. "Sebi IV" resided in "Ioppé" (Jaffa) and his parentage is apparently unknown, though he possibly is identifiable with Psusennes III. However, Morié does state that this king was a relative of Solomon. This later statement explains why this king was placed close to the reign of Makeda on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list.
Ro-ke-Amen	983–958 BC (25 years)		Menelik I	25 years	99	Morié's narrative names "Sebi IV"'s successor as "Ro-ke-Amen", a king who does not appear on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. Morié identified "Ro-ke-amen" with Luqman, a wise man who is named in the Quran. This identification is made because Luqman was said to be Nubian, although Morié himself noted he could have been Abyssinian. "Ro-ke-Amen" married "Neit-akert", a daughter of Egyptian pharaoh Psusennes II (possibly identifiable with Maatkare B, although she actually married Osorkon I). Morié identifies "Ro-ke-Amen" as Menelik I, who is already mentioned in native Ethiopian/Abyssinian regnal lists and thus there was no need to include the name "Ro-ke-Amen" on the 1922 regnal list.
Fifth conquest of Egypt during the Twenty-second dynasty — 994 BC			Dynasty of Menelik I — 982 BC–493 AD			–
Atserk-Amen I (Zerakh I)	958–943 BC (15 years)		Sera I (Tomai)	26 years	101	In Louis J. Morié's narrative, king "Ro-ke-Amen" was succeeded by his son "Atserk-Amen I", who was the Biblical Zerah the Cushite. Morié was sceptical of a theory in mainstream Egyptology that identified Zerah the Cushite with Osorkon I or Osorkon II because Zerah is explicitly described in the Bible as being a king of Aethiopia and Morié believed it was unlikely at this time that the king of Aethiopia was the son of the king of Egypt, unless he had married a daughter of the Egyptian king and was able to seize the throne after the Egyptian king's death. Morié believed that there may have been some confusion over the status of Zerah's relationship to the pharaoh of Egypt, being a son-in-law rather than son of the king. Morié theorised that Zerah was a distinct individual to Osorkon II and was in fact his brother-in-law who raided Egypt on his path to Judah before being defeated by Asa. According to Morié, archeologists Émile Brugsch and François Lenormant theorized the original name of Zerah to be "Atserk-Amen". The author of the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list did not use the name "Atserk-Amen" for the name of this king, but instead used the name "Sera" twice, first for the 101st king "Sera I (Tomai)" and secondly for the 104th king "Awseyo Sera II". Both Tomai and Awseyo appear on traditional Ethiopian regnal lists, but never with "Sera" added to their name. Louis J. Morié used "Zerah" as an alternate name for the first two kings named "Atserk-Amen" in his line of succession, who both align roughly with the positions of Tomai and Awesyo on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list.
Amenhotep	943–884 BC (59 years)		Amen Hotep Zagdur	31 years	102	According to Louis J. Morié, "Atserk-Amen I" was succeeded by his youngest son "Amenhotep", who was a son of "Isinowert" (daughter of Shoshenq I). He was able to retain his father's conquests in Libya but lost control of Thebes in Egypt. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list identifies "Amenhotep" with "Zagdur", who is named on pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists, though never with the addition of "Amenhotep" to his name.
Ramessou	884–857 BC (27 years)		Aksumay Ramissu	20 years	103	King "Amenhotep" was succeeded by his son "Ramessou (Ramses)". Apparently little is known of this king according to Morié, except that he built a temple to Ptah in Aethiopia's capital. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list identifies this king with "Aksumay", who appears on some pre-1922 regnal lists but never with "Ramissu" added to his name.
Atserk-Amen II (Zerakh II)	857–818 BC (39 years)		Awseyo Sera II	38 years	104	In Louis J. Morié's narrative, "Ramessou" was succeeded by "Atserk-Amen II", also known as "Zerakh II". Morié claimed that this king desired to invade the kingdom of Judah during the reign of Jehoram as revenge for the failure of the earlier invasion by "Zerakh I". King "Atserk-Amen II"/"Zerakh II" was apparently responsible for carrying off the whole family of Jehoram except his youngest son Ahaziah, as recorded in the Bible. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list identified this king in Morié's narrative with "Awesyo", an Ethiopian king named on pre-1922 regnal lists who was never previously known as "Sera". The author of the 1922 regnal list merged Morié's history with the native Ethiopian regnal lists and kept the order of succession close to Morié's list. The name "Atserk-Amen" was not used for this king on the 1922 regnal list, but "Zerakh" was retained in the form of "Sera".
Shabaka I	780–768 BC (12 years)		–	–	–	According to Morié, king "Shakaba I" ascended the throne of Aethiopia 40 years after the reign of "Atserk-Amen II"/"Zerakh II". The author of the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list omitted "Shabaka I" completely and instead named "Tawasya" as the king who reigned between Sera II and Piyankihi II. This king, previously known as "Tahawasya" or "Ta'asya", appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists, sometimes as the successor to Awesyo.
Sixth conquest of Egypt – 741 BC			–	–	–	–
Piankhi II	761–731 BC (in Aethiopia) (30 years) 741–731 BC (in Egypt) (10 years)		Abralyus Wiyankihi II	32 years	106	The next king in Louis J. Morié's narrative is "Piankhi II" (i.e. Piye, founder of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt). In Morié's narrative, the princes in Egypt implored Piankhi to help them prevent the expansion of territory under the Twenty-fourth dynasty Pharaoh Tefnakht, who ruled at Sais. Piankhi was able to defeat Tefnakht and established an empire stretching from "the Equator to the Mediterranean". Morié describes this as the sixth conquest of Egypt by Aethiopia and states that it took place in 741 BC, claiming that Piankhi annexed the Theban region, but left the Delta and Middle Egypt as vassals, with Osorkon IV ruling at Sais (although Morié calls him "Osorkon V"). The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list alters "Piankhi"'s names slightly to "Piyankihi" and identifies him with "Abralyus", a king who appears on some pre-20th century Ethiopian regnal lists.
Kashta	731–725 BC (6 years)		Kashta Hanyon	13 years	108	According to Louis J. Morié, "Piankhi II" was succeeded by "Kashta". Modern-day Egyptology considers Kashta to have been Piye/Piankhi's predecessor rather than successor. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list called this king "Kashta Hanyon", combining the name "Kashta" with "Hanyon", a king who appears on some earlier Ethiopian regnal lists under the name "Endor" or "Handadyo". While Kashta was certainly related to Piye/Piankhi, Morié instead claimed that "Kashta" was of foreign origin and came to the throne by marriage to a daughter of "Piankhi II". "Kashta" was supposedly descended from a Theban family. During his reign, "Kashta" waged war against "Takelot IV", son of "Osorkon V", who ruled in the Delta region of Egypt and desired independence. "Kashta" was also able to defeat "Ahmose the Blind", known as Anysis to the Greeks (although Herodotus, who originally wrote of this event, claimed that Anysis was actually defeated by "Sabacos" rather than Kashta). However, Bakenranef, son of Tefnakht, was able to re-unify Egypt while Kashta was occupied with revolts in Napata and was able to bring the whole of Egypt back under his country, founding the Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt, as per Manethoian tradition. "Kashta" had two children, a son named Shabaka and a daughter named "Ameneritis".
Seventh and last conquest of Egypt – 725 BC			–	–	–
Shabaka II	725–715 BC (in Aethiopia) (10 years) 725–713 BC (in Egypt) (12 years)		Sabaka II	12 years	109	In Louis J. Morié's narrative, "Kashta" was succeeded by his son "Shabaka II". As a result of Morié's numbering, the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list mistakenly referred to this king as "Sabaka II" even though no prior king of this name appears on the 1922 list. According to Morié, Shabaka was able to conquer Libya, Cyrenaica and eventually Egypt. Egyptians were unhappy with Bakenranef due to his attempts at reforming Egyptian religion and welcomed Shabaka.
–	–	–	Nicauta Kandake I	10 years	110	The inclusion of a "Kandake" queen between "Sabaka" and "Tsawi Terhak Warada Nagash" may have been inspired by Louis J. Morié's description of Amenirdis I as a "Kantakeh" queen who ruled as regent during the reigns of three Aethiopian kings. It also may have been inspired by Morié's claim that Taharqa brought his mother "Isit" to Egypt and gave her the title of "Great Regent". Taharqa's mother was actually Abar. In volume 2, Louis J. Morié used an "Nicanta" as an alternate name for the Queen of Sheba/Makeda. Regnal lists from Heruy Wolde Selassie and Aleka Taye used "Nikanta" for the name of this queen instead of "Nicauta".
Shabatoka	713–692 BC (in Egypt only) (21 years)		–	–	–	–
Tahraka	715–666 BC (in Aethiopia) (49 years) 692–666 BC (in Egypt) (26 years)		Tsawi Terhak Warada Nagash	49 years	111	Morié claimed that "Tahraka" conquered Egypt in 692 BC while "Shabatoka" was ruling it (although in reality both ruled Nubia and Egypt and their reigns did not take place next to each other). "Shabatoka" was later taken to Aethiopia and executed. Egypt was temporarily conquered by the Assyrian empire during "Tahraka"'s reign, but he was able to regain control of it. According to Morié, "Tahraka" at his peak ruled over an empire including Libya and North Africa up to the Strait of Gibraltar. Palestine and Assyria were also tributaries to "Tahraka". The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list calls this king "Terhak" and combines his name with those of two other kings who appear on certain pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists named "Tsawi" and "Warada Nagash". The two names are not known to appear on the same regnal lists.
Ourd-Amen I	666–660 BC (in Aethiopia) (6 years) 666–665 BC (in Egypt) (1 year)		Erda Amen Awseya	6 years	112	In Louis J. Morié's narrative, "Tahraka" was succeeded by his son-in-law "Ourd-Amen I". Morié claimed that when Taharqa married "Amentakehat" (Takahatenamun), she was a widow and had a son named Ourd-Amen, who claimed Thebes after Taharqa's death while the Assyrians took Memphis without difficulty. "Ourd-Amen I" was able to take back the whole of Egypt was recognised as Pharaoh in 666 BC, but was driven out by Ashurbanipal in 665 BC. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list identified "Ourd-Amen I" with a king named "Awesyo" or "Ausanya", who appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists as the successor to king "Warada Nagash".
Nouat-Meiamoun	660–657 BC (in Aethiopia and Egypt) (3 years)		Nuatmeawn	4 years	114	According to Morié's narrative history, "Nouat-Meiamoun" was a son of "Ourd-Amen I" and was elected by the Oracle of Amun in Napata to be king. "Nouat-Meiamoun" invaded Thebes during the early days of his reign and was eventually able to take Memphis and the Delta region, but eventually lost control of most of Egypt after 3 years under unclear circumstances. "Noaut-Meiamoun" is likely meant to be Tantamani. Peter Truhart believed that the name "Nuatmeawn" is an altered version of "Maute" or "Mawat", the name of a king who appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists. "Maute" is usually named as the successor to the short-reigning king "Gasyo" on these lists. This line of succession was replicated on the 1922 regnal list, which inserts "Gasiyo" between "Erda Amen"/"Ourd-Amen" and "Nautmeawn"/"Nouat-Meiamoun".
Piankhi III	657–652 BC (in Aethiopia and Thebes) (5 years)		Tomadyon Piyankihi III	12 years	115	According to Louis J. Morié, "Nouat-Meiamoun" was succeeded by "Piankhi III", who was the widower of Amenirdis I. Morié claimed that after "Piankhi III"'s death, his cartouches were hammered out and erased, as if they belonged to a usurper. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list names this king "Tomadyon Piyankihi". King "Tomadyon" or "Toma Seyon" appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists.
Amen-as-ro II	652–651 BC (in Egypt) (1 year) 652–650 BC (in Aethiopia) (2 years)		Amen Asro II	16 years	116	In Louis J. Morié's narrative "Amenasro II" was the son or brother of "Nouat-Meiamoun". Aethiopian power in Egypt came to end during his short reign due to the Ethiopians being expelled from Egypt by Psamtik I and the Assyrians (this actually happened in the reign of Tantamani). The Hermotybian division of the Egyptian military (made of approximately 240,000 Meshwesh warriors) apparently tried to rebel against Psamtik I but later emigrated en masse to Aethiopia. Psamtik begged them to return to Egypt, but they refused. This supposedly was the reason why they were later called the "Asmakh" (meaning "People on the left of the king") and were called by the Greeks the "Automoles" (Voluntary Emigrants) or "Sembrites". The "Asmakhs" gave themselves to the service of the king in Napata, "Amenasro II", who gave permission to conquer more territory on his behalf. Morié believed that this territory included what later became the Kingdom of Axum. The "Asmakhs" remained in Aethiopia and founded a capital city called "Esar" between the Blue Nile and White Nile, where their descendants lived for 300 years, and the territory was where the Shilluk Kingdom was later located. Despite the loss of a large part of his army, Psamtik would attempt to conquer Aethiopia and massacred many people there before relocating the southern boundary of Egypt to the second cataract of the Nile, and area called "Dodekaschoinos" by the Greeks. "Amenasro II"'s daughter and heir "Ait" was taken prisoner and given as a slave to Psamtik's daughter "Amen-merit". "Amenasro"'s wife queen "Hatasou" was killed. As revenge, "Amenasro II" waged war against Egypt but was captured by an Egyptian general named "Ramessou" and taken prisoner. However, "Ramessou" had fallen in love with "Ait" and attempted to flee Egypt with both her and her father "Amenasro". Psamtik's daughter "Amen-merit", who "Ramessou" was betrothed to, was jealous and foiled this plan. Only "Amenasro" was able to escape Egypt, but a group of Egyptians had been sent to find him and he later died while defending his life and freedom. "Ramessou" and "Ait" were sentenced to death. "Amenasro II" had two daughters with his wife, including "Ait". According to Morié, his name can be found on a pink granite lion statue discovered at Jebel Barkal. This refers to a granite lion statue bearing the name of Amanislo, a Kushite king who reigned in the 3rd century BC. One of "Amenasro II"'s daughters had a son named "Aspourta" who did not immediately succeed "Amenasro".
Piankhi IV	650–616 BC (34 years)		Piyankihi IV (Awtet)	34 years	117	According to Louis J. Morié, "Piankhi IV" was married to "Kenensat", daughter of an Egyptian prince who was descended from the Twenty-second dynasty and princess "Moutiritis", who was a daughter of "Piankhi III" and Amenirdis I. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list added "Awtet" to this king, a name that appears on some Ethiopian regnal lists.
Aspourta	616–575 BC (41 years)		Zaware Nebret Aspurta	41 years	118	According to Morié, "Aspourta" was designated king of Aethiopia and High Priest of Amun by the Orcale of Amun. "Aspourta" was born in Napata and lived there until his death in 575 BC. His wife "Matsenen" (or "Rhodope") was a priestess of Mut and daughter of lady or princess "Nensaou". "Aspourta" and "Matsenen" had a daughter named "Kheb-ha". It is likely that "Aspourta" is the historical Kushite king Aspelta. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list added "Zaware Nebrat" to his name, which is a name that appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists, usually as the successor of "Awtet", the name given to "Piankhi IV"/"Piyankihi IV" on the 1922 regnal list.
Hor-se-atew I	575–541 BC (34 years)		Saifay Harsiatew	12 years	119	"Hor-se-atew I" was born at Napata and waged war against various tribes. Morié believed he was the last of the Napatan kings and was overthrown after a revolt by the "Meroities". The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list added "Saifay" to his name. The name "Saifay" appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists, usually as the successor to "Zaware Nebrat", who is identified with "Aspurta".
Ammonian dynasty (Meroite Branch) — 541 BC to Between 105 and 30 BC			–	–	–	–
Nastosenen	541–525 BC (16 years)		Ramhay Nastossanan	14 years	120	"Nastosenen" was descended from Cepheus, Perseus and Memnon. Morié claimed that following the Achaemenid conquest of Egypt, a daughter of Psamtik III named "Ashen" fled to Aethiopia and became a wife of "Nastosenen" and ancestress of future Aethiopian kings. Louis J. Morié claimed that during this period the Kingdom of Napata was divided into two regions, the "To-kens" in the north and the "Alo" in the south. The "To-kens" region included Kerma, Dongola, Napata, Jebel Barkal, Astaboras and Meroe. The "Alo" region was sometimes considered to begin with Meroe, and included Alodia, Sennar, Soba and modern-day Khartoum. On the southern border of the "Alo" region lived the "Asmakh" people, descendants of the soldiers of Psamtik I. Between the Darfour region, Abyssinia and the Red Sea lived a number of "savage tribes". Morié argued that the loss of Egypt meant that Aethiopia had become isolated, but this did not negatively affect the people, who were perceived to be "marvelous" and "almost divine" beings by outsiders. During the reign of king "Nastosenen", Cambyses II sent spies to Aethiopia who pretended to be ambassadors bringing gifts. "Nastosenen" was however immediately suspicious and did not believe that Cambyses wanted a peaceful relationship with Aethiopia. He gave the 'ambassadors' a bow to send back to Cambyses and stated that if the Persians were able to draw bows with the same skill as the Aethiopians then he can attack. Cambyses was angry at the response from "Nastosenen" and marched to Aethiopia, but the army was poorly equipped and suffered from famine, with half of the army dying. Because of this, Cambyses turned back to Egypt. According to Morié, the Greeks described "Nastosenen" as athletic and tall. "Nastosenen" is meant to be the historical Kushite king Nastasen, who actually reigned in the 4th century BC. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list added the name "Ramhay". The name "Ramhay" appears on some pre-1922 regnal lists as the immediate successor of "Safay", "Zaware Nebrat" and "Awtet", who are all identified with the previous three kings of Morié's narrative.
Houd-as-ew	525–498 BC (27 years)		Handu Wuha Abra	11 years	121	According to Louis J. Morié, king "Nastosenen" was succeeded by his brother "Houd-as-ew". During his reign, the Satrap of Egypt, Aryandes went to war with Aethiopia. The wife of "Houd-as-ew" was called "Ashen" (otherwise known as "Persina" or "Persinaké") and fell pregnant after 10 years of marriage. According to Morié, queen "Ashen" looked at a painting of Andromeda being saved by Perseus during the moment of conception and gave birth nine months later to a girl with blond hair. She feared that her husband would not approve of this and thus she pretended the baby died in childbirth and gave her to "Sisimithrès" or "Se-Mentoura", a member of the divine council, along with a ring, a necklace of precious stone and silk. After 7 years, he gave the girl to "Khariklès" (Charicles), a priest of Apollo at Delphi, who had recently lost a daughter. This priest named the girl "Khariklea" (Chariclea), otherwise known as "Pythias", "Thisbe" or "Leucippe". She was introduced to the sciences, was received as a priestess of Diana and was engaged to "Alkamine", a nephew of "Charicles". At the time of the marriage, a man named "Theagenes", who was a priest of Apollo and head of the sacred embassy of the Ainianians, arrived in Delphi with an Egyptian priest named "Kalasiris" (or "Kha-lashiri"). "Khariklea" fell in love with "Theagenes" at the sacred procession. They both fled with their confidant "Kalasiris" on a Phoenician vessel but were shipwrecked on Zakynthos and were kidnapped by a pirate named "Trakhinos", who was later thrown overboard at the coast of Egypt following a revolt against him because of his desire to keep "Khariklea" for himself. The companions of "Trakhinos" killed each other in a fight over his wealth and "Khariklea" and "Theagenes" were then prisoners of the Egyptian High Priest of Memphis "Thyamis" or "Toumi", who later gave them freedom. However, "Khariklea" and "Theagenes" were soon after taken prisoner by "Mitranes", chief guard of the satrap of Egypt Aryandes, who was at war with Aethiopia at the time. On the way to being taken to "Mitranes", the lovers were then surprised by a group of 800 Ethiopians and 200 Troglodytes who took them to the Aethiopian king. King "Houd-as-ew" fought against Aryandes and the Persians for control of Philae and the Elephantine and marched onto the battlefield with elephants. He was aided by the Meroeites, the Troglodytae and the Blemmyes and won the battle. "Khariklea" and "Theagenes" were offered as sacrifies to the gods after the victory, but when it was proven that "Khariklea" was of royal origin the practice of human sacrifice was abolished. "Sisimithrès"/"Se-Mentoura" was able to identify her as a princess. "Khariklea", aged 17, then married "Theagenes". On the occasion of the wedding, ambassadors from vassals and neighbouring countries attended. According to Louis J. Morié, the Greek language was spoken at the court of Meroe during this king's reign. The chronological placement of "Houd-as-ew" inspired the placement of king "Handu" after Saifay Harsiatew and Ramhay Nastossanan on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. A king named "Handu" appears on at least one Ethiopian manuscript as a direct successor to "Awetet", "Zawari Nebret", "Safay" and "Ramhay", who are all combined with the previous four kings of Morié's narrative.
Beroua-em-heb	498 BC–?		–	–	–	"Houd-as-ew" was succeeded by his nephew "Beroua-em-heb".
Taaaken	c. 450 BC		Elalion Taake	10 years	129	"Beroua-em-heb" was succeeded by "Theagenes" in c. 450 BC, the priest that princess "Khariklea" had married. "Theagenes" ruled under the name of "Taaaken" for an unknown number of years with "Khariklea" as his queen consort. They had a son named "Syros" (possibly after the Greek island of the same name), who was otherwise known as "As-hour" or "As-har" and ruled as king after the death of his father. The name "Taaaken" may be taken from the real-life Kushite king Talakhamani. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list combines "Taaaken" with a king named "Ilalyos" or "Elalyon", who appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists.
Amenou-khroud	Between c. 450 BC and c. 340 BC		–	–	–	–
Kantakeh II (Queen)	c. 340–320 BC (20 years)		Nikawla Kandake II	10 years	135	Louis J. Morié claimed this queen offered her hand in marriage to Alexander the Great soon after he conquered Egypt. The Aethiopians supposedly recognized him as their sovereign though he never visited Aethiopia and died in 323 BC before he had the chance. "Kantakeh II" is placed before "Atserk-Amen III" in Morié's narrative, though the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list moved her placement further down the regnal order due to the dating used on this list and possibly also due to the desire of the author of the 1922 list to ensure this queen's reign aligns roughly with the reign of Alexander.
Atserk-Amen III	c. 300–250 BC (50 years)		Atserk Amen III	10 years	130	According to Morié, it was during this king's reign that the north-east part of Aethiopia fell under the rule of the Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list also called this king "Atserk Amen III", though this creates some confusion with numbering as the author of this list chose to call the first two kings of this name in Morié's narrative by the name of "Sera" instead.
Erk-Amen I	c. 250–230 BC (20 years)		Arkamen	10 years	138	According to Morié, the priesthood in Aethiopia was so powerful from c. 1110 to 240 BC that they could order the death of the king. However, when a messenger was sent to "Erk-Amen I" to inform him of his death, he marched with his army (which included Greek mercenaries) to Arada where the temple of Gold was located at an almost inaccessible height and slaughtered the priests. This event took place in c. 240 BC and put an end to sacerdotal power. "Erk-Amen I" instituted a new cult and the monarchy once again became hereditary instead of elective. "Erk-Amen I" was also interested in Greek philosophy and literature. This story is based on the account written by Diodorus Siculus of a Kushite king named Ergamenes who resented the power of the priests and wished to have absolute power like his neighbour Ptolemy II and was instructed in Greek philosophy. It is possible that Ergamenes was the Kushite king Arakamani.
Atserk-Amen IV	c. 230–215 BC (15 years)		Atserk Amen IV	10 years	131	According to Morié, Ptolemy IV attempted to reclaim territory in Aethiopia that had been lost before his reign. However, he was unable to overcome resistance by "Atserk-Amen IV" and his expansion was limited to Qasr Ibrim. "Atserk-Amen IV" worked on the temples of Dakka and Debod. In reality, the Temple of Dakka was built in collaboration between Ptolemy IV and Arqamani, while the Temple of Debod was built by Adikhalamani, though later expanded by the Ptolemaic pharaohs of Egypt.
Arou-Amen	c. 215–204 BC (9 years)		Awtet Aruwara	10 years	139	Morié claimed that the reign of "Arou-Amen" was peaceful. A king named "Awtet" does appear on pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists as the successor of "Ba'os" or "Basyo". The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list combines "Awtet" with Morié's "Arou-Amen" and places the king after "Bassyo", though not as the direct successor.
Ankh-em-akhouti	c. 204–184 BC (20 years)		–	–	–	–
Hor-em-akhouti	c. 184 BC		–	–	–	–
Hor-se-atew II	Between 105 and 30 BC		–	–	–	–
The Blemmyes dynasty — From between 105 and 30 BC to 548 AD			–	–	–	–
Kantakeh III (Queen)	c. 30–20 BC (10 years)		Akawsis Kandake III (Queen)	10 years	137	According to Louis J. Morié, "Kantakeh III" was the Kandake queen who fought against Gaius Petronius during his campaign into Nubia. Morié stated that Petronius was able to capture Napata in 24 BC and in response "Kantakeh III" abandoned the former capital and rebuilt Meroe. She attempted to make peace proposals with Petronius but he refused. However, Petronius decided to move back to Egypt after his troops made it as far as Qasr Ibrim because he was unfamiliar with the region beyond this point. Queen "Kantakeh III" then attempted to recapture Qasr Ibrim. In response, Petronius chose to enter negotiations with the queen. In c. 20 BC, an Aethiopian embassy was sent to Augustus. He granted peace on the condition that Lower Nubia was ceded to the Roman Empire. The queen was also exempt from the tribute that was imposed on her by Petronius previously. She later founded a new capital named "New Napata", but her favourite residence was the Gash-Barka Region in modern-day Eritrea. This queen's reign dates in Morié's narrative align comfortably with the historical reign of Amanirenas, who was most likely the Kandake queen who fought against the Romans. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list however moves the reign of "Kandake III" nearly three centuries earlier and thus she can no longer be considered to the Kandake who fought against the Romans.
Kantakeh IV (Queen)	c. 10 BC		Nikosis Kandake IV (Queen)	10 years	144	"Kantakeh IV" was succeeded by her son "Erk-Amen II".
Erk-Amen II	c. 20–30 AD (10 years)		Ramhay Arkamen II	10 years	145
Raoura (Queen)	c. 30–35 AD (5 years)		–	–	–	–
Cleopatra (Queen)	c. 35–40 AD (5 years)		–	–	–	–
Hakaptah	c. 40–50 AD (10 years)		Akaptah Tsenfa Arad	8 years	167	In Louis J. Morié's narrative, it was during the reign of king "Hakaptah" that Matthew the Apostle came to Aethiopia and converted the king's daughter, Ephigenia, to Christianity. In the original story of Matthew the Apostle, the king was named "Egippus". King "Hakaptah"/"Egippus" was succeeded by his brother "Hor-em-tekhou", known as "Hirtacus" in the original story. In Morié's narrative, "Hor-em-tekhou" desired to marry Ephigenia but Matthew told her to persevere and avoid marriage. "Hor-em-tekhou" was angered by this and had Matthew killed at the foot of the altar. This retelling of the events largely stays true to the original narrative. According to Morié, "Hor-em-tekhou" abandoned Christianity after this and turned back to the cult of Isis. During his reign, "Hor-em-tekhou" helped Roman envoys in their search to find the source of the Nile but they were ultimately unable to do this. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list identifies "Hakaptah" with a king named "Tsenfa Arad" who appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists. The 1922 regnal list also includes a statement that king Akaptah Tsenfa Arad was baptised by Matthew the Apostle, which is clearly inspired by Morié's book.
Hor-em-tekhou	c. 50–60 AD (10 years)		Horemtaku	2 years	168
Kandake V (Queen)	c. 60–80 AD (20 years)		Garsemot Kandake VI (Queen)	10 years	169	In contrast to the claims made by the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list, Morié did not believe this queen was the Kandake mentioned in the story of the Ethiopian eunuch who was baptised by Philip the Evangelist, and instead believed this referred to a different queen who ruled Abyssinia rather than Nubia, which was still non-Christian by the 6th century.
Erk-Amen III	c. 80 AD		–	–	–	"Kantakeh V" was succeeded by her son "Erk-Amen III".
Hor-nekht-atew	c. 192–229 AD (37 years)		Feliya Hernekhit	15 years	146	According to Louis J. Morié, "Hor-nekht-atew" took advantage of the unrest that followed the death of Commodus to conquer Upper Egypt. He was apparently recognized by Pescennius Niger after his rule was proclaimed at Thebes. He helped Pescennius Niger to usurp the Roman throne, but both were defeated by Septimius Severus in 195. "Hor-nekht-atew" was married to "Tsetisi", a daughter of an Aethiopian official, who gave birth to several sons. Their eldest son was named "Pasan". "Hor-nekht-atew" had a second wife named "Moutoeri", with whom he had a son named "Ouikera". "Hor-nekht-atew" disinherited his eldest son "Pasan" in favour of passing the thron to "Ouikera", leading to infighting that affected the last years of his reign. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list renamed "Hor-nekht-atew" as "Hernekhit" and identified him with "Falaya" or "Filya", a king who appears on pre-20th century Ethiopian regnal lists.
Ouikera	c. 229–250 AD (11 years)		Hende Awkerara	20 years	147	King "Hor-nekht-atew" was succeeded by his son "Ouikera" instead of his elder son "Pasan". The first 15 to 20 years of "Ouikera"'s reign were filled with infighting against his elder brother "Pasan". "Ouikera" had two sons, of whom the eldest, named "Psheraan", succeeded him as king.
Psheraan	c. 250–268 AD (18 years)		Agabu Baseheran	10 years	148	King "Psheraan" succeeded his father "Hor-nekht-atew" according to Morié's narrative. "Psheraan" took power over Philae and the Elephantine and had himself declared king at Thebes in 268, attempting to take advantage of the state that the Roman Empire at this time. In c. 273 this king or his successor supported the Roman usurper Firmus in his bid to claim the title of emperor. However, Aurelian was able to defeat the Aethiopians and their allies the Axumites, who had previously supported Zenobia. After Aurelian's death in 275, the Aethiopians again invaded Egypt, having been called by the inhabitants of Ptolemais, which was seized alongside Coptos. The Aethiopians ruled the Theban area for 4 years, from 276 to 280, until they were driven out by Probus. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list identified this king with "Bahas", a king whose name appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists.
Khouwoumenou	c. 300 AD		Sulay Kawawmenun	20 years	149	According to Morié's narrative, there is apparently little known about "Khouwoumenou" except that he had several children. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list identified this king with "Kawida" or "Kawuda", who appears on pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists.
Tereremen	c. 373–381 AD (8 years)		Messelme Kerarmer	8 years	150	Louis J. Morié referred to a number of cities in Sudan, including one named "Mesalamieh" or "Messalanieh".
Psentes	Between 450 and 530 AD		Nagey Bsente	10 years	151	–
Berou-Kanower	Between 450 and 530 AD		Etbenukawer	10 years	152	–
As-a-ran	After 530 AD		–	–	–	–
Ab-ra-amen	After 530 AD		Safelya Abramen	20 years	153	"Ab-ra-men" had a wife named "Nekarou".

Comparison between Louis J. Morié's Abyssinian regnal list and the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list

In many cases, Morié follows the regnal order and reign lengths found on various Ethiopian regnal lists recorded before the 20th century. Morié's list can be compared with those included in the Wikipedia article for Regnal lists of Ethiopia.

Louis J. Morié			1922 regnal list			Additional information
Name/Dynasty	Reign dates and length	Ref.	Name	Reign length	Numbered Position
The First Dynasties — 5802–1776 BC			Tribe of Kam — 2713–1985 BC			–
Kush	c. 5802 BC–?		Kout	50 years	23	Louis J. Morié claimed that "Habesch I" was a son of the Biblical Cush and it was from his name that the word "Abyssinia" originates from. He was then followed by "Habesch II", son of Canaan, who brought a Canaanite colony to Aethiopia from Palestine.
Habesch I	–		Habassi	40 years	24
Habesch II	–
The Arwe Dynasty — 1776–1376 BC			–	–	–	–
Arwe I	1776 BC–?		–	–	–	Arwe is not named on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list except as part of the Epithet "Zaka Laarwe" used for Angabo I.
Arwe II	–		–	–	–
Arwe III	c. 1400 BC		–	–	–
The Angaban Dynasty — 1376–955 BC			Ag'azyan Dynasty — 1985–982 BC			On the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list, 426 years elapse between the accession of king Angabo I and the death of queen Makeda. By comparison, Louis J. Morié claimed that the "Angaban dynasty" reigned for 421 years.
Za Baesi Angabo I	1376 BC–?		Angabo I (Zaka Laarwe)	50 years	74	While native Ethiopian tradition gives Angabo a reign of 200 years, Morié instead believed this figure refers to the gap between the beginning of Angabo's reign and the accession of "Za-Gedur I".
Za Gedour I	1176 BC–?		Zagdur I	40 years	77	Morié believed this king resided at "Nuch". While native Ethiopian tradition gives "Za-Gedur" a reign of 100 years, Morié instead believed this figure refers to the gap between the beginning of "Za-Gedur"'s reign and the accession of "Za-Sebadho".
Za Sebadho	1076–1026 BC (50 years)		Akate (Za Sagado)	20 years	80	Morié believed this king resided at "Sado". According to Morié, this king had only one daughter with his wife "Geres". The daughter's name was "Ismenie-Kallipyge" and the throne passed to his son-in-law "Za-Qaouasya".
Za Qaouasya	1026–1005 BC (21 years)		Tawasaya Dews	13 years	97	Morié believed this king was the first to make Axum his capital. Morié also believed this king reigned for 20 years and not for only 1 year as native Ethiopian sources claim. The king died at the age of 75. He had a son named "Nour-al-Rouz", who was born in 1021 BC but was burned alive after his nurse accidentally dropped him into a fire. "Za-Qaouasya" was also father of "Makeda", the queen who would succeed him to the throne. "Za-Qaouasya"'s minister, "Mouezin", usurped the throne while he was on an expedition. "Za-Qaouasya"'s wife "Ismenie-Kallipyge" was also called "Scharistany", a name which inspired the Persian word "Shahristan".
Za Makeda (Queen)	1005–955 BC (50 years)		Makeda (Queen)	31 years	98	According to Louis J. Morié, this queen was born in 1020 BC. She was the daughter of king "Za-Qaouasya" and queen "Ismenie". Morié stated she ascended the throne at the age of 15, one year before Solomon began his reign. Morié believed that the name "Queen of Sheba" came from the title "Queen of the South" or "Neghect-Hasabo", which was given to her by Abyssinian historians. He also believed that "Saba" was a corruption of "Hasabo". Additionally, Morié stated that the name given to her, "Candance", was simply an alteration of the Nubian "Kandake" title, which was never used in Abyssinia. He believed that these conflations led to Makeda being confused with "Bilqis", daughter of Arabian king "El-Hodad" or "Had-Had", who reigned from 1050 to 1030 BC. Morié then relates the traditional story of Makeda's meeting with Solomon, as told in the Kebra Nagast. One of Solomon's generals, named "Boulboul", visited the land ruled by Makeda and gave him a description of her beauty, which made Solomon wish to send an embassy to her and ask her to come to Jerusalem. She initially refused to go and instead sent 1,000 slaves, along with jewels, musk and amber. Solomon refused these gifts and warned the ambassador that he would take his army to humiliate the lords that had advised the queen. In response, Makeda decided to meet Solomon in the 25th year of her reign, bringing with her gold, perfume, spices and precious stones. Several months later, Makeda returned to her kingdom with the high priest Azariah and 12,000 Jews (1,000 from each tribe). She gave birth to Menelik I on her way home. Makeda sent Menelik to Jerusalem as an adult to be educated there. He spent several years there before his father had him consecrated and anointed king of Abyssinia in the temple of Jerusalem under the name of David or Daoud. Makeda is credited with the law prescribing circumcision for boys and banning women from reigning over Abyssinia. She was buried in Axum. Morié claimed that her name influenced the name of the "Makedos" tribe in southern Nubia. The kings of Kaffa also claimed descent from Solomon and Makeda.
The Solomonic dynasty			Dynasty of Menelik I (Before the birth of Christ) — 982 BC–9 AD			–
The Za Kings – 955 BC–162 AD
Menelik I	955–930 or 926 BC (25 or 29 years)		Menelik I	25 years	99	According to Louis J. Morié, Menelik I ascended the throne at the age of 26. During his reign, the people of Aethiopia converted to Judaism and the government was modelled on that of Judea. Azariah wrote a code of law that became the institutions of the kingdom of Ethiopia. It was also during his reign that several factions of Israelite tribes emigrated to Abyssinia during the revolts against Rehoboam. They settled in Damot under the name of Gafat and it is from them that the Falasha descend from. Menelik was buried in a Jewish temple in Axum, which has since been converted to a Catholic church. While Judaism became the official religion under Menelik, the ancient priests who followed the old religion had many followers and undermined Judaism.
Tomai or Za Handadyo	930–929 or 926–925 BC (1 year)		Hanyon and Sera I (Tomai)	1 year / 26 years	100 and 101	According to Louis J. Morié, Menelik was succeeded by his son, known as either "Tomai" or "Za Handadyo", who reigned for only one year. This is based on information found on native Ethiopian regnal lists, some of which state Menelik's successor was king "Hendedya" or "Handadyu", who reigned for either 1 or 8 years, while others claim it was king "Tomai" or "Tomas", who reigned for 15 years according to one list. Because no known Ethiopian king before 1922 includes both names, Morié decided to identify them as the same person and chose to believe the short 1-year reign length. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list by comparison names both kings separately.
Za Gedur or Barakid	929–926 or 925–922 BC (3 years)		Amen Hotep Zagdur	31 years	102	According to Morié, king "Tomai"/"Za Handadyo" was succeeded by his son or brother "Za-Gedur II", otherwise known as "Barakid".
'Aouda-'Amat	926–915 or 922–911 BC (11 years)		Aksumay Ramissu	20 years	103	The name "Aouda-Amat" refers to king "Aweda" who appears on some pre-1922 Ethiopian regnal lists as the successor of "Handadyo" and reigned for 11 years according to these lists. The 1922 Ethiopian regnal list does not include a king named "Aweda", but instead uses the name "Aksumay" that appears on some regnal lists as the successor to "Zagdur".
Za-Aousanya I	915–912 or 911–908 BC (3 years)		Awseyo Sera II	38 years	104	–
Za Tahaouasya	912–881 or 908–877 BC (31 years)		Tawasya II	21 years	105	–
Abreham I	881 or 877–c. 850 BC (4 to 31 years)		Abralyus Wiyankihi II	32 years	106	–
Tazena I	After c. 850 BC		–	–	–	–
Tazena II or Bazen I			–	–	–	–
Qualiza			–	–	–	–
Ouarada-Tsahai			Aksumay Warada Tsahay	23 years	107	According to Louis J. Morié, about a century after the death of Menelik I, during the reign of king "Ouarada-Tsahai", the ancient cult was reinstated.
Handadyo II			Kashta Hanyon	13 years	108	–
–	–	–	Nicauta Kandake I (Queen)	10 years	110	Louis J. Morié used an "Nicanta" as an alternate name for the Queen of Sheba/Makeda. Regnal lists from Heruy Wolde Selassie and Aleka Taye used "Nikanta" for the name of this queen instead of "Nicauta".
Ouarada-Negouc	After c. 850 BC		Tsawi Terhak Warada Nagash	49 years	111	–
Aousanya II or Tazena III			Erda Amen Awseya	6 years	112	–
Ela-Syon or Tazena IV or Bazen II			Elalion Taake	10 years	129	Morié listed "Elalyon" as one of the alternative names for this king. He additionally claimed that this king restored Judaism to Aethiopia.
Toma-Seyon or Germa Asfar I	?–c. 172 BC		Tomadyon Piyankihi III and Metwa Germa Asfar	12 years / 9 years	115 and 172	According to Morié, there is a gap between c. 850 BC and c. 180 BC where little information is known. King "Toma-Syon I" or "Germa Asfare I" is named as the next known king after "Ela-Syon".
Syon-Geza I or Fasil I	Reigned for one day or half a day		Gasiyo Eskikatir	–	113	Morié specified this king reigned for one day or half a day. Ethiopian regnal lists sometimes mention a king called "Gasyo" who reigned half a day.
Za Aoutet I or Leb-Dakhare	171–162 BC (8 years and 4 months)		Nuatmeawn and Piyankihi IV (Awtet)	4 years / 34 years	114 and 117	Morié listed "Za-Maoute" as an alternate name for this king.
Zarea-Nebrat or Za-Bahas or Enza-Yeqre	162–152 BC (9 years)		Zaware Nebrat Aspurta and Agabu Baseheran	41 years / 10 years	118 and 148	Morié believed this king may have been a usurper "of the race of the Azarias" or claimed descent through his mother because of his name, which apparently means "seed of the High Priest".
Senfai or Qaouda	152–149 BC (3 years)		Saifay Harsiataw and Sulay Kawawmenun	12 years / 20 years	119 and 149	–
Ramhai or Qanaz or Negouc-Area	149–138 BC (11 years)		Ramhay Nastossanan and Kanaz Psmis	14 years / 13 years	120 and 126	–
Handadyo III	138–128 BC (10 years)		Handu Wuha Abra	11 years	121	–
Za-Ouasan I or Hezba Arad	c. 128–126 BC (2 years)		–	–	–	–
Za-Handadyo IV or Bahr-Ared	c. 126–123 BC (3 years)		–	–	–	–
–	–	–	Nikawla Kandake II (Queen)	10 years	135	Louis J. Morié used "Nicaula" as an alternate name for the Queen of Sheba/Makeda.
–	–	–	Akawsis Kandake III (Queen)	10 years	137	Louis J. Morié used "Nicausis" as an alternate name for Queen of Sheba/Makeda.
Maekala-Ouedem	c. 123–115 BC (8 years)		Kolas (Koletro)	10 years	140	Morié lists "Kalas" as an alternate name for this king.
Za-Sendo I	c. 115–97 BC (18 years)		Stiyo	14 years	142	Morié lists "Satyo" as an alternate name for this king.
–	–	–	Nikosis Kandake IV (Queen)	10 years	144	Louis J. Morié used "Nicausis" as an alternate name for Queen of Sheba/Makeda.
Za Feleka	c. 97–70 BC (27 years)		Feliya Hernekhit	15 years	146	–
Agleboul	70–67 BC (3 years)		Aglbul	8 years	157	–
Baouaoual or Za Aousanya III	67–66 BC (1 year)		Bawawl and Awsena (Queen)	10 years	158 and 155	Both "Bawawel" and "Awsina" appears on different Ethiopian regnal lists as the successor to "Agbul"/"Aglebel".
Za Baoua-Area or Bahr-Ouedem	66–37 BC (29 years)		Barawas	10 years	159	–
Za-Masih I	37–36 BC (1 year)		Amoy Mahasse	5 years	161	–
–	–	–	Nicotnis Kandake V (Queen)	10 years	162	Louis J. Morié used "Nitocris" as an alternate name for the Queen of Sheba/Makeda.
Nalke	Between 36 and 8 BC		Nalke	5 years	163	–
Za-Beesi-Bazen III	8 BC–9 AD (17 years)		Bazen	17 years	165	This king appears on all Ethiopian regnal lists and always begins his reign 8 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. Morié believed the name of this king inspired the name of the 'Bazen' people who lived in the Kassala region of modern-day Sudan.
–	–	–	Dynasty of Menelik I (After the birth of Christ) — 9–306
Senfa-Ared I or Senfa-Asged or Za-Sendo II	9–35 (26 years)		Sartu Tsenfa Asagad	21 years	166	This king apparently had a bad reputation, though Morié believed this may actually refer to "Za-Sendo I"/"Stiyo".
Za-Laeka	35–45 (10 years)		–	–	–	–
–	–		Garsemot Kandake VI (Queen)	10 years	169	Morié claimed that around 70 AD, Christianity was introduced to Abyssinia, which was ruled by a queen regent named Judith, who was confused by later writers to be the queen Kandake of Meroë. A Jewish Ethiopian eunuch named "Juda", who was superintendent of the royal treasury, was baptized by Philip the Evangelist after having visited Jerusalem, Judea, India and Ceylon. The queen then embraced Catholicism and build the first church of Axum, named Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion. However, the Ethiopian people reverted to their old beliefs after her death.
Za-Masih II	45–51 (6 years)		Mesenh Germasir	7 years	171	–
Za-Sendo III	51–60 (9 years)		Metwa Germa Asfar	9 years	172	Morié lists "Za-Setoua" as an alternate name for this king.
Bahr-Asged I or Bahr-Sagad I or Za-Adgala or Adgaba	60–70 (10 years and 7 months or 10 years and 10 months)		Adgale II	10 years and 6 months	173	–
Germa-Sor or Za-Agbea	70 (6 or 26 months)		Agba	6 months	174	–
Germa-Asfare II or Bahr-Sor or Za-Masih III	70–74 (4, 6 or 7 years)		Metwa Germa Asfar	9 years	172	–
Za Hailou-Syon I or Serad	74–87 (13 years)		Hakabe Nasohi Tseyon, Serada and Hakli Sergway	6 years / 16 years / 12 years	177, 175 and 178	Morié identifies this king with another name, "Hakli", that appears on some regnal lists and believed this king to be Zoskales. According to Morié, this king was a conqueror, scholar and was fluent in the Greek language. He was the first king to take the title of "Philhellen" or "Beesi-Halen" and it was during his reign that the Ancient Greek religion began to have followers in Abyssinia, where it eventually became the official cult. However, was also greedy and his legacy was tarnished by his debauchery.
Za-Demabe	87–97 (10 years)		Dedme Zaray	10 years	179	–
Za-Aoutet II	97–99 (2 years)		Awtet	2 years	180	–
Za-Aouda I	99–129 (30 years)		Awadu Jan Asagad	30 years	182	Morié believed this was the king whose conquests was recorded on the Monumentum Adulitanum inscription. He conquered Tigray, Samien, Lasta, Upper Nubia, as well as parts of the Gallas, the Danakil Desert and the Arabian coast.
Za-Zagen and Rema	129–133 (4 or 8 years)		Zagun Tsion Hegez and Rema Tsion Geza	5 years / 3 years	183 and 184	–
Za-Hafala	133–134 (1 year)		Gafale Seb Asagad	1 year	186	–
Za-Beesi-Saroue-Syon	(4 years)		Tsegay Beze Wark	4 years	187	–
Zareai or Zarea-Syon or Za-Ela-Asguagua I	134–141 (7 years)		Dedme Zaray and Agduba Asgwegwe	10 years / 8 years	179 and 189	–
Bagam Jan or Ela-Arka	141–162 (21 years)		Alaly Bagamay	7 years	181	–
Sabea Asged I or Jan Asged I or Za-Beesi Ouasan II	162 (6 months or 1 year)		Awadu Jan Asagad	30 years	182	Brother of Zareai.
Syon-Geza II or Za-Ouakana	162 (1, 2 or 20 days or 2 months)		Wakana (Queen)	2 days	191
Za-Maoual or Za-Hadaous	162 (1 or 4 months)		Hadawz	4 months	192	Morié called this king the "last prince of the Za branch".
Genha or Ela-Sagal	— (3 years)		Ailassan Sagal	3 years	193	Morié believes this king is the same as another called "Moal Genba" and thus does not count his reign length in his overall chronology.
The El or Ela branch – 162–328			—	—	—	According to Morié, the "El" branch descended from a Syrian colony called the "Syri" who were left on the Eritrean coast by Alexander the Great. They later established a colony in Abyssinia, and one of their chiefs, possibly Ela-Asfeha I, married a princess of the Solomonic line and claimed legitimacy. The change of epithet from "Za" to "El" indicates a dynastic change.
Ela-Asfeha I or El-Asfeh	162—176 (14 years)		Asfehi Asfeha	14 years	194	–
Za-Gedour III or Ela-Tzegab	176—199 (23 years)		Atsgaba Seifa Arad	6 years	195	–
Senfa Ared II or Ela-Samera	199—202 (3 years)					–
El Aiba or Ela Aiba	202—218 (16 years)		Ayba	17 years	196	–
Ela-Eskender I or Sara-Diu	218—254 (36 or 37 years)		–	–	–	–
Ela-Sehma or Tesama I	254—263 (9 years)		Tsaham Laknigua	9 years	197	Son of Ela-Eskender.
El Ouasan I or Ela-Ouasan I	263—276 (13 years)		–	–	–	Brother of Ela-Sehma.
El Aiga or Ela-Aiga	276—294 (18 years)		–	–	–	–
Ela-Ameda I or Tazena V	294—325 (30 years and 8 months)		Tazer	10 years	199	Grandfather or uncle of Abreha and Atsbeha.
Ela-Ahiaoua, Bakhas, Bakhasa or Ela-Asguagua II	325—328 (3 years)		Ahywa Sofya (Queen)	7 years	200	Son or brother of Ela-Ameda I and father of Abreha and Atsbeha. The 1922 regnal lists however claims this ruler was instead female and was Sofya of Axum.
From the Christianisation of Ethiopia until the usurpation of the Falashas – 328–937			Dynasty of Menelik I (Christian Sovereigns) — 306–493			Morié dated the Christianisation of Ethiopia to 341.
El-Abreha I (Sole rule)	328—343 (15 years)		Abreha and Atsbeha	38 years	201	Alternate names for Abreha I: El-Ouasan II, Tazena VI, Ethiopis and Ezana.
El-Abreha I and Ela-Asbeha I (Joint rule)	343—356 (13 years)					Alternate name for Atsbeha I: Saizana.
El-Abreha II, Ela-Asfeha-Masqal and Ela-Shahl I (Asael I) (Joint rule)	356—370 (14 years)		Asfeh Dalz	7 years	202	Three sons of Abreha I. They divided each day into three parts where they would each reign in turn. Ela-Asfeha-Masqal died in either 359 or 363, after a reign of 3 or 7 years. El-Abreha II died in 368 after a reign of 12 years. Ela-Shahl I reigned alone for 2 further years until his death in 370.
			Sahle I	14 years	203
			Arfed Gebra Maskal	4 years	204
Ela-Addana I	— (14 years)		Adhana I (Queen)	5 years	205	Morié believed this king was identical to one of the preceding kings who jointly reigned for 14 years.
Ela-Retana	370—371 (1 year)		Riti	1 year	206
Ela-Asfeha II or Asged I	– (1 year)		Asfeh II	1 year	207	Son of Ela-Asfeha-Masqal. Morié believed this king was identical to Ela-Retana.
Ela-Asbeha II	371—376 (5 years)		Atsbeha II	5 years	208	Son of Ela-Asfeha II.
Ela-Ameda II	376—392 (16 years)		Amey I	15 years	209	Second son of Ela-Asfeha II.
Ela-Abreha III	392 (2 or 6 months)		Abreha II	7 months	210
Ela-Shahl II			Ilassahl	2 months	211	Morié believed this king was identical to Ela-Abreha III.
Ela-Gobaz I	392–394 (2 years)		Elagabaz I	2 years	212	Ela-Shahl II apparently had a reputation for being vain and proud and was dethroned by one of his vassals, Ela-Gobaz, who was the son of a district chief and his wife Farach, a daughter of a provincial governor. Ela-Gobaz had gained favour at the royal court and knew how to maintain himself in the face of revolts from chiefs placed under his orders. He fell in love with the king's only daughter Admas and asked for her hand in marriage, but the king was outraged and ordered Ela-Gobaz's execution. Ela-Gobaz rose up against the king as head of an army of a thousand soldiers, forced his way into the palace and imprisoned Ela-Shahl II, who died shortly afterwards. While Admas initially escaped, she was caught and forced to marry Ela-Gobaz. Ela-Gobaz conquered a neighbouring country ruled by a pagan queen named Lab, who was famous for her beauty, crimes and disorder. He married this queen and allowed her to govern the kingdom. However, he was later overthrown by Admas and her brother Ela-Shahl III. Ela-Gobaz's sister Ababa-Esat and their five cousins were sold as slaves to Yazdegerd I, ruler of the Sasanian Empire. Morié claimed that Abab-Esat was the mother of Shapur IV, although in reality this was Shushandukht.
Ela-Shahl III	394–395 (1 year)		Suhal	4 years	213	Son of Ela-Shahl II. Ela-Shahl III and his sister Admas overthrew Ela-Gobaz I, who was later put to death.
Ela-Asbeha III	395–398 (3 years)		–	–	–	–
Ela-Abreha IV and Ela-Addana II (Joint rule)	398–414 (16 years)		Abreha III and Adhana II (Queen)	10 years / 6 years	214 and 215	–
Ela-Sehma or Tesama II	414–442 (28 years)		Tsaham I	2 years	217	–
Ela-Ameda III	442–454 (12 years)		Amey II	1 year	218	–
Ela-Shahl IV (Asael IV) or Lalibala I	454–456 (2 years)		Sahle Ahzob	2 years	219	–
Ela-Sabea	– (2 years)		Tsebah Mahana Kristos	3 years	220	Morié believed this king was the same person as Ela-Shahl IV.
Ela-Shema or Tesama III	456–471 (15 years)		Tsaham II	2 years	221	–
Ela-Gobaz II	– (21 years)		Elagabaz II	6 years	222	Morié believed this king was the same person as Angabo II.
Angabo II and Leui (Levi) (Joint rule)	471–475 (4 years)		Agabo and Lewi	1 year / 2 years	223 and 224	–
Ela-Ameda IV	475–486 (9 years)		Alameda	8 years	229	According to Morié, it was during the reign of this king the Nine Saints came to Ethiopia.
Yaqob I (Jacob I) and Daouit II (David II) (Joint rule)	486–489 (3 years)		Ameda III and Armah Dawit	3 years / 14 years	225 and 226	–
Armakh I	489–503 (14 years)		Armah Dawit	14 years	226	–
Tazena VII	503–505 (2 years)		Pazena Ezana	7 years	230	Son of Ela-Ameda IV. Morié claimed this king defeated the Nuba peoples in the Takaze region, a reference to the Ezana Stone.
Aroue V, Yaqob II or Za-Sendo IV	505–514 (9 years)		–	–	–	A usurper who was known to use cruelty and terror to rule. He was ambushed and killed by Elesbaan.
—	—	—	Dynasty of Atse (Emperor) Kaleb until Gedajan — 493—920
Ela-Asbeha IV (Saint Elesbaan) (First Emperor)	514–542 (28 years)		Kaleb	30 years	231	Also known as Quastantinos I and Daouit III. He abdicated from the throne in 542 and retired to a monastery, where he lived for another 12 years until he died of smallpox at the age of 70. He was the first Abyssinian king to use the title of "Atse" or Emperor.
Beta-Israel	542–c. 545 (3 years)		Za Israel	1 month	232	Eldest son of Kaleb and king of Adwa during his father's reign. Morié believed it was this king who made peace with Abraha and formally recognised him as king of Himyar.
Gabra-Masqal I or Ela-Asbeha V	c. 545–c. 580 (35 years)		Gabra Maskal	14 years	233	Second son of Kaleb/Elesbaan. Built the Abba Garima Monastery in 560.
Quastantinos II	c. 580–c.615 (c. 35 years in total)		Kostantinos	28 years	234	Eldest son of Gabra-Masqal I.
Ouasan-Sagad I, Asged II or Bazagar			Wasan Sagad	15 years	235	Second son of Gabra-Masqal I or possibly son of Quastantinos II. Exiled to Arabia.
Ela-Asfeha III			—	—	—	Eldest son of Ouasan-Sagad I.
Armakh II or Armah	c. 615–645 (30 years)		Armah	5 years	252	Second son of Ouasan-Sagad I. Contemporary of Prophet Muhammad and ruler of Abyssinia during the First Hijra.
Jan-Asfeha	7th century		—	—	—	Son of Armakh II and allegedly converted to Islam, though actually remained Christian.
Jan-Asged II			—	—	—	—
Fekra-Sena			Fere Sanay	23 years	236	Morié listed "Fre-Sennai" as an alternate for this king.
Andryas I or Andre I			Advenz	20 years	237	Morié listed "Aderaz" as an alternate for this king.
Aizour I			—	—	—	This king was deceived by a woman named Sebat, who overthrew him and became queen. However, she only ruled for a short time and was driven out by Hailou-Ouedem. An invastion of locusts took place during Aizour's reign. Aizour's son suffered from an eye disease and feared blindness, and Aizour claimed he would share the throne and his wealth with whoever could cure his son. A man named Desta succeeded in curing the king's son, married the eldest daughter of the king and was appointed co-regent with the king. The king's son's illness however relapsed after his father and Desta were both dead.
Hailou-Ouedem or Maedai			Akala Wedem	8 years	238	Morié listed "Akala-Ouedem" as an alternate name for this king. This king became blind and was nicknamed "Aama" ("The Blind"), given by Arab writers.
Galaoudeouos I or Germa-Asfare III	8th century		Germa Asfar	15 years	239	—
Zergaz I			Zergaz	10 years	240	—
Degna-Mikael I, Bahr-Hailou or Dalez			Dagena Mikael	26 years	241	—
Goum			Gum	24 years	243	—
Asguamgoum			Asguagum	5 years	244	—
Ela-Ouedem			Latem	16 years	245	Morié lists "Letem" as an alternate name for this king.
Del-Ouedem			Talatam	21 years	246	Morié lists "Talatem" as an alternate name for this king.
'Oda-Sasa, 'Oda-Guch or El-Abreha VI			Gadagosh	13 years	247	–
Aizour II or Gefa			Aizar Eskikatir	Half a day	248	Reigned for half a day and suffocated when surrounded by many people. Because of this, a barrier was thereafter placed before the emperor.
Addi-Ouedem or Badgeza			Dedem	5 years	249	Morié listed "Dedem" as an alternate name for this king.
Zergaz II			—	—	—	—
Oualda-Ouedem or Madmen			Wededem	10 years	250	Morié listed "Ouededem" as an alternate name for this king.
Ouedem-Asfare I	?—c. 805		Wudme Asfare	30 years	251	Lived for 150 years. Governed as a tyrant and was assassinated by a Muslim named Simbad or Sindbad, who crushed his head with a large stone while he slept after getting drunk.
Armakh III	c. 830		Armah II	5 years	252	During this king's reign, Ethiopia suffered from plague, famine and war. Pope Jacob of Alexandria ordained Abuna Yohannes as the head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church during this king's reign, but he was forced to go back to Egypt.
Yohannes I	c. 770		—	—	—	Morié believed that the legendary Prester John ruled between the reigns of Germa-Safar and Armakh III (8th century to c. 830) but was not certain which monarch he could be identified with.
Hazba	After 830		—	—	—	—
Arni			—	—	—	—
Degna-Jan			Degennajan	19 years	253	—
Geda-Jan	c. 923		Gedajan	1 year	254	Pope Cosmas III of Alexandria was contemporary with this king according to Morié. Abuna Peter of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church was forced into exile because, accordding to Morié, he was free to choose the king's successor and chose the younger son Del Naad. The older son Anbase Wedem had the Abuna expelled as a result.
Anbasa-Ouedem	924—925 (1 year)		Anbase Wedem	20 years	256	A usurper who was deposed by Dil Na'od.
Del-Naad	925—937 (12 years)		Del Naad	10 years	257	An epidemic swept across Abyssinia during his reign. A revolution took place in 937, caused by insurrection by the Falashas and Agaw people. Del-Naad was still a child and fled to Shewa after Gudit took power. He continued to rule in Shewa, with Entoto as its capital, until his death, which took place after 980.
The Jewish Falasha dynasty (937—977)			—	—	—
Yodit I	937—977 (40 years)		Gudit	40 years	255	Daughter of Gideon II of the Kingdom of Simien, who had separated from the Ethiopian empire during the reign of Abreha I. Took power after killing 400 princes of the Axumite royal family at Debre Damo. Moved the capital to Lasta after destroying Axum.
Yodit II	977 (few months)		—	—	—	Daughter of Yodit I. Also known as "Terda-Gabez".
The Christian Dynasty of the Zagwe (977—1331)			Sovereigns issued from Zagwe (920—1253)			Morié stated the Zagwe dynasty originated from Lasta and were originally Jews who converted to Christianity. The Zagwe were also apparently distant cousins of the rulers of the Kingdom of Simien. Despite some chronicles claiming the father of Jan Seyum and Germa Seyum was of the "race of Judah", Morié believed this dynasty was Christian by the 10th century.
Mara Takla Haimanot	977—992 (15 years)		Mara Takla Haymanot	13 years	258	Morié was certain this king was Christian and disagreed with James Bruce's theory that the first five kings of the Zagwe dynasty were Jewish successors of Gudit. Mara Takla Haymanot moved the capital to Roha, which later became Lalibela. It was during this king's reign that a new Abuna was ordained by Coptic Patriarch Philotheos for the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Taitou-Ouedem	992—1030 (38 years)		Tatawdem	40 years	259	According to Morié, the Abuna Daniel refused to crown Tatadim upon his accession due to considering him a usurper. This resulted in Tatadim asking Philotheos for a new Abuna, but this could not be done without the consent of the current Abuna. Abuna Daniel was later thrown in prison by the vizier of the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah of Egypt.
Germa Chioum	1030—1070 (40 years)		Germa Seyum	40 years	261
Yemrehana Krestos	1070—1110 (40 years)		Yemrhana Kristos	40 years	262	Son of Germa Seyum. According to Morié, it was in 1060 that Patriarch of Alexandria ordained Abuna Sawiros as the head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church after being forced to do so by Badr al-Jamali, the vizier of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt. The Pope had initially chosen a different man named Cyril, but he was accused by Badr al-Jamali as bringing Muslims into his home for drinking wine, which is forbidden in Islam. The Pope then sent a different man named Severus, who Morié describes as a "protege" of Badr al-Jamali. Upon the arrival of Severus, Bishop Cyril took his belongings and fled to Dahlak, only to be found and sent to Cairo in 1086 to be executed. Severus attempted to convert Abyssinia to Islam and had seven mosques built, but these were later demolished. According to Morié, Yemrehana Krestos was born in 1030 and died at the age of 80 in 1110.
Jan Chioum	1110—1150 (40 years)		Jan Seyum	40 years	260	Son of Yemrehana Krestos according to Morié. He had a wife named Masqal Gabra and they had three children, two sons named Kedus Harbe and Lalibala and one daughter.
Qedous Harbe Chioum I	1150—1182 (32 years)		Kedus Arbe (Samt)	40 years	263	Son of Jan Seyum. Had a son named Na'akueto La'ab with a Lasta princess.
Lalibala II	1182—1220 (38 years)		Lalibala	40 years	264	Son of Jan Seyum. Born in Roha.
Naakueto Laab	1220—1268 (48 years)		Nacuto Laab	40 years	265	Nephew of Lalibala II, who usurped the throne after his death. Died at the age of 70 in 1268.
Yetbarak	1268—1290 (22 years)		Yatbarak	17 years	266	Son of Lalibala. Only ruled in Lasta.
Marari	1290—1308 (18 years)		Mayrari	15 years	267	Son of Yetbarak. Only ruled in Lasta.
Harbe Chioum II	1308—1331 (23 years)		Harbay	8 years	268	Only ruled in Lasta.

See also

• Regnal lists of Ethiopia
• Ethiopian historiography
• List of kings of Axum
• List of emperors of Ethiopia – Rulers of Ethiopia from Mara Takla Haymanot to Amha Selassie
• List of royal consorts of Ethiopia
• Index of Ethiopia-related articles