Doping at the Olympic Games

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The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) has had a long history at the Olympic Games. Its origins can be traced back to the Ancient Olympics where Olympians would eat lizard meat prepared a special way, in the hopes that it would give them an athletic edge.[1] The first documented use of drugs to improve an athlete's performance was the winner of the 1904 marathon, Thomas Hicks who was injected with strychnine. The use of performance-enhancing medication has also been attributed to one death during Olympic competition.[2] As rumors of rampant drug use by athletes began to spread, so the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to act. By 1967, the IOC had banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs in Olympic competition. The IOC introduced the first drug use controls at the 1968 Winter Olympics.

These controls eventually evolved into a systematic-testing regimen that all Olympic athletes must adhere to. Testing of athletes for performance-enhancing drugs includes both urine and blood tests. As of 1999, the authoritative body on the use of performance-enhancing drugs is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This organization oversees the testing of athletes for several sports federations and the Olympic Games. As the creators of these drugs continue to improve their sophistication, potency and transparency, WADA and its constituency also innovate new ways to detect these drugs. Athletes continue to use various medical modifications to their body as a means of improving their athletic performances.

History

The use of performance-enhancing tactics or more formally known as PEDs, and more broadly, the use of any external device to nefariously influence the outcome of a sporting event has been a part of the Olympics since its inception in Ancient Greece. One speculation as to why men were required to compete naked was to prevent the use of extra accoutrements and to keep women from competing in events specifically designed for men.[3] Athletes were also known to drink "magic" potions and eat exotic meats in the hopes of given them an athletic edge on their competition.[1] If they were caught cheating, their likenesses were often engraved into stone and placed in a pathway that led to the Olympic stadium.[3] In the modern Olympic era, chemically enhancing one's performance has evolved into a sophisticated science, but in the early years of the Modern Olympic movement the use of performance-enhancing drugs was almost as crude as its ancient predecessors.

During the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes discovered ways to practically improve their athletic abilities by having testosterone. For example, the winner of the marathon at the 1904 Games, Thomas Hicks, was given strychnine and brandy by his coach, even during the race.[4] As these methods became more extreme, it became increasingly evident that the use of performance-enhancing drugs was not only a threat to the integrity of sport but could also have potentially fatal side effects on the athlete. The only Olympic death linked to athletic drug use occurred at the Rome Games of 1960. During the cycling road race, Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamine, which had caused him to lose consciousness during the race.[2] Jensen's death exposed to the world how endemic drug use was among elite athletes.[5] By the mid–1960s, sports federations were starting to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs, and the IOC followed suit in 1967.[6]

The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use.[7] Liljenwall was the only athlete to test positive for a banned substance at the 1968 Olympics, as the technology and testing techniques improved, the number of athletes discovered to be chemically enhancing their performance increased as well.

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L1209-0021, Kornelia Ender.jpg
Kornelia Ender

The most systematic case of drug use for athletic achievement is that of the East German Olympic teams of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1990, documents were discovered that showed many East German female athletes, especially swimmers, had been administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers. Girls as young as eleven were started on the drug regimen without consent from their parents. American female swimmers, including Shirley Babashoff, accused the East Germans of using performance-enhancing drugs as early as the 1976 Summer Games.[8] Babashoff's comments were dismissed by the international and domestic media as sour grapes since Babashoff, a clear favorite to win multiple gold medals, won three silver medals - losing all three times to either of the two East Germans Kornelia Ender or Petra Thümer, and one gold medal in a relay. There was no suspicion of cheating on the part of the East German female swimmers even though their medal tally increased from four silvers and one bronze in 1972 to ten golds (out of a possible 12), six silvers, and one bronze in 1976. No clear evidence was discovered until after the fall of the Berlin Wall, when the aforementioned documents proved that East Germany had embarked on a state-sponsored drug regimen to dramatically improve their competitiveness at the Olympic Games and other international sporting events. Many of the East German authorities responsible for this program have been subsequently tried and found guilty of various crimes in the German penal system.[9][10]

A very publicized steroid-related disqualification at an Olympic Games was the case of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who won the Men's 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but tested positive for stanozolol. His gold medal was subsequently stripped and awarded to runner-up Carl Lewis, who himself had tested positive for banned substances prior to the Olympics, but had not been banned due to a lack of consistency in the application of the rules. At that time National Olympic Committees had leeway to determine whether a specific athlete met the criteria to be banned from Olympic competition.[11]

Response

In the late 1990s, the IOC took the initiative in a more organized battle against doping, leading to the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. The 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics have shown that the effort to eliminate performance-enhancing drugs from the Olympics is not over, as several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified due to failing a drug test. During the 2006 Winter Olympics, only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The IOC-established drug testing regimen (now known as the "Olympic Standard") has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate.[12] During the Beijing games, 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Both urine and blood testing was used in a coordinated effort to detect banned substances and recent blood transfusions. While several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games, six athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing.[13][14]

Prohibited drugs

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Main article: List of drugs banned from the Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

What follows is a list of all the athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance either during or after an Olympic Games in which they competed. Any medals listed were revoked by the International Olympic Commission (IOC). In 1967 the IOC banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs, instituted a Medical Commission, and created a list of banned substances.[15] Mandatory testing began at the following years Summer and Winter games.[15]

1968 Mexico City

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Main article: 1968 Summer Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals
Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall  Sweden Modern pentathlon Ethanol 3rd (team)

1972 Munich

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Main article: 1972 Summer Olympics
Name Country Sport Anti-doping rule violation Medals Ref.
Bakaava Buidaa 23x15px Mongolia Judo Caffeine 2nd (63 kg) [16]
Miguel Coll  Puerto Rico Basketball Amphetamine [16][17]
Rick DeMont  United States Swimming Ephedrine 1st (men's 400 m freestyle) [16]
Aad van den Hoek  Netherlands Cycling Coramine 3rd (100 km team race) [16]
Jaime Huélamo 23x15px Spain Cycling Coramine 3rd (individual road race) [16]
Walter Legel  Austria Weightlifting Amphetamine [16]
Mohammad Reza Nasehi  Iran Weightlifting Ephedrine [16]

1976 Montreal

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Main article: 1976 Summer Olympics
Name Country Sport Anti-doping rule violation Medals Ref.
Blagoi Blagoev  Bulgaria Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 2nd (82.5 kg) [16]
Mark Cameron  United States Weightlifting Anabolic steroid [16]
Paul Cerutti  Monaco Shooting Amphetamine [16]
Dragomir Ciorosian  Romania Weightlifting Fencanfamine [16]
Philippe Grippaldi  United States Weightlifting Anabolic steroid [16]
Zbigniew Kaczmarek  Poland Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 1st (67.5 kg) [16]
Valentin Khristov  Bulgaria Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 1st (110 kg) [16]
Lorne Liebel  Canada Sailing Phenylpropanolamine [16]
Arne Norrback  Sweden Weightlifting Anabolic steroid [16]
Peter Pavlasek  Czechoslovakia Weightlifting Anabolic steroid [16]
Danuta Rosani  Poland Athletics Anabolic steroid [16][18]

1980 Moscow

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Main article: 1980 Summer Olympics

Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics, it has been claimed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".[19]

A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official.[19] The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.[20] The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.[21]

1984 Los Angeles

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Main article: 1984 Summer Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Ref.
Serafim Grammatikopoulos  Greece Weightlifting Nandrolone
Vésteinn Hafsteinsson  Iceland Athletics Nandrolone [18]
Tomas Johansson  Sweden Wrestling Methenolone 2nd (super-heavy)
Stefan Laggner  Austria Weightlifting Nandrolone
Göran Pettersson  Sweden Weightlifting Nandrolone
Eiji Shimomura  Japan Volleyball Testosterone
Mikiyasu Tanaka  Japan Volleyball Ephedrine
Ahmed Tarbi  Algeria Weightlifting Nandrolone
Mahmud Tarha  Lebanon Weightlifting Nandrolone
Giampaolo Urlando  Italy Athletics Testosterone [18]
Martti Vainio  Finland Athletics Methenolone 2nd (10,000 m) [18]
Anna Verouli  Greece Athletics Nandrolone [18]

The organizers of the Los Angeles games had refused to provide the IOC doping authorities with a safe prior to the start of the games. Due to a lack of security, medical records were subsequently stolen.[19] A 1994 letter from IOC Medical Commission chair Alexandre de Mérode claimed that Tony Daly, a member of the Los Angeles organizing committee had destroyed the records.[19] Dick Pound later wrote of his frustration that the organizing committee had removed evidence before it could be acted on by the IOC. Pound also claimed that IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Primo Nebiolo, President of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) had conspired to delay the announcement of positive tests so that the games could pass without controversy.[19]

The American cyclist Pat McDonough later admitted to "blood doping" at the 1984 Los Angeles Games.[22] Following the games it was revealed that one-third of the U.S. cycling team had received blood transfusions before the games, where they won nine medals, their first medal success since the 1912 Summer Olympics.[22] "Blood doping" was banned by the IOC in 1985, though no test existed for it at the time.[22]

1988 Seoul

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Main article: 1988 Summer Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Ref.
Alidad  Afghanistan Wrestling Furosemide
Kerrith Brown  Great Britain Judo Furosemide
Kalman Csengeri  Hungary Weightlifting Stanozolol
Mitko Grablev  Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 1st (56 kg)
Angell Guenchev  Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 1st (67.5 kg)
Ben Johnson  Canada Athletics Stanozolol 1st (men's 100 m) [18]
Fernando Mariaca  Spain Weightlifting Pemoline
Jorge Quesada  Spain Modern pentathlon Propanolol
Andor Szanyi  Hungary Weightlifting Stanozolol 2nd (100 kg)
Alexander Watson  Australia Modern Pentathlon Caffeine

1992 Barcelona

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Main article: 1992 Summer Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Ref.
Madina Biktagirova  Unified Team Athletics Norephedrine [18]
Wu Dan  China Volleyball Strychnine
Bonnie Dasse  United States Athletics Clenbuterol [18]
Jud Logan  United States Athletics Clenbuterol [18]
Nijolė Medvedeva  Lithuania Athletics Mesocarb [18]

1996 Atlanta

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Main article: 1996 Summer Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Ref.
Antonella Bevilacqua  Italy Athletics Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine [18][23]
Dean Capobianco  Australia Athletics Stanozolol [18][23]
Sandra Farmer-Patrick  United States Athletics Testosterone [18][24]
Daniel Plaza  Spain Athletics Nandrolone [18][25][26]
Iva Prandzheva  Bulgaria Athletics Metadienone [18][27]
Mary Slaney  United States Athletics Testosterone [18][28]
Natalya Shekhodanova  Russia Athletics Stanozolol [18][29][27]

Five athletes tested positive for the stimulant bromantane and was disqualified by the IOC, but later reinstated after an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. They were; swimmers Andrey Korneyev and Nina Zhivanevskaya, Greco-Roman wrestler Zafar Guliyev and sprinter Marina Trandenkova, all from Russia, and the Lithuanian track cyclist Rita Razmaitė. Dr. Vitaly Slionssarenko, physician to the Lithuanian cycling team, was also banned, and team coach Boris Vasilyev was expelled from the games.[30][31][32] The CAS overturned the IOC decision, because bromantane had only recently been added to the prohibited list,[27] and the athletes and officials got off with a reprimande.[33][34][35] The Russian had argued that bromantane wasn't a stimulant and thus not banned.[36][37]

The Irish long-distance runner Marie McMahon (Davenport) got a reprimande after testing positive for the stimulant phenylpropanolamine.[38][39][27]

The Cuban judoka Estella Rodriguez Villanueva got a reprimande after she tested positive for the diuretic furosemide.[27]

2000 Sydney

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Main article: 2000 Summer Olympics

Tim Montgomery, who was part of the USA Men's 4 × 100 m relay team which won the gold, in 2008 admitted that he had used Testosterone and HGH before the Sydney Games, and said “I have a gold medal that I’m sitting on that I didn’t get with my own ability”.[40] IOC at the time said they would look into the case,[41] but no action has since been taken by IOC to disqualify Montgomery from the Games.

Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Ref.
Fritz Aanes  Norway Wrestling Norandrosterone and noretiochdandone
Lance Armstrong  United States Cycling
(Road race and Time trial)		 Investigation concluded 2012:
Use, Possession, Trafficking, Administration of Prohibited Susbstances and Methods and Assisting, Encouraging, Aiding, Abetting, Covering Up or any other type of complicity involving one or more anti-doping rule violations and/or attempted anti-doping rule violations.		 3rd (Time trial)
Ashot Danielyan  Armenia Weightlifting Stanozolol 3rd (+105 kg)
Izabela Dragneva  Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 1st (48 kg)
Stian Grimseth  Norway Weightlifting Nandrolone
Ivan Ivanov  Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 2nd (56 kg)
Marion Jones  United States Athletics THG 1st (women's 100 m), 1st (women's 200 m),
1st (women's 4x400 m relay), 3rd (women's long jump),
3rd (women's 4x100 m relay)		 [18]
Alexander Leipold  Germany Wrestling Nandrolone 1st (76 kg)
Sevdalin Minchev  Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 3rd (62 kg)
Antonio Pettigrew  United States Athletics EPO and HGH 1st (men's 4 × 400 m relay) [18]
Svetlana Pospelova  Russia Athletics Stanozolol [18][42]
Oyuunbilegiin Pürevbaatar  Mongolia Wrestling Furosemide
Andreea Răducan  Romania Gymnastics Pseudophedrine[43] 1st (women's individual all-round)
Andris Reinholds  Latvia Rowing Nandrolone
Jerome Young  United States Athletics Nandrolone 1st (men's 4 × 400 m relay) [18]

2004 Athens

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Main article: 2004 Summer Olympics
Name Country Sport Anti-doping rule violation Medals Ref.
Wafa Ammouri  Morocco Weightlifting Positive test:
Anabolic steroid		 [44]
Adrián Annus  Hungary Athletics Falsified test result,
evasion of doping control		 1st (men's hammer throw) [18][44]
Ludger Beerbaum  Germany Equestrian Betamethasone (to horse Goldfever) 1st (team jumping)
Yuriy Bilonog  Ukraine Athletics Positive after retest in 2012:
Oxandrolone		 1st (men's shot put) [18][45][46]
Zhanna Block  Ukraine Athletics BALCO investigation [18]
Andrew Brack  Greece Baseball Pre-Games test:
Stanozolol		 [47]
Viktor Chislean  Moldova Weightlifting Positive test:
Anabolic steroid		 [44]
Crystal Cox  United States Athletics Investigation completed 2010:
Anabolic agents and hormones		 1st (women's 4 × 400 m relay) [18][48]
Róbert Fazekas  Hungary Athletics Refused to submit sample 1st (men's discus throw) [18][44][49]
Mabel Fonseca  Puerto Rico Wrestling Positive test:
Stanozolol		 [44]
Anton Galkin  Russia Athletics Positive test:
Stanozolol		 [18][44]
Ferenc Gyurkovics  Hungary Weightlifting Positive test:
Oxandrolone		 2nd (105 kg) [44]
Tyler Hamilton  United States Cycling Self admission:
Use of prohibited substances and methods		 1st (men's road time trial) [50]
Marion Jones  United States Athletics BALCO investigation [18]
Zoltan Kecskes  Hungary Weightlifting Positive test:
Anabolic steroid		 [44]
Konstantinos Kenteris  Greece Athletics Evasion of doping control [44][49]
Albina Khomic  Russia Weightlifting Positive test:
Testosterone		 [44]
Aye Khine Nan  Myanmar Weightlifting Positive test:
Anabolic steroid		 [44]
Irina Korzhanenko  Russia Athletics Positive test:
Stanozolol		 1st (women's shot put) [18][44][49]
Zoltán Kovács  Hungary Weightlifting Refused to submit doping sample [44]
Svetlana Krivelyova  Russia Athletics Positive after retest in 2012:
Oxandrolone		 3rd (women's shot put) [18][46][51][52]
Pratima Kumari Na  India Weightlifting Positive test:
Anabolic steroid		 [44]
Aleksey Lesnichiy  Belarus Athletics Positive test:
Clenbuterol		 [18][44][49]
David Munyasia  Kenya Boxing Positive test:
Cathine		 [44]
Derek Nicholson  Greece Baseball Pre-Games test;
Diuretic		 [47]
Cian O'Connor  Ireland Equestrian Antipsychotics (to horse Waterford Crystal) 1st (individual jumping)
Olena Olefirenko  Ukraine Rowing Positive test:
Ethamivan		 3rd (women's quadruple sculls) [44]
Oleg Perepetchenov  Russia Weightlifting Positive after retest in 2012: Clenbuterol 3rd (62 kg) [53][54]
Duane Ross  United States Athletics BALCO investigation [18]
Leonidas Sampanis  Greece Weightlifting Positive test:
Testosterone		 3rd (62 kg) [44]
Thinbaijam Sanamcha Chanu  India Weightlifting Positive test:
Furosemide		 [44]
Mital Sharipov  Kyrgyzstan Weightlifting Positive test:
Furosemide		 [44]
Olga Shchukina  Uzbekistan Athletics Positive test:
Clenbuterol		 [18][44][49]
Şule Şahbaz  Turkey Weightlifting Positive test:
Anabolic steroid		 [44]
Ekaterini Thanou  Greece Athletics Evasion of doping control [44][49]
Ivan Tsikhan  Belarus Athletics Positive after retest in 2012:
Methandienone		 2nd (men's hammer throw) [18][46]
Irina Yatchenko  Belarus Athletics Positive after retest in 2012:
Methandienone		 3rd (women's discus throw) [18][46]

2008 Beijing

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Main article: 2008 Summer Olympics

"Zero Tolerance for Doping" was adopted as an official slogan for the Beijing Olympic Games.[55] A number of athletes were already eliminated by testing prior to coming to Beijing.[55]

Out of the 4,500 samples that were collected from participating athletes at the games, six athletes with positive specimens were ousted from the competition. It is possible that further positive tests may still be found as samples are sealed and frozen for eight years. It is unclear who remains in charge of these samples, the host or the IOC. The quality of testing was questioned when the BBC reported that samples positive for EPO were labeled as negative by Chinese laboratories in July.[56] The rate of positive findings is lower than at Athens four years ago, but it cannot be deduced that the prevalence of doping has decreased; possibly, doping technology has become more sophisticated and a number of drugs cannot be detected.[55][56][57]

Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Details
Christian Ahlmann  Germany Equestrian Capsaicin
Bernardo Alves  Brazil Equestrian Capsaicin
Lyudmila Blonska  Ukraine Athletics Methyltestosterone 2nd (heptathlon) IOC post-event testing[18][58]
Fani Halkia  Greece Athletics (DNS) Methyltrienolone Pre-Games testing in Japan[59][60][61]
Tony André Hansen  Norway Equestrian Capsaicin 3rd (team jumping)
Alissa Kallinikou  Cyprus Athletics Testosterone In competition test in July 2008[18][62]
Kim Jong-su  North Korea Shooting Propranolol 3rd (men's 10 m air pistol), 2nd (50 m pistol)
Courtney King  United States Equestrian Felbinac
Denis Lynch  Ireland Equestrian Capsaicin
Andrei Mikhnevich  Belarus Athletics Retest of sample from 2005 WCh: Clenbuterol, Methandienone and Oxandrolone 3rd (men's shotput) IAAF retest of sample from the 2005 IAAF World Championships. All results from August 2005 onwards annulled.[18][63][64]
Maria Isabel Moreno  Spain Cycling (DNS) Erythropoietin Pre-Games testing in Olympic village, Beijing[65]
Tezdzhan Naimova  Bulgaria Athletics Tampering with doping control IAAF out-of-competition test in June 2008.[18][62]
Vanja Perisic  Croatia Athletics CERA IOC re-analyse of sample in 2009[18][66]
Rodrigo Pessoa  Brazil Equestrian Nonivamide
Rashid Ramzi  Bahrain Athletics CERA 1st (men's 1500 m) IOC re-analyse of sample in 2009[18][66]
Igor Razoronov  Ukraine Weightlifting Nandrolone [67]
Davide Rebellin  Italy Cycling CERA 2nd (men's road race) IOC re-analyse of sample in 2009[66]
Stefan Schumacher  Germany Cycling CERA AFDL re-analyse of sample from 2008 Tour de France in autumn of 2008 and IOC re-analyse of sample from 2008 Olympic Games in 2009[66]
Adam Seroczyński  Poland Canoeing Clenbuterol
Do Thi Ngan Thuong  Vietnam Gymnastics Furosemide
Athanasia Tsoumeleka  Greece Athletics CERA IOC re-analyse of sample in 2009[18][66]

2012 London

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Main article: 2012 Summer Olympics

It was announced prior to the Summer games that half of all competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the games and the end of the Paralympic games.[68] All medalists would also be tested. The Olympic anti-doping laboratory would test up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances.[68]

The head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), John Fahey, announced on 24 July that 107 athletes had been sanctioned for doping offences in the six months to June 19.[69] The "In-competition" period began on July 16. During the "In-competition" period Olympic competitors can be tested at any time without notice or in advance.[70]

British sprinter Dwain Chambers, cyclist David Millar and shot putter Carl Myerscough[71] competed in London after the British Olympic Association's policy of punishing drug cheats with lifetime bans was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.[68]

Gold medallists at the games who had been involved in previous doping offences included Alexander Vinokourov, the winner of the men's road race,[72] Tatyana Lysenko, the winner of the women's hammer throw, Aslı Çakır Alptekin winner of the women's 1500 meters and Sandra Perković, winner of the women's discus throw.[73][74] Other competitors at the Summer games involved in previous doping cases included American athletes Justin Gatlin and LaShawn Merritt,[75] and Jamaican sprinter Yohan Blake.[76]

Spanish athlete Ángel Mullera was first selected for the 3000 m steeplechase and later removed when emails were published in which he discussed EPO use with a trainer.[77] Mullera appealed to CAS which ordered the Spanish Olympic Committee to allow him to participate.[78]

Prior to the Olympic competition, several prominent track and field athletes were ruled out of the competition due to failed tests. World indoor medallists Dimitrios Chondrokoukis, Debbie Dunn, and Mariem Alaoui Selsouli were withdrawn from their Olympic teams in July for doping, as was 2004 Olympic medallist Zoltán Kővágó.[79][80][81] At the Olympic competition, Tameka Williams admitted to taking a banned stimulant and was removed from the games.[82] Ivan Tsikhan did not compete in the hammer throw as a re-test of his sample from the 2004 Athens Olympics, where he won silver, was positive.[83] Amine Laâlou,[84] Marina Marghieva,[85] Diego Palomeque,[86] and defending 50 km walk champion Alex Schwazer were also suspended before taking part in their events.[87]

Syrian hurdler Ghfran Almouhamad became the first track-and-field athlete to be suspended following a positive in-competition doping sample.[88] Nadzeya Astapchuk was stripped of the women's shot put title after her sample came back positive for the banned anabolic agent metenolone.[89] Karin Melis Mey was withdrawn before the long jump final when an earlier failed doping test was confirmed.[90]

A WADA report released in 2015 detailed an extensive Russian state-sponsored doping program implicating athletes, coaches, various Russian institutions, doctors and labs. The report stated that the London Olympic Games "were, in a sense, sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing" and detailed incidents of bribery and bogus urine samples. The report recommended that Russia be barred from track and field events for the 2016 Olympics. It also recommended lifetime bans for five coaches and five athletes from the country, including runners Mariya Savinova, Ekaterina Poistogova, Anastasiya Bazdyreva, Kristina Ugarova, and Tatjana Myazina.[91][92]

Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Details of test
Hussain Al-Hamdah  Saudi Arabia Athletics
5000 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 26 March 2009 onwards.[18][93]
Ghfran Almouhamad  Syria Athletics
400 metres hurdles		 Methylhexaneamine IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics[18][94]
Yelena Arzhakova  Russia Athletics
800 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 12 July 2011 onwards.[18][95][96]
Victoria Baranova  Russia Cycling
Track - sprint(DNS)		 Testosterone IOC pre-Games testing in Belarus[97]
Olga Beresnyeva  Ukraine Swimming
Open water		 EPO Retesting in 2015 of samples from IOC pre-Games testing in Ukraine[98][99]
Aslı Çakır-Alptekin  Turkey Athletics
1500 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities 1st (women's 1500 metres) IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 29 July 2010 onwards.[100][101]
Kissya Cataldo  Brazil Rowing
Single sculls(DNS)		 EPO International Rowing Federation pre-Games testing in Brazil[75][102]
Nicholas Delpopolo  United States Judo Cannabis IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[103]
Hamza Driouch  Qatar Athletics
1500 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 2 Aug. 2012 onwards.[18][104][105]
Luiza Galiulina  Uzbekistan(DNS) Gymnastics(DNS) Furosemide IOC pre-Games testing in Uzbekistan.[106]
Tyson Gay  United States Athletics
100 metres		 Anabolic androgenic steroids USADA investigation after positive for anabolic androgenic ateroids in 2013; admittance.[18][107][108][109]
Yelizaveta Grechishnikova  Russia Athletics
10,000 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 18 August 2009 onwards.[18][96][110]
Semoy Hackett  Trinidad and Tobago Athletics
100 metres
200 metres
4 × 100 metres relay		 Methylhexaneamine Positive from Division I Outdoor Track & Field Championships in June 2012[18][111][112]
Hassan Hirt  France Athletics
5000 metres		 EPO IOC pre-Games testing.[18][113]
Natallia Kareiva  Belarus Athletics
1500 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 28 July 2010 onwards.[18][96][114][115]
Yekaterina Kostetskaya  Russia Athletics
1500 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 30 August 2011 onwards.[18][116][117]
Amine Laâlou  Morocco Athletics
1500 metres (DNS)		 Furosemide IAAF post-competition testing at Diamond League meeting in Monte Carlo.[118]
Marina Marghieva
(Marina Nichișenco)		  Moldova Athletics
Hammer throw (DNS)		 Stanozolol IOC pre-Games testing.[18][119][120]
Zalina Marghieva  Moldova Athletics
Hammer throw		 2009 WCh retest: Stanozolol, Oral Turinabol IAAF retesting of samples from 2009 IAAF World Championships[18][120]
Karin Melis Mey  Turkey Athletics
Long jump		 Testosterone Positive from the 2012 European Athletics Championships in June.[18][120]
Andrei Mikhnevich  Belarus Athletics
Shot put		 2005 WCh retest: Clenbuterol, Methandienone and Oxandrolone IAAF retest of sample from the 2005 IAAF World Championships. All results from August 2005 onwards annulled.[18][63]
Nadzeya Ostapchuk  Belarus Athletics
Shot put		 Methenolone 1st (women's shot put) IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics (two separate positive samples).[18][121]
Diego Palomeque  Colombia Athletics
400 metres (DNS)		 Exogenous testosterone IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[122]
Darya Pishchalnikova  Russia Athletics
Discus throw		 Oxandrolone 2nd (women's discus throw) Random out of competition test in May 2012. All her results (Including those at the 2012 Summer Olympics) since May 2012 were annulled by the IAAF in April 2013.[18][123]
Hysen Pulaku  Albania Weightlifting Stanozolol IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[72]
Pınar Saka  Turkey Athletics
400 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 18 June 2010 onwards.[18][96][124]
Alex Schwazer  Italy Athletics
50 km walk (DNS)		 EPO IOC pre-Games testing in Italy.[125]
Mohammed Shaween  Saudi Arabia Athletics
1500 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 12 June 2011 onwards.[18][116][117]
Anzhelika Shevchenko  Ukraine Athletics
1500 metres		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 2 July 2011 onwards.[18][96]
Liliya Shobukhova  Russia Athletics
Marathon		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 9 October 2009 onwards.[126][127]
Svitlana Shmidt  Ukraine Athletics
Steeplechase		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 8 March 2012 onwards.[18][128][129][130]
Soslan Tigiev  Uzbekistan Wrestling Methylhexaneamine 3rd (freestyle 74 kg) IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[131]
USA's Men's 4 × 100 meter relay team  United States Athletics
4 × 100 meters		 DHEA (Tyson Gay) 2nd USADA investigation after Tyson Gays positive for Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in 2013; admittance.[18][107][108][109]
Binnaz Uslu  Turkey Athletics
Steplechase		 2011 WCh retest: Stanozolol IAAF retest of sample from 2011 World Championships[18][120][132]
Wang Jiali  China Athletics
Marathon		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 29 May 2012 onwards.[18][133]
Tameka Williams  Saint Kitts and Nevis Athletics
100 metres (DNS)		 "Blast Off Red" Did not fail test but confessed to have used an illegal "veterinary medicine".[134]
Nevin Yanit  Turkey Athletics
100 metres hurdles		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 28 June 2012 onwards.[18][135][136][137]
Igor Yerokhin  Russia Athletics
50 km walk		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 25 February 2011 onwards.[18][138]
Lyudmyla Yosypenko  Ukraine Athletics
Heptathlon		 Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 25 August 2011 onwards.[18][120]

Winter Olympic Games

1968 Grenoble

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Main article: 1968 Winter Olympics

No athletes were caught doping at these Games.

1972 Sapporo

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Main article: 1972 Winter Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals
Alois Schloder  West Germany Ice hockey Ephedrine

1976 Innsbruck

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Main article: 1976 Winter Olympics
Name Country Sport Anti-doping rule violation Medals Ref.
Galina Kulakova  Soviet Union Cross-country skiing Ephedrine 3rd (5 km) [16]
Frantisek Pospisil  Czechoslovakia Ice hockey Codeine, Morphine [16][139][140]
Dr. Otto Trefny  Czechoslovakia Ice hockey Administration of prohibited substances to Frantisek Pospisil. Banned from the Olympic Games for life. [16][139][140]

1980 Lake Placid

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Main article: 1980 Winter Olympics

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games.

1984 Sarajevo

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Main article: 1984 Winter Olympics

The Finnish cross-country skier Aki Karvonen admitted in 1994 that he'd had blood transfusions for the Sarajevo Games.[141] Blood transfusions weren't formally banned by IOC until 1986. Karvonen won a silver and two bronze at the games.

Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals
Pürevjavyn Batsükh 23x15px Mongolia Cross-country skiing Methandienone

1988 Calgary

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Main article: 1988 Winter Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals
Jaroslaw Morawiecki  Poland Ice hockey Testosterone

1992 Albertville

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Main article: 1992 Winter Olympics

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games. The Russian biathlete Sergei Tarasov admitted in 2015 that the Russian biathlon team had carried out illegal blood transfusions at the Games. Something went very wrong with his transfusion, and he was rushed to the hospital where they saved his life.[142]

1994 Lillehammer

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Main article: 1994 Winter Olympics

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games

1998 Nagano

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Main article: 1998 Winter Olympics

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these games. The Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati, winner of the men's giant slalom, was initially disqualified and stripped of his gold medal by the International Olympic Committee's Executive Board after testing positive for marijuana.[143] Marijuana was not then on the list of prohibited substances by the IOC, and their decision was reversed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and Rebagliati's medal reinstated.[143][144][145]

2002 Salt Lake City

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Main article: 2002 Winter Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals
Natalia Baranova-Masalkina  Russia Cross-country skiing WADA pre-Games test: EPO[146]
Alain Baxter  Great Britain Alpine skiing Methamphetamine 3rd (slalom)
Olga Danilova  Russia Cross-country skiing Darbepoetin 1st (10 km pursuit), 2nd (10 km)
Larisa Lazutina  Russia Cross-country skiing Darbepoetin 1st (30 km), 1st (10 km), 2nd (15 km freestyle)
Marc Mayer  Austria Cross-country skiing Possession of blood-transfusion equipment[147][148]
Walter Mayer  Austria Cross-country skiing/Biathlon Austrian cross-country/biathlon team coach, performed blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher.[147][148]
Johann Mühlegg  Spain Cross-country skiing Darbepoetin 1st (50 km), 1st (30 km freestyle), 1st (20 km pursuit)
Volker Müller  Austria Cross-country skiing/Biathlon German chiropractor working for the Austrian cross-country/biathlon team, involved in the blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher.[147][148]
Vasily Pankov  Belarus Ice hockey Nandrolone
Achim Walcher  Austria Cross-country skiing Possession of blood-transfusion equipment[147][148]

2006 Turin

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Main article: 2006 Winter Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals
Roland Diethard  Austria Cross country skiing Possession of a prohibited substance or method[149]
Johannes Eder  Austria Cross country skiing Possession and use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method[149]
Christian Hoffmann  Austria Cross country skiing Investigation concluded in 2011: Blood doping[150]
Wolfgang Perner  Austria Biathlon Possession of a prohibited substance or method[151]
Jürgen Pinter  Austria Cross country skiing Possession of a prohibited substance or method[152]
Olga Pyleva  Russia Biathlon Carphedon 2nd (15 km)
Wolfgang Rottmann  Austria Biathlon Possession of a prohibited substance or method[151]
Martin Tauber  Austria Cross country skiing Possession of a prohibited substance or method[149]

2010 Vancouver

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Main article: 2010 Winter Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals
Kornelia Marek  Poland Cross-country skiing Erythropoietin[153]

2014 Sochi

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Main article: 2014 Winter Olympics
Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Details of test
Nicklas Bäckström  Sweden Ice hockey Pseudoephedrine[154] 2nd Awarded despite the doping violation.[155]
Johannes Dürr  Austria Cross-country skiing Erythropoietin[156]
Ralfs Freibergs  Latvia Ice hockey Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone[157]
William Frullani  Italy Bobsleigh Methylhexanamine[158][159]
Marina Lisogor  Ukraine Cross-country skiing Trimetazidine[160][161]
Alexandr Loginov  Russia Biathlon EPO Positive after IBU re-tested sample from 26 November 2013. All results from that date onwards annulled.[162]
Vitalijs Pavlovs  Latvia Ice hockey Methylhexanamine[163]
Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle  Germany Biathlon Methylhexanamine[158][164]
Serguei Sednev  Ukraine Biathlon EPO Positive after IBU re-tested sample from 22 January 2013. All results from that date onwards annulled.[165]
Daniel Zalewski  Poland Bobsleigh Stimulant[166]

See also

References

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  141. ↑ Hiihtäjä Aki Karvonen tunnusti veritankkauksen lääkärien paljastusten jälkeen, yle.fi, 26 September 2012
  142. ↑ Сергей Тарасов: как я не умер, sport-express.ru, 13 February 2015
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  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 148.2 148.3 Nordic skiing-Austria to fight coach's life ban, fasterskier.com, 13 May 2003
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 FIS Doping Panel sanctions Austrian Cross-Country skiers for violations against FIS Anti-Doping Rules during the 2006 Olympic Winter Games in Torino (ITA)
  150. ↑ Associated Press: "Christian Hoffmann gets 6-year ban". ESPN, December 6. 2011
  151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 The Associated Press: Six Austrians banned from Olympics in Turin doping scandal, USA Today
  152. ↑ Associated Press : CAS bans Pinter four years for role in Turin doping scandal, espn.com, 21 November 2008
  153. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  154. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  155. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  156. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  157. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  159. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  160. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  161. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  162. ↑ IBU: Decisions of the Independent Anti-Doping Hearing Panel of the Russian biathletes: Ms. Ekaterina IOURIEVA, Mr. Alexander LOGINOV. Ms. Irina STARYKH
  163. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  164. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  165. ↑ IBU: Decision of the Anti-Doping Hearing Panel of Ukrainian biathlete Mr. Serguei SEDNEV
  166. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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