Frankish Tower (Acropolis of Athens)

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View of the Acropolis in 1872, with the Frankish Tower conspicuously evident

The Frankish Tower was a medieval tower built on the Acropolis of Athens by the Franks as part of the palace of the Dukes of Athens. It was demolished by the Greek authorities in 1874.

History

Construction of the tower is usually ascribed to the Acciaioli family, who ruled the Duchy of Athens between 1388 and its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1458, since it was they who converted the Propylaea complex into a palace.[1][2] However, according to medievalist Peter Lock, the tower "might equally be ascribed" to the first dynasty of Frankish dukes of Athens, the 13th-century de la Roche, who also had a residence on the site, of which no details are known.[3]

Close-up view of the tower

The tower was situated on the western corner of the Acropolis, next to the Propylaea, but probably did not communicate directly with them, as paintings and photographs from the 19th century show the entrance above ground, on the tower's eastern face at the second-floor level, some 6 metres (20 ft) above the architrave of the Propylaea. Literary sources attest to the fact that the door was accessible by means of an external wooden staircase.[4][5] On the other hand, a couple of photographs also show a ground entrance on the western side, which means that the lower portion of the tower was probably separate from the upper, and used as a prison or storage room.[6] The tower was built of stone from the quarries of Penteli and Piraeus, making heavy use of material from the ancient buildings of the Acropolis, and was square in shape, 28.5 feet (8.7 m) long and 25.5 feet (7.8 m) wide, and its walls had a thickness of 5.75 feet (1.75 m) at their base. With a height of 85 feet (26 m), its top, accessible through a wooden staircase, held a commanding view over the central plain of Attica and the surrounding mountains. The north side of the tower had a small, square turret that projected from the wall, atop which "beacon-fires could be kindled which would be visible from Acrocorinth" in the Peloponnese.[4][7] Old sketches and photographs also show that the tower was crenellated.[8]

The tower may be the inspiration for the "grete tour" in the palace of the Duke of Athens, where Palamon is imprisoned in Chaucer's The Knight's Tale.[2] Under Ottoman rule the tower—known locally as Goulas or Koulas (Γουλάς/Κουλάς, from Turkish kule, "tower")—was used as a salt store and a prison.[9] When the Greek War of Independence broke out, twelve Athenian notables were imprisoned here by the Ottoman authorities as hostages, of whom nine were executed during the 1821–22 siege of the Acropolis by the Greek rebels and three managed to escape.[9] In 1825, the Greek military leader Odysseas Androutsos was imprisoned at the tower by his political rivals, tortured and finally killed.[2][9]

The tower was dismantled in 1874,[1][10] as part of a wider cleaning-up of the Acropolis from post-Classical buildings, a project initiated and financed by Heinrich Schliemann.[9] The demolition of such an "integral part of the Athenian horizon" (Théophile Gautier) drew considerable criticism at the time,[9] while the eminent historian of Frankish Greece William Miller later called it "an act of vandalism unworthy of any people imbued with a sense of the continuity of history".[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Miller 1908, p. 401.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lock 1987, p. 133.
  3. ↑ Lock 1986, p. 112.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lock 1986, pp. 111–112.
  5. ↑ Lock 1987, pp. 131–132.
  6. ↑ Lock 1987, p. 132.
  7. ↑ Miller 1908, pp. 401–402.
  8. ↑ Lock 1987, p. 131.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Giochalas & Kafetzaki 2013, p. 138.
  10. ↑ Lock 1986, p. 111.

Sources

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External links

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