2023 Nigerian presidential election

2022 Peoples Democratic Party presidential primary
Turnout	98.43%
	Elected Presidential Nominee; Atiku Abubakar; Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)

2022 All Progressives Congress presidential primary
Turnout	91.09%
	Elected Presidential Nominee; Bola Tinubu; APC

2023 Nigerian presidential election
	Opinion polls
Registered	93,469,008
Turnout	26.71% (8.04pp)
	300px Results by state
President before election; Muhammadu Buhari; APC	Elected President; Bola Tinubu; APC

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The 2023 Nigerian presidential election was held on 25 February 2023^{[lower-alpha 1]} to elect the president and vice president of Nigeria.^[1] Incumbent APC President Muhammadu Buhari is term-limited and could not seek re-election for a third term. Other federal elections, including elections to the House of Representatives and the Senate, held on the same date while state elections will be held two weeks afterward on 11 March.

Bola Tinubu—the former Governor of Lagos State and nominee of the All Progressives Congress—won the election with 36.61% of the vote (8,794,726 total votes) over runners-up Atiku Abubakar (Peoples Democratic Party) and Peter Obi (Labour Party); the final nation result was announced on 1 March but was immediately contested by Abubakar and Obi. The inauguration is set for 29 May 2023, the former date of Democracy Day.

Party primaries were conducted between 4 April and 9 June 2022 with the Peoples Democratic Party nominating former Vice President Atiku Abubakar, the All Progressives Congress nominated Tinubu, ^[2]^[3] Labour Party nominated former Governor of Anambra State Peter Obi and New Nigeria Peoples Party nominated Governor of Kano State Rabiu Kwankwaso.^[4]^[5] In the weeks after the primaries, vice presidential running mates were announced with Abubakar choosing Governor Ifeanyi Okowa.^[6]^[7]^[8] Obi selected former Senator Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed, Tinubu picked Senator Kashim Shettima and Kwankwaso chose pastor Isaac Idahosa.^[9]^[10]

The general election was noted by initially high projected turnout and mainly peaceful voting but was marred by reports of vote buying, voter intimidation, attacks on polling units in certain areas, and unpunctual electoral officials along with accusations of outright fraud;^[11]^[12] to compound issues with trust in the election, Independent National Electoral Commission officials failed to upload polling unit results to the INEC Result Viewing Portal as previously assured would happen on Election Day.^[13]^[14]^[15] As state results started to be announced on 26 February at the national collation centre in Abuja, opposition emerged as results data had still not been fully uploaded prior to their announcement in accordance with the law.^[16]^[17] These circumstances along with statements critical of INEC from observers and civil society groups led the Abubakar, Obi, and Kwankwaso campaigns to question and then officially reject the announced election results by 28 February.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] All three main opposition campaigns, in addition to some civil society groups and former President Olusegun Obasanjo, called on the commission to rerun the election due to fraud and violence.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] Meanwhile, the Tinubu campaign praised the commission and called for the arrest of PDP spokesmen for 'incitement of violence.'^[27] In the early morning of 1 March, INEC Chairman Mahmood Yakubu declared Tinubu as the victor after all state results were collated.^[28] In response, Abubakar, Obi, and Kwankwaso rejected and vowed to challenge the results.^[29]

Electoral system

The President of Nigeria is elected using a modified two-round system with up to three rounds. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a plurality of the national vote and over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. If no candidate passes this threshold, a second round is held between the top candidate and the candidate winning the second-highest number of states. To win in the second round, a candidate must still receive the most votes nationally and over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. If neither candidate passes this threshold, a third round is held where a simple majority of the national vote is required to be elected.^[30]

Background

After the first term of Muhammadu Buhari as President, he won re-election to the office as the nominee of the All Progressives Congress by defeating Atiku Abubakar of the People's Democratic Party with a margin of 14 percentage points—nearly 4 million votes. For the legislative elections, the APC solidified its majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate after nearly losing the majorities due to defections in 2018. On the state level, the PDP gained two in total as the party gained four governorships from the APC while the APC gained two governorships from the PDP. During the first two years of the 2019–2023 term, the APC expanded slightly through the defections of dozens of state and federal legislators and three governors—Ebonyi State's Dave Umahi, Cross River State's Benedict Ayade, and Zamfara State's Bello Muhammad Matawalle—but went through a prolonged leadership crisis;^[31] for the PDP, the losses through defection took a toll but the party resolved its leadership crisis and held a peaceful convention.^[32] During the second half of the term, both parties were hit by defections but the APC held its long-postponed convention and the PDP underwent public disputes over not zoning its presidential nomination.

Ahead of Buhari's second term, his promises included the completion of in-process rail lines and other infrastructure projects, the further inclusion of women in government, educational reform, and increasing anti-corruption initiatives.^[33] In terms of his performance, the administration was commended for improving the agriculture sector, finishing infrastructure projects, successful advances in the fight against terrorists in the northeast, securing the return of previously looted public funds from abroad, and increasing the minimum wage.^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40] However, he faced criticism for abandoning anti-corruption initiatives, poor quality of life, an increasingly dire security situation outside of the northeast (bandits and some terrorist expansion in the North West, herder-farmer and interethnic conflicts in the North Central, pirates and illegal oil bunkering gangs in the Niger Delta, and a violent separatist movement in the South East along with nationwide kidnapping and security force brutality epidemics), and increasing national debt.^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^{[excessive citation]}

Buhari also came under fire for instituting a seven-month long national ban on Twitter after the site removed an abusive tweet he posted in reference to the Civil War; the ban was decried as a failed attempt at censorship.^[58] Another key source of controversy was the administration's handling of the October 2020 protest wave of the End SARS movement with the most fervent criticism emerging over the Lekki massacre when soldiers in Lagos killed multiple peaceful protesters before the Army and administration attempted to deny the shooting ever took place.^[59]

Buhari also had to contend with a fluctuating, but consistently low, approval rating.^[60]

Primary elections

The primaries, along with any potential challenges to primary results, were to take place between 4 April and 3 June 2022 but the deadline was extended to 9 June.^[1]^[61] An informal zoning gentlemen's agreement sets the South (the South East, South South, and South West geopolitical zones) to have the next President as Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice. Another informal convention calls for nominees to have vice presidential running mates from a different region and religion as themselves. Despite the arrangement, most parties did not formally close their primaries to non-Southern candidates or officially designate that their tickets cannot have running mates of the same religion.

Both the APC and PDP had heated internal debates over zoning and same religion tickets in the year ahead of the primary. Despite the informal convention, the People's Democratic Party declined to formally zone its nomination in early May 2022 before going against the convention to nominate northerner Atiku Abubakar; the All Progressives Congress also declined to formally zone its nomination but later nominated a southerner, Bola Tinubu, as its flagbearer.^[62]^[63] The APC, however, did break the other major convention by picking a same religion ticket; the PDP did not.

All Progressives Congress

With Muhammadu Buhari having been elected to the presidency twice, he was ineligible for renomination. In July 2021, then-national APC Caretaker Chairman and Yobe State Governor Mai Mala Buni backed the consensus method of nominating a presidential candidate instead of the more common direct or indirect primary methods but the party did not come to a decision on the primary method at the time.^[64] During Buni's term as Caretaker Chairman from 2020 to 2022, he campaigned heavily for prominent PDP members to defect to the APC, weakening the opposition's caucus in the National Assembly and gaining three governors—Ebonyi State's Dave Umahi, Cross River State's Benedict Ayade, and Zamfara State's Bello Muhammad Matawalle—in 2020 and 2021. However, the APC's electoral performance and party unity were more mixed as it came a distant third in the 2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election^{[lower-alpha 2]} and was still beset by infighting.^[65] The APC primary was framed in the wider context of internal party feuds stemming from the APC's formation in 2013 and pre-2019 election party crises to the 2020 removal of party leadership and contentious 2021 state party congresses. The ability of the APC national caretaker committee to resolve state party factionizations and properly organize the 2022 national party convention was seen as vital for both the APC's presidential chances and its future as a party.^[66] After several postponements, the convention was successfully held on 26 March 2022 despite some controversy over the consensus method used for most party offices.^[67]^[68]

In terms of zoning, there was no announced formal zoning agreement for the APC nomination despite calls from certain politicians and interest groups such as the Southern Governors' Forum to zone the nomination to the South as Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice.^[69]^[70] Countering its proponents were prospective candidates from the North and the Northern Governors' Forum, which did not oppose a southern presidency but initially disagreed with formal zoning.^[71] On the other hand, there were few proponents of a same religion ticket, mainly supporters and allies of eventual nominee Bola Tinubu who argued that there were few powerful Northern Christian APC politicians who could be his running mate.^[72] Allies of other potential candidates and groups like the Christian Association of Nigeria came out strongly against the idea of a same religion ticket on grounds of national unity and religious harmony.^[73]^[74]

On 20 April 2022, the APC National Executive Committee announced the party timetable for the presidential primary and that the primary would use the indirect primary method. The announcement set the party's expression of interest form price at ₦30 million and the nomination form price at ₦70 million with a 50% nomination form discount for candidates younger than 40 while women and candidates with disabilities get free nomination forms. Forms were to be sold from 26 April to 6 May until the deadline was later extended to 10 May then 12 May.^[75] After the submission of nomination forms by 13 May, candidates were to be screened by a party committee on 24 and 25 May but it was delayed several times to while the screening appeal process will take place afterwards.^[76]^[77]^[78] Ward congresses and LGA congresses were rescheduled for between 12 and 14 May to elect "ad hoc delegates" for the primary. Candidates approved by the screening process were to advance to a primary set for 30 May and 1 June but the party delayed the primary to 6–8 June.^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]

Before the primary, controversy over the prospective electors emerged due to the legal ramifications of the amended Electoral Act. After years of debate and public pressure, Buhari signed a new Electoral Act in January 2022 that drastically reformed election and electoral systems for both primary and general elections. One of the reforms was the exclusion of ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—from voting in party primaries; National Assembly leadership said the exclusion was inadvertent and in May, NASS passed an amendment to the act to allow statutory delegates to vote in primaries.^[83] However, Buhari refused to sign the amendment into law, forcing the APC to suddenly prohibit statutory delegates from voting. Not only did the action prevent Buhari and other high-ranking officeholders from voting, it drastically reduced the number of delegates from over 7,800 to just the 2,322 elected "ad hoc delegates."^[84]^[85]^[86]

The pre-primary period was dominated by questions about major candidates and Buhari's endorsement. Of the formally announced candidates, analysts viewed five as the major contenders: Rotimi Amaechi—former Minister of Transportation and former Governor of Rivers State, Kayode Fayemi—Governor of Ekiti State, Ahmad Lawan—Senate President, Yemi Osinbajo—Vice President, and Bola Tinubu—former Governor of Lagos State; however, two potential surprises emerged: former President Goodluck Jonathan and Governor of the Central Bank Godwin Emefiele. Groups purchasing forms on behalf of Emefiele and Jonathan coupled with months of speculation about their candidacies led to rumours of a plot to impose one of the two as nominee despite the legally-mandated nonpartisanship of Emefiele's office and Jonathan's membership in the PDP; neither candidacy came to fruition as Jonathan refused the forms while Emefiele was forced to withdraw due to public pressure.^[87] The other main question was Buhari's endorsement; despite months of contending that he would not weigh in on the primary, about a week before the primary, Buhari held a meeting with APC governors where he asked them to support his preferred candidate.^[88]^[89] Reports emerged that while the vast majority of governors agreed, a few rejected the proposal or did not state their position.^[90] Another point of contention was the oft-postponed candidate screening, where a committee led by former APC National Chairman John Odigie Oyegun cleared all twenty-three candidates but recommended only thirteen candidates continue their campaigns due to their perceived chances of victory.^[91]^[92]

In the days directly before the primary, the vast majority of northern APC governors released a letter in support of a southern nominee where they also asked northern candidates to withdraw; in response, one northern candidate withdrew from the primary.^[93] Later that day (4 June 2022), Buhari held a meeting with most APC candidates where he reportedly privately backed a nominee from the south and told the candidates to find a consensus nominee amongst themselves.^[94] However, on 6 June—the day before primary voting, national party chairman Abdullahi Adamu told northern APC governors that the party's (and Buhari's) consensus candidate would be Lawan; the announcement was met with opposition by governors and other members of the party's National Working Committee leading the party to backtrack and claim that Adamu was just expressing his personal opinion.^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98] The same day, Buhari stated that he had no anointed candidate in the primary.^[99] Then early on primary day, APC governors and the party NWC made a joint recommendation of five southern candidates—Amaechi, Fayemi, Osinbajo, Tinubu, and Governor of Ebonyi State Dave Umahi—to Buhari while asking all other aspirants to withdraw from the race.^[100] Seven other candidates released a joint statement rejecting the shortlist while all six southeastern candidates penned a letter to Buhari asking that the nomination be zoned to the South-East.^[101]^[102]

On the day of the primary, delegates gathered in Eagle Square, Abuja to be accredited and vote. The early part of the exercise was beset by logistical issues as there were significant delays in both delegate and journalist accreditation along with the deployment of tear gas by security to disperse crowds.^[103]^[104]^[105] Meanwhile, inside the Square, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission personnel took positions to prevent bribery before candidates gave their final speeches to the delegates before voting.^[106] During these speeches, six candidates—Godswill Akpabio, Ibikunle Amosun, Dimeji Bankole, Robert Ajayi Boroffice, Fayemi, and Uju Kennedy Ohanenye—stepped down in favour of Tinubu and one aspirant—Nicholas Felix—withdrew for Osinbajo while the remaining candidates issued promises and proposals for their prospective campaigns.^[107] After the candidate's speeches and an address by Buhari, voting began in the early morning of 8 June and after hours of voting, votes were publicly tabulated.^[108] When collation was completed, Bola Tinubu emerged as nominee after results showed him winning 60% of the votes with a margin of 45% over runner-up Amaechi.^[109]^[110]^[3] In his acceptance speech, Tinubu thanked his team while striking a conciliatory tone in regards to his former opponents.^[111] Post-primary analysis noted multiple potential reasons for Tinubu's victory, namely: other candidates' focus on a Buhari endorsement that never came, the failure of Buhari's succession plan, bribery, and the last-minute withdrawals.^[112]^[113]^[114] The week after the primary were based around the search for Tinubu's running mate, as Tinubu is a southern Muslim it was expected that his running mate would be a northern Christian but controversy emerged as some prominent APC politicians stated their openness to a Muslim-Muslim ticket.^[115]^[116] As the deadline neared, the party submitted the name of Kabir Ibrahim Masari—a politician and party operative from Katsina State—as a placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted at a later date.^[8] On 10 July, Ibrahim Masari withdrew and Tinubu announced Kashim Shettima—a senator and former Governor of Borno State—as his running mate after a meeting with Buhari in Daura.^[117]^[10] Breaking the anti-same religion ticket convention, Tinubu argued in a statement that "religion...cannot always and fully determine our path" and that he picked "the man who can help me bring the best governance to all Nigerians, period, regardless of their religious affiliation" and compared the ticket to the last Yoruba Muslim-Kanuri Muslim ticket, the successful M. K. O. Abiola-Baba Gana Kingibe slate in 1993.^[118] Opponents, like the Christian Association of Nigeria and civil society groups, derided the pick as divisive in a trying time for Nigerian unity.^[119]^[120] Analysts noted the previous reports from before Tinubu was nominated that said his inner circle did not think a Northern Christian would help the party in the majority-Muslim states and thus a fellow Muslim should be picked.^[121]^[122]

Nominated

Bola Tinubu: former Governor of Lagos State (1999–2007) and former Senator for Lagos West (1992–1993)^[123]^{[lower-alpha 3]}^{[lower-alpha 4]}^[3]
- Running mate—Kashim Shettima: Senator for Borno Central (2019–present), former Governor of Borno State (2011–2019), and son of former Governor of Northern Nigeria Kashim Ibrahim^[10]

Primary results

Candidates' vote share

Bola Tinubu (60.47%)

Rotimi Amaechi (15.03%)

Yemi Osinbajo (11.18%)

Ahmad Lawan (7.23%)

Other candidates (6.09%)

APC primary results^[3]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	APC	Bola Tinubu	1,271	60.47%
	APC	Rotimi Amaechi	316	15.03%
	APC	Yemi Osinbajo	235	11.18%
	APC	Ahmad Lawan	152	7.23%
	APC	Yahaya Bello	47	2.24%
	APC	Dave Umahi	38	1.81%
	APC	Benedict Ayade	37	1.76%
	APC	Ahmad Sani Yerima	4	0.19%
	APC	Ogbonnaya Onu	1	0.05%
	APC	Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba	1	0.05%
	APC	Tunde Bakare	0	0.00%
	APC	Tein Jack-Rich	0	0.00%
	APC	Ikeobasi Mokelu	0	0.00%
	APC	Rochas Okorocha	0	0.00%
Total votes			2,102	100.00%
Invalid or blank votes			13	N/A%
Voter turnout			91.09%%

Peoples Democratic Party

In October 2021, newly elected PDP Chairman Iyorchia Ayu backed the indirect primary method of nominating a presidential candidate instead of the direct or consensus methods.^[192] In the year prior to Ayu's election at the October 2021 PDP National Convention, the party had been beset by months of defections from prominent members, most notably of over a dozen National Assembly members and three governors—Ebonyi State's Dave Umahi, Cross River State's Benedict Ayade, and Zamfara State's Bello Muhammad Matawalle; the party also came a distant second in the 2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election and suspended then-national party chair, Uche Secondus.^[193] However, the PDP was able to hold its convention without controversy or violence in October, electing nearly all party officials by consensus and inaugurating the full National Working Committee in December.^[32]

In terms of zoning, the PDP did not have a formal zoning agreement for the nomination, however, there were calls from certain politicians and interest groups such as the Southern Governors' Forum to zone the nomination to the South as the APC's Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice.^[194]^[195] Amid calls for zoning, the party set up an internal committee in March 2022 with a decision on the issue expected by April.^[196]^[197] However, the decision's release was delayed until May when the party announced that it would not zone its nomination.

On 16 March 2022, the national PDP announced its primary schedule, setting its expression of interest form price at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦35 million with a 50% discount for candidates between 25 and 30. Forms were to be sold from 18 March to 1 April but the party later extended the deadline four times before reaching a final deadline of 22 April. After the submission of nomination forms by 25 April, candidates were screened by a party committee on 29 April while 2 May was the rescheduled date for the screening appeal process. Ward congresses were set for 29 April and LGA congresses were rescheduled for 10 May to elect "ad hoc delegates" for the primary; ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—will not be electors unlike previous primaries.^[198]^[199]^[200] Candidates approved by the screening process will advance to a primary set for 28 and 29 May.^[201]^[202]

At the party screening, a committee led by former Senate President David Mark cleared most candidates but disqualified two—Nwachukwu Anakwenze and Cosmos Chukwudi Ndukwe; The disqualifications were then upheld by a screening appeal committee led by Ayu.^[203]^[204] After the screening, the party's oft-postponed zoning decision was announced with the PDP National Executive Council choosing not to zone the nomination to any particular region, throwing the race open to all candidates.^[205] Of the candidates, analysts viewed five as the most likely to win: Atiku Abubakar—former Vice President and 2019 presidential nominee, Peter Obi—former Governor of Anambra State and 2019 vice presidential nominee, Bukola Saraki—former Senate President, Aminu Waziri Tambuwal—Governor of Sokoto State and former Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Nyesom Wike—Governor of Rivers State with a few other notable candidates seen as unlikely to have a chance.^[206]^[207] However, a few days before the primary, Obi suddenly withdrew from the primary and decamped to the Labour Party.^[208]^[209]

In the days before the primary, controversy over the prospective electors emerged due to the legal ramifications of the amended Electoral Act. After years of debate and public pressure, Buhari signed a new Electoral Act in January 2022 that drastically reformed election and electoral systems for both primary and general elections. One of the reforms was the exclusion of ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—from voting in party primaries; National Assembly leadership said the exclusion was inadvertent and in May, NASS passed an amendment to the act to allow statutory delegates to vote in primaries.^[83] However, Buhari refused to sign the amendment into law, forcing the PDP to suddenly barr statutory delegates from voting. Not only did the action prevent incumbent governors and other high-ranking officeholders from voting, it drastically reduced the number of delegates to just 810 then 774.^[85]^[210]^[211]^[212]

On the day of the primary, delegates gathered in the Velodrome of the Moshood Abiola National Stadium to be accredited and vote. Despite a few unexpected events, including the arrival of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission personnel meant to prevent bribery and the withdrawal of candidate Mohammed Hayatu-Deen in protest of the "obscenely monetized" race, the process continued as every candidate gave a final speech to the delegates before voting.^[213]^[214] Another surprise came after the speeches, when Tambuwal returned to the dais to withdraw from the primary and direct his delegates to vote for Abubakar.^[215] After the withdrawal, voting began and after over an hour of voting, the votes were publicly tabulated. When collation completed, Atiku Abubakar emerged as nominee after results showed him winning just under 50% of the votes with a margin of 18% over runner-up Wike.^[216]^[217]^[2] Later investigations into reported vote breakdowns stated that Abubakar won the majority of delegates from the North West and North East while delegates from the North Central and South West split Abubakar, Saraki, and Wike; delegates from the South East and South South also split, mainly between Abubakar and Wike but with Emmanuel winning a portion of the votes.^[218] In his acceptance speech, Abubakar vowed to carry the party to victory in the general election on a platform based on unity and economic growth while striking a conciliatory tone in regards to his former opponents. Post-primary analysis noted multiple potential reasons for Abubakar's victory, namely: Tambuwal's withdrawal, Abubakar's public office and campaign experience, the higher number of Northern delegates, and bribery.^[219] The weeks after the primary were dominated by the search for Abubakar's running mate, as Abubakar is a northern Muslim it was expected that his running mate would be a southern Christian with Wike, Emmanuel, and Governor of Delta State Ifeanyi Okowa being shortlisted as potential options.^[115]^[220] On 16 June, Abubakar announced that Okowa would be his running mate;^[6]^[221] observers noted that despite Okowa's South South origins, his Ika ethnicity could be a nod to southeastern clamours for an Igbo running mate.^{[lower-alpha 7]}^[222]^[223] In the announcement speech, Abubakar said that he consulted party leadership in the search for his running mate and that Okowa was chosen due to his extensive experience and personal qualities.^[224]

Nominated

Atiku Abubakar: former Vice President (1999–2007)^[225]^[226]^[227]^[2]
- Running mate—Ifeanyi Okowa: Governor of Delta State (2015–present) and former Senator for Delta North (2011–2015)^[6]

Eliminated in primary

Anyim Pius Anyim: former Secretary to the Government of the Federation (2011–2015), former President of the Senate (2000–2003), and former Senator for Ebonyi South (1999–2003)^[228]^[229]^[230]^[2]
Udom Gabriel Emmanuel: Governor of Akwa Ibom State (2015–present)^[231]^[232]^[233]^[2]
Ayo Fayose: former Governor of Ekiti State (2003–2006; 2014–2018)^[234]^[2]
Chikwendu Kalu: former Speaker of the Abia State House of Assembly^[235]^[2]
Bala Mohammed: Governor of Bauchi State (2019–present), former Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (2010–2015), and former Senator for Bauchi South (2007–2010)^[236]^[226]^[230]^[2]
Dele Momodu: journalist, publisher, and businessman^[237]^[238]^[239]^[2]
Sam Ohuabunwa: pharmacist, former president of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, and brother of former Senator for Abia North Mao Ohuabunwa^[240]^[231]^[241]^[2]
Bukola Saraki: former Senator for Kwara Central (2011–2019), former President of the Senate (2015–2019), and former Governor of Kwara State (2003–2011)^[242]^[226]^[230]^[2]
Diana Oliver Tariela^[226]^[2]
Charles Ugwu: real estate developer^[243]^[2]
Ezenwo Nyesom Wike: Governor of Rivers State (2015–present) and former Minister of State for Education (2011–2014)^[244]^[245]^[2]

Disqualified by screening committee

Nwachukwu Anakwenze: medical doctor^[246]^[226]^[204]
Cosmos Chukwudi Ndukwe: former Abia State Executive Council official^[234]^[204]

Withdrew

Mohammed Hayatu-Deen: banker and economist^[247]^[231]^[248]^[249]
Peter Obi: former Governor of Anambra State (2006; 2007; 2007–2014) (defected before the primary to the LP to run in its presidential primary)^[250]^[251]^[252]^[253]
Doyin Okupe: physician and former aide to presidents Obasanjo and Jonathan (defected before the primary to the LP)^[254]^[255]
Aminu Waziri Tambuwal: Governor of Sokoto State (2015–present), former Speaker of the House of Representatives (2011–2015), and former House of Representatives member for Kebbe/Tambuwal (2003–2015)^[256]^[226]^[257]^[215]

Declined

Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo: former Governor of Gombe State (2011–2019)^[258]^[259]
Goodluck Jonathan: former President (2010–2015), former Vice President (2007–2010), and former Governor of Bayelsa State (2005–2007)
Sule Lamido: former Governor of Jigawa State (2007–2015) and former Minister of Foreign Affairs (1999–2003)^[260]^[261]
Ahmed Makarfi: former Senator for Kaduna North (2007–2011) and former Governor of Kaduna State (1999–2007)^[258]
Seyi Makinde: Governor of Oyo State (2019–present)^[262]
Sulaiman Mohammed Nazif: former Senator for Bauchi North (2015–2019)^[258]
Ibrahim Shema: former Governor of Katsina State (2007–2015)^[258]
Kabiru Tanimu Turaki: former Minister of Special Duties and Intergovernmental Affairs (2013–2015) and former Supervising Minister of Labour and Productivity (2014–2015)^[260]

Primary results

Candidates' vote share

Atiku Abubakar (49.34%)

Nyesom Wike (31.52%)

Bukola Saraki (9.31%)

Udom Gabriel Emmanuel (5.05%)

Other candidates (4.78%)

Minor parties

Accord

Accord first scheduled its primary for 2 June before shifting it to 4 June.^[263]^[264] That day the party nominated entrepreneur, Christopher Imumolen, as its presidential nominee. The nomination was determined by voice vote after all other candidates stepped down.^[265]^[266] On 25 August, Bello Bala Maru—a former Zamfara State cabinet official—was named as Imumolen's running mate.^[267]

Accord primary results^[265]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:Accord (Nigeria)/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Accord (Nigeria)\|Template:Accord (Nigeria)/meta/shortname]]	Christopher Imumolen	Voice vote	100.00%
Total votes			N/A	100.00%
Voter turnout			100.00%%

Action Alliance

Candidates' vote share

Hamza al-Mustapha (70.08%)

Samson Odupitan (29.92%)

The Action Alliance initially scheduled its primary for 3 June 2022 but moved it to 9 June with forms being sold from 4 April to 15 May.^[268] The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦10 million with a 50% discount for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.^[269]^[264]

On the primary date, two candidates (Tunde Kelani and Felix Johnson Osakwe) withdrew while the other two candidates continued to an indirect primary in Abuja that ended with Hamza al-Mustapha—former military dictator Sani Abacha's former security officer, close aide, and death squad leader—emerging as the party nominee after results showed al-Mustapha winning over 70% of the delegates' votes.^[270] In his acceptance speech, al-Mustapha called for national and party unity before his sole opponent, Samson Odupitan, pledged to support al-Mustapha in the general election.^[271] Chukwuka Johnson was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.

AA primary results^[270]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:Action Alliance/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Action Alliance\|Template:Action Alliance/meta/shortname]]	Hamza al-Mustapha	506	70.08%
style="background-color: Template:Action Alliance/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Action Alliance\|Template:Action Alliance/meta/shortname]]	Samson Odupitan	216	29.92%
Total votes			722	100.00%
Voter turnout			100.00%%

Action Democratic Party

The Action Democratic Party scheduled its primary for 31 May where the party nominated its national chairman, Yabagi Sani, as its presidential nominee. The nomination was determined using the consensus method which ended in Sani's emergence as nominee. Sani thanked the party in his acceptance speech, noting that the consensus method was beneficial and promising to adhere to party members as their nominee.^[272] On 23 June, Udo Okey-Okoro was announced as Sani's running mate.^[273]

ADP primary results^[272]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)\|Template:Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/shortname]]	Yabagi Sani	Consensus	100.00%
Total votes			N/A	100.00%
Voter turnout			100.00%%

Action Peoples Party

The Action Peoples Party nominated Osita Nnadi and Isa Hamisu as the party's presidential and vice presidential nominees, respectively.

African Action Congress

The years prior to the AAC primary were beset by a party crisis as two groups both claimed to be the legitimate party organization, one faction led by Leonard Nzenwa and the other faction led by party founder Omoyele Sowore.^[274] Both politicians claimed to be party chairman with INEC initially recognizing Nzenwa until Sowore was confirmed to be the rightful chair in early June 2022.^[275]

The African Action Congress initially scheduled its primary for 1 to 3 June before moving it to 9 June with candidates registering to contest between 6 and 9 May.^[276] The party waived fees for both its expression of interest and nomination forms with candidates only having to pay ₦500,000 "obligatory donation" fees with a 25% discount for women and no fees for candidates with disabilities, students, honorably discharged security personnel, teachers, nurses, and emergency service workers.^[277]^[278]

On the primary date, Sowore was the sole candidate but first resigned as party chairman before the primary in accordance with the party constitution.^[279] He then won the nomination by acclamation.^[280]^[281]^[282] At the end of the month, Haruna Garba Magashi—a lawyer from Kano State—was unveiled as the vice presidential nominee in Abuja.^[283]

AAC primary results^[280]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:African Action Congress/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[African Action Congress\|Template:African Action Congress/meta/shortname]]	Omoyele Sowore	Consensus	100.00%
Total votes			N/A	100.00%
Voter turnout			100.00%%

African Democratic Congress

During the 2019 elections, the ADC solidified its place as one of the larger minor parties by becoming the fourth largest party in the House of Representatives and taking a distant fourth in the presidential race. However, the party faced difficulty as the majority of its legislators decamped to different parties during their terms.^[284]

The African Democratic Congress initially scheduled its primary for 1 June but rescheduled it for 8 June with forms being sold from 24 March to 24 May.^[264] The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦20 million with forms being free for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.^[285]^[286]

Candidates' vote share

Dumebi Kachikwu (49.29%)

Kingsley Moghalu (29.69%)

Chukwuka Monye (17.09%)

Other candidates (7.51%)

Ahead of the primary in Abeokuta, it was noted that the ADC had a high number of aspirants compared to other smaller parties with analysts viewing two as the major contenders: Dumebi Kachikwu—Roots Television Nigeria founder and brother of former minister Ibe Kachikwu along with Kingsley Moghalu—a former Central Bank official.^[284]^[287]^[288] On the primary date, the candidates contested an indirect primary that ended with Kachikwu emerging as the presidential nominee after results showed him winning just under 50% of the delegates' votes.^[289]^[290] A few days later, Moghalu left the party in protest amid allegations that Kachikwu's win was mainly due to bribes given to delegates.^[291] Kachikwu denied the allegations and claimed that it was Moghalu that attempted bribery;^[292] however, a few days later, American assets of Kachikwu were seized and a previous seizure related to the William J. Jefferson corruption case resurfaced leading to questions on his credibility.^[293] The party first nominated Ahmed Mani for the vice presidency as a placeholder before picking Malika Sani later in June;^[294] however, Sani's nomination fell through and about a month later, Kachikwu announced Ahmed Buhari—an oil and gas consultant from Niger State—as his substantive running mate.^[295] Soon afterward, the party descended into crisis as factions attempted to expel Kachikwu.^[296]

ADC primary results^[289]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[African Democratic Congress\|Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/shortname]]	Dumebi Kachikwu	978	49.29%
style="background-color: Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[African Democratic Congress\|Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/shortname]]	Kingsley Moghalu	589	29.69%
style="background-color: Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[African Democratic Congress\|Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/shortname]]	Chukwuka Monye	339	17.09%
style="background-color: Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[African Democratic Congress\|Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/shortname]]	Chichi Ojei	72	3.63%
style="background-color: Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[African Democratic Congress\|Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/shortname]]	Ebiti Ndok-Jegede	5	0.25%
style="background-color: Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[African Democratic Congress\|Template:African Democratic Congress/meta/shortname]]	Angela Johnson	1	0.05%
Total votes			1,984	100.00%
Voter turnout			100.00%%

Allied Peoples Movement

The Allied Peoples Movement initially scheduled its primary for 30 May but rescheduled it for 9 June.^[297]^[264] Party chairman Yusuf Mamman Dantalle was the sole candidate and won the nomination unopposed at the party secretariat.^[298] Princess Chichi Ojei was then nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee. However, Dantalle withdrew from the nomination in July and Ojei was nominated in his place.^[299] She later picked Ibrahim Mohammed as running mate.

All Progressives Grand Alliance

In 2021 and 2022, APGA retained the Anambra State governorship by a substantial margin and gained a senator through defection, cementing its place as the nation's third largest party. However, the party rarely expands out from its southeastern base and has not obtained over a percent of the vote in any presidential election since 2003.

The All Progressives Grand Alliance scheduled its primary for 1 June 2022 with ward congresses set for 10 May to elect delegates for the primary. The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦20 million with a 50% discount for women and candidates with disabilities;^[300]^[301] forms were to be sold from 29 March to 11 April but the deadline was extended to 15 April.^[302]

On primary day, Peter Umeadi—former Chief Judge of Anambra State—was the sole presidential candidate and was nominated by voice vote.^[303] Abdullahi Muhammed Koli, a labour union activist from Bauchi State, was announced as Umeadi's vice presidential running mate on 12 June.^[304]

APGA primary results^[303]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	APGA	Peter Umeadi	Voice vote	100.00%
Total votes			150	100.00%
Voter turnout			100.00%%

Boot Party

The Boot Party nominated Sunday Adenuga and Mustapha Usman Turaki as the party's presidential and vice presidential nominee, respectively.

Labour Party

In 2021, a number of politicians and activists led by Patrick Utomi, Attahiru Jega, and Femi Falana announced an effort to find a party to lead a "Third Force" alliance in an attempt to unseat the APC and the PDP.^[305] After a number of delays, in May 2022, the group adopted the Labour Party as its platform with hopes of forming an alliance with a number of other smaller parties.^[306]^[307]^[308]^[309] The party received another boost when former Governor of Anambra State Peter Obi joined the party in May 2022 to continue his presidential campaign after leaving the PDP.^[310] Obi was welcomed into the party by its leadership which also used the announcement to attack the APC and PDP as well as commit to the party manifesto.^[311] However, the party had to contend with deep divisions as a factional crisis from 2018 is still in the courts.^[312]

The Labour Party initially scheduled its primary for 3 June but rescheduled it for 30 May.^[313]^[264] It set the price for expression of interest and nomination forms at ₦30 million. On the day of the primary, 104 delegates gathered in Asaba for the primary but no election was needed as three of four candidates—Utomi, Olubusola Emmanuel-Tella, and Joseph Faduri—withdrew in favour of Obi. Obi then won the primary unanimously with only a sole invalid vote not going for him. In his acceptance speech, he promised to revolutionize the nation economically and mobilize an effective general election campaign.^[4]^[314] A few days after the primary, the other Labour faction held its own parallel primary but INEC recognized the Obi-won election.^[315] On 17 June, the party submitted the name of Doyin Okupe—a physician and former PDP candidate who became the Director-General of the Obi Campaign Organisation—as a placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted for someone else at a later date.^[7] On July 7, Okupe formally withdrew ahead of the announcement of Obi's substantive running mate.^[316] The next day, Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed—a businessman who previously served as Senator for Kaduna North—was announced as the party's vice presidential nominee.^[9] Analysts noted the regional balance of the ticket as Baba-Ahmed is a northerner but questioned his electoral experience as he has not won an election since 2011; at the same time, pundits said his prominent Zaria-based family and technocratic image could help Obi.^[317]^[318]

LP primary results^[4]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	LP	Peter Obi	96	100.00%
Total votes			96	100.00%
Invalid or blank votes			1	N/A%
Voter turnout			93.27%%

National Rescue Movement

The National Rescue Movement scheduled its primary for 1 and 2 June;^[264] setting its expression of interest form price at ₦1.5 million and nomination form price at ₦17.5 million with a 50% discount for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.^[319] At the primary, Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike—a businessman—defeated seven other candidates to win the nomination by a margin of over 60% of the vote.^[320] However, when INEC released its provisional nominee list, Nwa-Anyajike had been substituted for Felix Johnson Osakwe—a withdrawn AA presidential candidate; Nwa-Anyajike and other party members allege that Osakwe colluded with a portion of NRM leadership to forge Nwa-Anyajike's withdrawal and substitute Osakwe as the nominee.^[321] When the INEC final nominee list was released in September, Osakwe's name remained as the party presidential nominee with Yahaya Muhammad Kyabo as vice presidential nominee.^[322]

Candidates' vote share

Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike (78.26%)

Benedicta Egbo (14.78%)

Other candidates (6.96%)

NRM primary results^[320]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[National Rescue Movement\|Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/shortname]]	Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike	180	78.26%
style="background-color: Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[National Rescue Movement\|Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/shortname]]	Benedicta Egbo	34	14.78%
style="background-color: Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[National Rescue Movement\|Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/shortname]]	Ibrahim Yunusa	10	4.35%
style="background-color: Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[National Rescue Movement\|Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/shortname]]	Vincent Anthony Ubani	2	0.87%
style="background-color: Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[National Rescue Movement\|Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/shortname]]	Sam Emiaso	1	0.43%
style="background-color: Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[National Rescue Movement\|Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/shortname]]	Barry Avotu Johnson (withdrawn)	1	0.43%
style="background-color: Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[National Rescue Movement\|Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/shortname]]	Emeka Mandela Ukaegbu	1	0.43%
style="background-color: Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[National Rescue Movement\|Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/shortname]]	Solomon Uchenna Winning	1	0.43%
style="background-color: Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[National Rescue Movement\|Template:National Rescue Movement/meta/shortname]]	Francis Ikechukwu Igbo (withdrawn)	0	0.00%
Total votes			230	100.00%
Invalid or blank votes			10	N/A%
Voter turnout			100.00%%

New Nigeria Peoples Party

In early 2022, former Governor of Kano State Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso and many of his allies defected from the PDP to join the NNPP.^[323] Within a few weeks, a number of other politicians (mainly from the North, especially Kano State) joined the party and Kwankwaso was named national leader of the party in preparation for his presidential campaign.^[324]^[325]^[326]

The New Nigeria Peoples Party initially scheduled its primary for 1 and 2 June 2022 before pushing it back to 8 June.^[264] To elect delegates for the primary, ward and local government congresses were set for 22 and 25 April, respectively. The expression of interest form price was set at ₦10 million and the nomination form price at ₦20 million with those forms being sold from 10 to 15 April.^[327]

Ahead of the primary, the party attempted to woo Peter Obi to be Kwankwaso's running mate but he instead went to the Labour Party;^[328]^[329] as an alternative, presidential candidate Olufemi Ajadi stepped down and agreed to be Kwankwaso's running mate.^[330] Ajadi's withdrawal left Kwankwaso unopposed in the primary.^[331] On 8 June, Kwankwaso won the nomination by voice vote at the primary in Velodrome of the Moshood Abiola National Stadium.^[332]^[5] The party would later nominate Ladipo Johnson instead of Ajadi as a placeholder vice presidential nominee while negotiations with the Labour Party resumed.^[333]^[334] After the negotiations failed, Isaac Idahosa—a Lagos-based pastor originally from Edo State—was named as the substantive vice presidential nominee on 14 July.^[335]

NNPP primary results^[5]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:New Nigeria Peoples Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[New Nigeria Peoples Party\|Template:New Nigeria Peoples Party/meta/shortname]]	Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso	Voice vote	100.00%
Total votes			N/A	100.00%
Voter turnout			100.00%%

People's Redemption Party

Candidates' vote share

Kola Abiola (59.88%)

Usman Bugaje (23.22%)

Patience Key (9.39%)

Gboluga Mosugu (7.51%)

The People's Redemption Party first scheduled its primary for 28 May but moved it to 4 and 5 June;^[264] setting its expression of interest form price at ₦500,000 and its nomination form price at ₦10 million with a 50% discount for women candidates and free nomination forms for candidates with disabilities.^[336] In the primary, Kola Abiola—businessman and the son of former president-elect M. K. O. Abiola—defeated three other candidates to win the nomination by a margin of over 37% of the vote.^[337] Unlike other parties' presidential primaries, the PRP had delegates vote from their state events instead of holding one central primary. In the weeks after the primary, Ribi Marshal was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee; he was replaced by Haro Haruna Zego in the final INEC nominee list.^[322]

PRP primary results^[337]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:People's Redemption Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[People's Redemption Party\|Template:People's Redemption Party/meta/shortname]]	Kola Abiola	2,097	59.88%
style="background-color: Template:People's Redemption Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[People's Redemption Party\|Template:People's Redemption Party/meta/shortname]]	Usman Bugaje	813	23.22%
style="background-color: Template:People's Redemption Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[People's Redemption Party\|Template:People's Redemption Party/meta/shortname]]	Patience Key	329	9.39%
style="background-color: Template:People's Redemption Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[People's Redemption Party\|Template:People's Redemption Party/meta/shortname]]	Gboluga Mosugu	263	7.51%
Total votes			3,502	100.00%
Invalid or blank votes			158	N/A%
Voter turnout			100.00%%

Social Democratic Party

The Social Democratic Party initially scheduled its primary for 28 to 30 May 2022 but one faction instead scheduled its primary for 8 June while the another faction held its primary on 31 May. Ward/LGA and state congresses were set for 19 May and 20 May, respectively, to elect delegates for the primary.^[338]^[339] The party set its expression of interest form price at ₦3 million and its nomination form price at ₦32 million with a 50% discount for youth and free forms for women and candidates with disabilities.^[340]

The months prior to the SDP primary were beset by a party crisis as two groups both claimed to be the legitimate party organization.^[341]^[342] On 31 May, the Supo Shonibare-led faction held its primary and nominated Ebenezer Ikeyina—former Senator for Anambra Central—unopposed.^[343]^[344]^[345] On 8 June, the Olu Agunloye-led faction held its primary at the Abuja International Conference Centre and nominated Adewole Adebayo—a lawyer and media mogul—by a wide margin over his sole opponent, Khadijah Okunnu-Lamidi.^[346] Adebayo's nomination was recognized by INEC as he and his vice presidential running mate—Yusuf Buhari—were placed on the final nominee list.^[322]

~~SDP (Shonibare faction) invalid primary results~~^[343]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)\|Template:Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/shortname]]	~~Ebenezer Ikeyina~~	~~308~~	~~99.35%~~
style="background-color: Template:Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)\|Template:Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/shortname]]	~~Against Ebenezer Ikeyina~~	2	~~0.65%~~
Total votes			~~310~~	~~100.00%~~
Invalid or blank votes			1	N/A%
Voter turnout			~~100.00%~~%

SDP (Agunloye faction) primary results^[346]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)\|Template:Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/shortname]]	Adewole Adebayo	1,546	94.90%
style="background-color: Template:Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)\|Template:Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)/meta/shortname]]	Khadijah Okunnu-Lamidi	83	5.10%
Total votes			1,629	100.00%
Invalid or blank votes			44	N/A%
Voter turnout			97.84%%

Young Progressives Party

The Young Progressives Party initially scheduled its primary for 1 June before moving it to 8 June.^[264] It was won by Malik Ado-Ibrahim, the founder of the Reset Nigeria Initiative and son of Ohinoyi of Ebiraland Abdul Rahman Ado Ibrahim, by a large margin over Ruby Isaac.^[347] In his acceptance speech, Ado-Ibrahim vowed to unify Nigerians and provide basic services.^[348] Kasarachi Enyinna was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.

YPP primary results^[347]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
style="background-color: Template:Young Progressives Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Young Progressives Party\|Template:Young Progressives Party/meta/shortname]]	Malik Ado-Ibrahim	66	94.29%
style="background-color: Template:Young Progressives Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" \|	[[Young Progressives Party\|Template:Young Progressives Party/meta/shortname]]	Ruby Isaac	4	5.71%
Total votes			70	100.00%
Voter turnout			94.59%%

Zenith Labour Party^{[lower-alpha 8]}

The then-Zenith Labour Party^{[lower-alpha 8]} initially scheduled its primary for 1 June before moving it to 8 June;^[264] setting its expression of interest form price at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦18 million with free forms for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.^[350] At the primary, Dan Nwanyanwu—the party national chairman—won the nomination on the same day that the party name was changed to the Zenith Progressives Alliance.^[349] Ramalan Abubakar was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.

Conduct

Electoral timetable

On 26 February 2022, the Independent National Electoral Commission released a timetable, setting out key dates and deadlines for the election.^[1] Months later on 27 May 2022, INEC made a slight revision to the timetable, allowing parties extra time to conduct primaries.^[351]

28 February 2022 – Publication of Notice of Election
4 April 2022 – First day for the conduct of party primaries
9 June 2022^{[lower-alpha 9]} – Final day for the conduct of party primaries, including the resolution of disputes arising from them
10 June 2022 – First day for submission of nomination forms to INEC via the online portal
17 June 2022 – Final day for submission of nomination forms to INEC via the online portal
28 September 2022 – Commencement of the official campaign period
23 February 2023 – Final day of the official campaign period
25 February 2023 – Election Day

Recognized parties and nominees

After the 2019 elections, INEC deregistered 74 political parties for failing to "satisfy the requirements" of continued registration based on their performances during the elections.^[352]^[353]^[354] The move, which was unsuccessfully challenged in court several times from 2019 to 2022, left the nation with 18 political parties: Accord, the Action Alliance, the Action Democratic Party, the Action Peoples Party, the African Action Congress, the African Democratic Congress, the Allied Peoples Movement, the All Progressives Congress, the All Progressives Grand Alliance, the Boot Party, the Labour Party, the New Nigeria Peoples Party, the National Rescue Movement, the Peoples Democratic Party, the People's Redemption Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Young Progressives Party, and the Zenith Progressives Alliance. In March 2022, INEC announced that no new parties would be registered before the 2023 elections.^[355]

Parties were required to submit their presidential and vice presidential nominees between 10 and 17 June 2022.^[351]^[356] On 25 June, INEC released the provisional list of most recognized presidential and vice presidential nominees.^[357] The final list was released on 20 September.^[322]

2023 Presidential nominees
Party		Ticket
Party		Presidential nominee	Vice Presidential nominee
	Accord	Christopher Imumolen	Bello Bala Maru
	Action Alliance	Hamza al-Mustapha	Chukwuka Johnson
	Action Democratic Party	Yabagi Sani	Udo Okey-Okoro
	Action Peoples Party	Osita Nnadi	Isa Hamisu
	African Action Congress	Omoyele Sowore	Haruna Garba Magashi
	African Democratic Congress	Dumebi Kachikwu	Ahmed Buhari
	All Progressives Congress	Bola Tinubu	Kashim Shettima
	All Progressives Grand Alliance	Peter Umeadi	Abdullahi Muhammed Koli
	Allied Peoples Movement	Princess Chichi Ojei	Ibrahim Mohammed
	Boot Party	Sunday Adenuga	Mustapha Usman Turaki
	Labour Party	Peter Obi	Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed
	National Rescue Movement	Felix Johnson Osakwe	Yahaya Muhammad Kyabo
	New Nigeria Peoples Party	Rabiu Kwankwaso	Isaac Idahosa
	People's Redemption Party	Kola Abiola	Haro Haruna Zego
	Peoples Democratic Party	Atiku Abubakar	Ifeanyi Okowa
	Social Democratic Party	Adewole Adebayo	Yusuf Buhari
	Young Progressives Party	Malik Ado-Ibrahim	Kasarachi Enyinna
	Zenith Labour Party^{[lower-alpha 8]}	Dan Nwanyanwu	Ramalan Abubakar

Election administration

Primary and post-primary period

Party primaries are administered by the parties themselves but must be monitored by Independent National Electoral Commission observers and fall inside the scheduled primary period set by INEC. The commission released the timetable in February 2022 with a final date of 3 June 2022 for party primaries; as this date neared, parties repeatedly asked INEC to extend the deadline by two months.^[358] After several refusals, INEC agreed to a shorter extension of six days to 9 June but the decision proved controversial as pundits noted that the PDP was about to hold its primary while the APC had not even screened its candidates.^[359]^[360] Further criticism arose because INEC initially did not also extend the voter registration deadline in kind.^[361]^[362]

After the primaries, focus shifted to voter registration and the logistical issues surrounding it. Due to years of IPOB attacks on southeastern INEC offices, the commission's capacity in the region was low in 2022 while in Lagos, a registration drive by market traders in June 2022 that overwhelmed an INEC centre also drew the commission's registration capability into question as the deadline neared.^[363]^[364] In the wake of the incidents, INEC deployed extra registration machines to Lagos State, Kano State, and some southeastern states.^[365] Around the same time, INEC hinted at a potential extension of the registration deadline before a court ruling later in June pushed back the deadline anyway.^[366]^[367]^[368] In compliance with the ruling, INEC set the new deadline for 31 July while simultaneously extending daily registration hours from six to eight.^[369] Ahead of the deadline, eleven states declared public holidays for voter registration in an attempt to increase public participation in the political process.^[370] After the deadline passed, INEC announced that nearly 12.3 million new voters registered during the exercise.^[371]^[372] 8.75 million of the new voters were younger than 34, a percentage noted as a potential sign of increased youth participation ahead of the election.^[373] After the registration drive, the total registered voters number was about 96.2 million with the North-West and South-West geopolitical zones having the most voters.^[374]

As the official campaign period neared, INEC focused on direct public communication and formed the Election Crisis Communication Team in late August. During the team inauguration, commissioner Festus Okoye stated that the group's formation was initiated by the Centre for Democracy and Development to combat misinformation and inform the public on key events to the public; Okoye also said that the commission was in the process of training staff to work polling units.^[375] Focus shifted back to registration afterwards, with INEC delisting over 1.1 million invalid registrants in mid-September.^[376]^[377] Among the final pre-campaign period procedures was the 20 September release of the nominee list along with the reiteration of the timetable.^[322]

Campaign period

The official campaign period began on 28 September 2022 and will end on 23 February 2023.^[351] At the start of the campaign period, reports noted the pressure placed on INEC from voters, misinformation, and political parties.^[378]

In late October, the commission again announced mass delisting of invalid registrants with 2.78 million enrollees (including the prior 1.1 million invalid registrants) being removed from the list due to double registration, underaged registration, and other issues. At the same event, INEC Chairman Mahmood Yakubu also revealed that the preliminary total valid registrant number was about 93.52 million.^[379] In accordance with law, INEC posted registries in each local ward but also released the full registrant list online, asking for the public to help scrutinize the list. Amid the public clamor to inspect the list, thousands of public reports showed clearly underage children as registrants—in response, INEC thanked public investigators then vowed to remove ineligible registrants and prosecute complicit officials.^[380]

As campaigning escalated in late 2022, fears rose over electoral violence based on ethnic, regional, and religious sentiments as candidates and their surrogates began extensively using identity politics during campaigning.^[381] Similarly, fears rose over media campaign and election coverage and its effects on public discourse; while certain outlets were criticized for biases, other groups were praised for advancing election coverage as Stears Business published the first live election tracker in November.^[382]^[383]

File:Voter Registration totals by Nigerian state (January 2023).png

Total registered voters by state as of January 2023^[384]

<1 million

1 million–2 million

2 million–3 million

3 million–4 million

4 million–5 million

5 million–6 million

>7 million

In terms of election security, a series of attacks on INEC offices in Imo State in December 2022 led to further domestic and international concern despite assurances from security forces that the election would be nonviolent.^[385]^[386] In the wake of the attacks, the Centre for Democracy and Development called for conflict sensitive media reporting on the election to avoid further violence.^[387] In accompaniment with concern over violence, renewed fear of hate speech (especially online) began as the election neared and politicians increasingly employed it as a campaign tactic.^[388]^[389]^[390]

Aside from direct threats to the elections, INEC also raised the alarm about vote-buying to manipulate results as the practice had greatly impacted elections in 2021 and 2022. In a reported attempt to combat vote-buying, the Central Bank redesigned the 200, 500, and 1,000 naira notes in October 2022 and removed older notes from circulation. The move prevented parties from using pre-gathered cash that was attended to be distributed for vote-buying as the elections neared.^[391] However, the new policy and its sudden announcement was very controversial, especially as Central Bank Governor Godwin Emefiele—who fled into self-imposed exile in late 2022—refused to personally explain the move to the National Assembly.^[392]^[393] For the part of INEC, the commission vowed to prevent vote-buying despite previous failed reforms while civil society groups noted that vote-buying was just one of a numbers of potential manipulation tactics, with YIAGA Africa releasing a report detailing electoral malpractice risk factors by state.^[394]^[395]^[396]

As sporadic attacks on southeastern INEC offices continued into the new year, a commission official warned that the election could be forced into postponement if the attacks were not stopped.^[397] Although the comment was quickly retracted and the commission promised to hold the election as scheduled, concerns continued considering the deadly attacks—like previous southeastern attacks on INEC, experts stated that the attacks were most likely conducted by violent secessionist groups attempting to "delegitimise the electoral process and boost their separatist agenda."^[398]^[399] The attacks continued until the election, as did concerns that the election would be postponed at the last moment.^[400]^[401]^[402]

Amid swirling doubts over the election proceeding, INEC released new voter registration data in mid-January 2023. The statistics totaled to 93,469,008 eligible voters after the commission reviewed challenges to over 50,000 registrants in addition to removing more instances of double and underage registration. While there was data on occupation and disability plus a sizeable gender gap—over 4.6 million more men registered than women, focus was mainly directed at the increased youth registration with nearly 40% of all voters being between the ages of 18 and 34. Geographic data showed fairly stark contrasts between regions as the North-West and South-West led in total voters while the North East and South East trailed behind.^[384] Around the same time, INEC twice extended the deadline for PVC collection in wake of public calls for an extension.^[403]^[404] A few weeks after the final deadline elapsed, the commission released Permanent Voter Card collection statistics on 23 February that showed a total of 87,209,007 voters (93.3% of all registered voters) had collected their PVCs.^[405] In the final days of the campaign period, INEC vowed that the election would be free, safe, secure, timely, and transparent with hundreds of thousands of security personnel, 229 foreign and domestic observer groups, and thousands of INEC staffers.^[406]^[407]

Election Day and collation period

On Election Day, widespread reports of delayed starts to voting emerged with YIAGA Africa estimating that only 41% of polling units had commenced voting by 9:30am, an hour after voting was scheduled to start.^[408] Similarly, SBM Intelligence reported that only 41.3% of polling units had opened on time while Nigeria Civil Society Situation Room data claimed less than 30% of units had started by 8:30 am, with other reports claiming that the currency crisis had precluded INEC from paying cash to transporters prior to Election Day which led some drivers to refuse to convey INEC materials or personnel.^[409] SBM also noted that turnout was high and there were relatively few violent incidents nationwide while some groups observed newly adapted vote buying efforts due to the currency crisis like bribing using West African CFA francs or non-monetary inducements.^[410]^[411]^[412] However, there were notable reports of violence in certain areas, most notably in Lagos State where thugs alleged to be aligned with the APC targeted predominantly ethnic minority areas.^[413] Additionally, several attacks on journalists by unknown assailants or even security personnel occurred throughout Election Day.^[414]^[415]^[416]^[417]^[418]^[419]^[420] Although INEC Chairman Mahmood Yakubu acknowledged several problems at his 1pm briefing and called on voters to stay at polling units, civil groups called on INEC to extend voting past the 2:30pm deadline.^[421]^[422]^[423] The first announced postponements came later in the day when INEC suspended voting in 141 Bayelsa State units where there were disruptions, rescheduling the voting for 26 February.^[424] INEC later extended voting to the next day in parts of Cross River State and Kogi State as well.^[425]

European Union Observation Mission Preliminary Statement

According to the findings of EU EOM observers, election day was marked by late deployment and opening while polling procedures were not always followed. Polling staff struggled to complete result forms, which were not posted publicly in most polling units observed.

European External Action Service

Later in the day, focus turned to turnout and results collation. On turnout, SBM Intelligence released a state-by-state turnout projection, estimating that overall turnout had risen compared to 2019 and that everywhere but Kwara and Ogun had turnout higher than 30%.^[426] Although INEC had announced that collation centres would only open at noon on 26 February, the commission had long promised to upload polling unit results to its INEC Result Viewing Portal (IReV) on Election Day; however, no results were uploaded for most of the day, leading to protests by the civil society groups and online citizens.^[427]^[428]^[429] The Obi campaign also decried the lack of uploads, claiming the act drew the election's fairness into doubt and noting that legislative results had already been uploaded;^[430] Labour Party Chairman Julius Abure went as far to claim that compromised or threatened INEC officials were holding back results from Obi-supporting areas of Lagos and Delta states.^[431] Around 10:45 pm on the night of 25 February, INEC finally began uploading data to the portal.^[432]

By 6 am in the morning of 26 February, only about 10% of polling unit results had been uploaded as journalists noted the rising potential for further doubt in election credibility due to the delay.^[433] Later in the morning, voting in rescheduled units commenced while newly released civil society reports commended voters but decried suppression and poor administration.^[434]^[435]^[436]^[437]^[438]^[439]^[440] By the opening of the national collation centre around 1pm, more results had been uploaded but no full state results were communicated at the centre yet.^[441] Meanwhile, INEC released a statement that blamed "technical hitches" for the delayed uploads of results in the wake of further protests by both the PDP and LP.^[442]^[443]^[444] By the end of the day, only Ekiti State results were announced at the national centre while the results in Osun and Ondo were announced at the state collation centres but did not reach the national centre before it closed for the day. On the other hand, voting was further postponed in some areas, with significant controversy surrounding the election in Abia State and its INEC administrators.^[445]

Nigeria Labour Congress statement

The inability of INEC to prevent the recurrence in this election of the ills of past elections speaks volume of its ill-preparedness for this election as can be demonstrated in the late arrivals of critical election materials to the Polling Units and the almost deliberate tampering of the BVAS in many Polling Units including the outright refusal of its operatives to upload results from the BVAS to the INEC Servers in total violation of the Rule of the election and INEC’s own election guidelines.

Nigeria Labour Congress

On 27 February, criticism of INEC continued with international observers and the Nigeria Labour Congress lambasting the commission's lack of transparency amidst the delays.^[446]^[447]^[448]^[449] Similarly, agents of political parties (notably including PDP and LP agents) at the national collation centre protested the prolonged delay in uploading results on iReV, even in states where final results had been announced along with discrepancies in result totals.^[450] Meanwhile, final results came in from Adamawa, Enugu, Gombe, Katsina, Kwara, Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, and Yobe by the afternoon. However, the collation centre protests culminated in an agent walkout by the representatives of the LP and PDP alongside multiple other parties' agents.^[451]^[452]

By the early morning of 28 February, more results were reported from Akwa Ibom, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Cross River, Delta, the Federal Capital Territory, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, Sokoto, and Zamfara. However, criticism of the process from domestic and international observers continued, with the European Union observer mission noting "lack of transparency and operational failures" that "reduced trust in the process" while other groups echoed similar displeasure.^[24]^[453] These reports, along with further disputes over the process, led the campaigns of Abubakar, Obi, and Kwankwaso to fully reject the results of the election on 28 February and call for a new election to be conducted.^[12]^[20]^[21]^[26]

Regardless of protests, Yakubu continued accepting state-by-state results throughout 28 February and into the early hours of 1 March; in this time, the remaining states reported vote totals: Abia, Anambra, Borno, Ebonyi, Edo, Imo, Kebbi, Kogi, and Taraba in addition to notably including the heavily disputed results from Rivers State. After the state results were reported and accepted by the national collation centre, Yakubu stated "Tinubu Bola Ahmed of the APC, having satisfied the requirements of the law is hereby declared the winner and returned elected" in the early morning of 1 March.^[454] All three major opposing campaigns rejected and vowed to challenge the results.

Campaign

Timeline

Pre-campaign period

28 April 2021: The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) announces 18 February 2023 as the election day.^[455]
10 November 2021: APGA nominee Charles Chukwuma Soludo is declared winner of the off-cycle Anambra State gubernatorial election that took place on 6 November; the PDP and APC nominees come distant second and third places, respectively.^[456]
28 January 2022: Then-aspirant Bola Tinubu goes to London, reportedly on a medical trip; the trip comes just a few months after Tinubu returned from a three-month medical stay in the United Kingdom.^[457]
26 February 2022: INEC revises the election date, moving the election to 25 February 2023 and releasing the rest of the electoral timetable.^[1]
16 March 2022: The Peoples Democratic Party announces its primary schedule, setting 28 and 29 May as its primary days.^[202]
20 April 2022: The All Progressives Congress announces its primary schedule, setting 30 May and 1 June as its primary days.^[79]
12 May 2022: In the wake of the Lynching of Deborah Yakubu, then-aspirant Atiku Abubakar is heavily criticized for deleting a tweet condemning the murder.^[458]
25 May 2022:
- Then-aspirant Atiku Abubakar releases his five-point governance agenda along with his full policy document.^[459]
- Major PDP aspirant—Peter Obi—withdraws from the party's primary and defects to the Labour Party.^[460]
27 May 2022: INEC slightly revises its electoral timetable, allowing parties an extra six days to conduct primaries.^[61]
28 May 2022:
- The APC revises its primary schedule, delaying the primary to 6–8 June.^[82]
- The PDP holds its primary in Abuja, nominating former Vice President Atiku Abubakar over Nyesom Wike, Bukola Saraki, and nine other candidates.^[2]
30 May 2022: The LP holds its primary in Asaba, nominating Obi unopposed.^[4]
7 and 8 June 2022: The APC holds its primary in Abuja, nominating former Governor of Lagos State Bola Tinubu over Rotimi Amaechi, Yemi Osinbajo, and eleven other candidates.^[3]
16 June 2022: Abubakar picks Ifeanyi Okowa—the Governor of Delta State—as the PDP vice presidential nominee.^[6]
17 June 2022:
- Tinubu picks Kabir Ibrahim Masari—a party operative—as the APC placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted for someone else at a later date.^[8]
- Obi picks Doyin Okupe—the Obi campaign manager—as the LP placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted for someone else at a later date.^[7]
18 June 2022: Rabiu Kwankwaso, the New Nigeria Peoples Party presidential nominee and the former Governor of Kano State, and Okupe both announce productive discussions between minor parties on forming a coalition for the elections.^[461]^[462]
19 June 2022: APC nominee Abiodun Oyebanji is declared winner of the off-cycle Ekiti State gubernatorial election that took place the day before; the PDP nominee comes a distant third place.^[463]
24 June 2022: Documentation submitted by Tinubu to INEC is released, revealing that he did not state the primary or secondary school he attended. The new form reignited the longtime certificate and personal history controversies around Tinubu as the form was in direct contradiction with previous sworn forms and public statements.^[464]^[465]^[466]
5 July 2022: Okupe announces that LP-NNPP coalition talks have collapsed.^[467]
7 July 2022: Okupe formally withdraws as LP vice presidential nominee.^[316]
8 July 2022: Obi picks Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed—former Senator for Kaduna North—as the substantive LP vice presidential nominee.^[9]
10 July 2022:
- Ibrahim Masari formally withdraws as APC vice presidential nominee.^[117]
- Tinubu picks Kashim Shettima—Senator for Borno Central and former Governor of Borno State—as the substantive APC vice presidential nominee.^[10]
14 July 2022: Abubakar returns to Nigeria after spending weeks abroad on an undisclosed trip.^[468]
17 July 2022: PDP nominee Ademola Adeleke is declared winner of the off-cycle Osun State gubernatorial election that took place the day before, gaining the office for the party; the APC nominee comes a close second place.^[469]
20 July 2022: The appearance of people wearing liturgical garments at the formal Shettima nomination rally leads to controversy as the APC claims the people are clergy while Christian groups and activists mock the group as paid actors without genuine congregations.^[470]^[471]^[472]^[473]
1 August 2022: After the end of the voter registration period the day before, INEC announces nearly 12.3 million new registered voters.^[371]
15 September 2022: The first public presidential poll is released. Conducted by NOI Polls for the Anap Foundation, the results show Obi in a slight lead at 21% with Tinubu and Abubakar close behind at 13% each.^[474]
20 September 2022:
- Ezenwo Nyesom Wike (PDP)—Governor of Rivers State and runner-up in the PDP presidential primary—withdraws from the Abubakar campaign along with several of his allies. The grouping,^{[lower-alpha 10]} which had been feuding with Abubakar for months, announced their refusal to assist the PDP presidential campaign until PDP Chairman Iyorchia Ayu—an Abubakar ally from Benue State—left his position in favor of a southerner.^[475]
- INEC releases the final list of recognized presidential and vice presidential nominees.^[322]

Campaign period

28 September 2022:
- Official campaign period commences.^[476]
- The PDP Presidential Campaign Council (composition) is inaugurated at the formal commencement of the Abubakar campaign.^[477]
29 September 2022: Most candidates along with parties' chairmen sign a peace accord in Abuja; Tinubu is absent and sends Shettima as his representative.
6 October 2022: Tinubu returns to Nigeria after spending over a week abroad on an undisclosed trip.^[478]
15 October 2022: Abubakar says that 'northerners do not need Yoruba or Igbo candidates' at an event. The comment is heavily criticized by civil society organisations and opposing campaigns for stoking ethnic divisions.^[479]
21 October 2022: Tinubu releases his eight-point policy agenda along with his full manifesto before the revised APC Presidential Campaign Council (composition) is inaugurated at the formal commencement of his campaign.^[480]^[481]
28 October 2022: The revised LP Presidential Campaign Council (composition) is inaugurated.^[482]
29 October 2022: A rally in Lafia marks the formal commencement of the Obi campaign.^[483]
6 November 2022: The first multi-candidate presidential town hall is hosted by Arise News and the Centre for Democracy and Development; while Obi and Kwankwaso attend, Abubakar was represented by Okowa and Tinubu declined to attend.^{[lower-alpha 11]}^[484]
8 November 2022: News outlets publish newly certified United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois' documents outlining Tinubu's forfeiture of $460,000 alleged to be the proceeds of drug dealing in 1993.^[485]
14 November 2022: The second multi-candidate presidential town hall is hosted by Arise News and the Centre for Democracy and Development for minor candidates; four candidates attended: Omoyele Sowore (AAC), Yabagi Sani (ADP), Peter Umeadi (APGA), and Adewole Adebayo (SDP).^[486]
18 November 2022: A poll on rural communities is released by Nextier; the results show Obi leading at 40% with Abubakar in second at 27%, Tinubu in third at 20%, and Kwankwaso in fourth at 5%.^[487]
20 November 2022: Wike and four other allied PDP governors^{[lower-alpha 12]} form the "Integrity Group" at a meeting in Lagos, continuing the anti-Abubakar movement within the PDP.^[488]
3 December 2022: Obi releases his seven policy priorities along with his full manifesto.^[489]
4 December 2022: The third multi-candidate presidential town hall is hosted by Arise News and the Centre for Democracy and Development with Abubakar, Obi, and Kwankwaso in attendance; days prior Tinubu had announced his boycott due to alleged media bias against him.^[490]
12 December 2022: An attack on an INEC office in Owerri is repulsed, but a police officer is killed along with three assailants.^[491] It is the third attack on INEC installations in Imo State since the start of the month, amidst rising concerns over violence during the electoral process.^[385]^[388]
20 December 2022: Okupe resigns as Obi campaign director-general a day after being convicted for money laundering in connection to the 2015 Dasukigate scandal.^[492]^[493]
8 January 2023: Audio alleged to be of Abubakar from June 2018 is released by his former aide Mike Achimugu. In the recording, Abubakar describes the methods he and then-President Olusegun Obasanjo used to siphon public funds during their 1999—2007 administration.^[494]
11 January 2023:
- INEC vows to hold the elections as scheduled, a day after a commission official warned that the elections could be postponed if the wave of attacks on INEC offices was not abated.^[398]^[397]^[399]
- INEC releases the final voter registration statistics, with a total of 93,469,008 eligible voters.^[384]
7 February 2023: Stears releases the results of its national poll in accompaniment with a predictive model; results show Obi in the lead but with the caveat that Obi's lead would grow if turnout was high while Tinubu would lead if turnout was low.^[495]
9 February 2023: The National Universities Commission orders the closure of all universities from 22 February to 14 March, a move intended to both allow students to return home to vote and assuage concerns about university safety in case of election turmoil.^[496]
22 February 2023: Candidates along with other notable political figures sign a peace accord in Abuja.^[497]
23 February 2023:
- INEC releases the Permanent Voter Card collection statistics, with a total of 87,209,007 voters (93.3% of all registered voters) having collected their PVCs by the end of the collection window.^[405]
- Official campaign period ends.

Summary

Pre-campaign period

For both nominees of the major party, the early parts of the general election campaign in June and July 2022 were dominated by attempts to unify their parties amid the search for a running mate. For Tinubu, the selection of Ibrahim Masari as a placeholder running mate in mid-June bought the APC several weeks to continue party reconciliation efforts as controversy swirled over the religious affiliation of Tinubu's potential running mates. On the other hand, Abubakar had to contend with a burgeoning party crisis as allies of Governor Nyesom Wike—first runner up in the PDP primary—began to publicly protest against the perceived disrespect towards Wike; their protests centered around Abubakar's disregard for a party committee recommendation of Wike for the vice presidential nomination but some PDP figures also objected to Abubakar in general due to the violation of zoning. The upheaval reached the point of Wike allies publicly questioning if they would support Abubakar and privately threatening to leave the party while national party chairman Iyorchia Ayu's neutrality was questioned and Abubakar himself spent weeks abroad in the midst of the crisis.^[498]^[499]^[500] As the PDP desperately attempted to reconcile Wike and Abubakar, Obi and Kwankwaso held meetings with Wike in an attempt to bring him into their respective parties.^[501]^[502]^[503]^[504] These meetings took place as representatives of Obi and Kwankwaso were also meeting in an attempt to form a NNPP-LP coalition; however, these negotiations were derailed in early July when Kwankwaso publicly refused to be Obi's vice presidential running mate on the grounds that northerners would not vote for a southeasterner.^[505]^[506] A few days later, Obi's campaign announced that the coalition discussions had failed and that the campaign had shifted towards the search for a vice presidential nominee which ended in the selection of Baba-Ahmed.^[467] As the LP ticket constituted, the PDP crisis continued as Wike publicly met with several APC governors on 8 July while Abubakar extended his stay abroad despite the party infighting, Eid al-Kabir, and the Osun gubernatorial election campaign in mid-July.^[507]^[508]^[509] For Tinubu, when he finally selected Shettima as his running mate on 10 July, immediate blowback confronted his campaign amid accusations of religious intolerance for the Muslim-Muslim ticket with even some other APC members condemning the ticket.^[119]^[510] Later in July, Abubakar returned to the nation while Tinubu was in a difficult position as backlash against the APC ticket continued and his relative—incumbent Osun Governor Gboyega Oyetola—lost to PDP nominee Ademola Adeleke in the Osun gubernatorial election;^[468]^[511] similarly, questions emerged over Labour's weak showings in both Osun and Ekiti.^[512] Takeaways from the gubernatorial election focused on the potential impact of the PDP's victory on the presidential race and the extremely successful election administration from INEC.^[513] To make matters worse for the Tinubu campaign, the appearance of people wearing liturgical garments of various Christian denominations at Shettima's nomination rally on 20 July led to further backlash since observers noted the group's lack of identification and the Christian Association of Nigeria publicly challenged the APC to name the supposed clergy.^[470]^[471]^[472]

By late July and early August, Tinubu and Abubakar continued to face high-profile dissent from within their own parties as prominent northern Christian APC members—like former Secretary to the Government of the Federation Babachir David Lawal and former Speaker of the House of Representatives Yakubu Dogara—publicly condemned the same religion APC ticket while Wike and his allies continued their public criticism of Abubakar and PDP leadership.^[514]^[515]^[516]^[517]^[518]^[519] In response, Tinubu appointed Governor of Plateau State Simon Lalong—a northern Christian—as the Director-General of his Campaign Council while in early August, Abubakar and Wike finally met for the first time since Okowa's selection and agreed on a reconciliation framework.^[520]^[521]^[522]^[523]^[524]^[525]^[526] However, both the APC and PDP backslid into their respective crises as protests against the APC ticket drew thousands and it continued to come under fire from prominent northern Christians while the opposing camps within the PDP had returned to public squabbling by mid-August.^[527]^[528]^[529]^[530]^[531] Around the same time, voter registration ended with analysts noting its effect on the race as a whole.^[532] The rest of August was dominated by notable meetings as Wike meet with both Tinubu and Obi before another reconciliatory summit with Abubakar;^[533]^[534]^[535] while pundits speculated that Tinubu and Obi attempted to sway Wike to their camps, reporting on the series of Wike-Abubakar talks revealed some of Wike's demands with a focus on the resignation of PDP Chairman Iyorchia Ayu.^[536]^[537]^[538] The location of these meetings in London, United Kingdom sparked controversy as critics labeled the location as insensitive to the plight of Nigerians domestically.^[539]^[540] Around the same time, observers noted a potential opening for Kwankwaso but even his NNPP devolved into crisis in August as the PDP poached a key Kano State figure from the NNPP amid a threeway fight for the state's massive electorate.^[541]^[542]^[543]^[544] Further reporting began to focus on specific states and regions as ThisDay analysis surmised that the PDP was strengthening in previously pro-Buhari states in the North West, the APC was retaining its prime position in the South West but the LP was growing among urban youth, it was Obi vs. Abubakar in the South South and South East, and the North Central was a tossup region.^[545] In the weeks afterwards and as candidate profiles were released in preparation for the official campaign period's commencement at the end of September, the PDP desperately attempted to end its crisis by having two northerners holding prominent internal party positions be replaced by southerners but as Ayu remained in office as chairman, Wike continued his public indignation before he and his allies^{[lower-alpha 10]} announced their withdrawal from PDP campaigning on 20 September until Ayu left office.^[546]^[547]^[548]^[475] Due to the PDP infighting, pundits looking ahead to the campaign period began to speculate on the potential benefits for Tinubu and Obi as several Wike allies are influential in key states.^[549]^[550] At the same time, the first public poll of the race was released with Obi in the lead;^[474] although the campaigns of Abubakar and Tinubu dismissed the results, analysts noted enthusiasm among Obi's base due to his active campaigning as a potential reason for his lead considering both Abubakar and Tinubu devoted more effort to intraparty reconciliation from May to September.^[551]

Campaign period

At the end of September, the official campaign period began with the signing of a peace accord in Abuja by nearly all candidates along with parties' national chairmen; notably, Tinubu was absent with Shettima as his representative.^[552]^[553] During the week, Abubakar and Tinubu formed their campaign councils amid controversy for both as the Wike dispute continued in the PDP while the composition of the APC campaign council led to internal disquiet.^[554] For Obi, his campaign received another positive polling result as he led a Bloomberg News-commissioned poll by a massive margin;^[555] he was also buoyed by significant nationwide support rallies on Independence Day but faced difficulties in campaign organizing as his manifesto and campaign council were delayed.^[556]^[557]^[558] Overall, late September and early October was categorized similarly to the pre-campaign period time, with analysis repeatedly noting that Obi was solidifying support and enthusiasm while Abubakar and Tinubu were occupied trying to stop further intraparty rebellion.^{[lower-alpha 13]}^[557] However, Obi promptly faced scandal due to the controversial initial makeup of his campaign council which forced a retraction and review after backlash from supporters and the LP.^[560]^[561] A few days later, the race was derailed by a video of Abubakar calling for northerners to reject Yoruba or Igbo candidates; the comment met with widespread condemnation by civil society organisations and opposing campaigns for stoking ethnic divisions.^[479]^[562] Meanwhile, Tinubu and the APC revised their campaign council to address internal objections before holding a formal campaign commencement on 21 October where Buhari unveiled Tinubu's manifesto before inaugurating the campaign council.^[563]^[564] Around the same time, campaigning focused on catastrophic nationwide floods with analysts noting that the floods had put more focus on climate change and wider environmental policy issues amid the campaign period.^[565] Obi preparations concluded near the end of the month, as the revised LP campaign council was inaugurated on 28 October and the campaign's commencement rally held the next day.^[482]^[483]^[566]

At the start of November, debates began with a series of multi-candidate town halls hosted by Arise News and the Centre for Democracy and Development commencing on 6 November; with a focus on security and the economy, the four most prominent candidates were invited—Abubakar, Kwankwaso, Obi, and Tinubu—but Abubakar sent Okowa as his proxy while Tinubu declined the invitation and was replaced by Kola Abiola, the nominee of the People's Redemption Party.^[567]^[484] Amid the town halls, controversy swirled for Tinubu as the publication of certified documents from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois detailing his 1993 forfeiture of alleged drug dealing proceeds led to attacks from Obi and Abubakar while the Tinubu campaign claimed that the money was tax-related and analysts speculated on the documents' effect on voting intentions.^[485]^[568]^[569] Meanwhile, Abubakar faced mixed news as the PDP crisis continued with Wike-led, anti-Abubakar PDP governors forming the "Integrity Group" and a rift forming with another incumbent governor in mid-November;^[570]^[571]^[572]^[573] on the other hand, a northern APC dissenter group led by former House Speaker Yakubu Dogara endorsed Abubakar on 2 December.^[574] Previously, Obi led another poll as a Nextier survey of rural communities released in mid-November showed him in the lead with over 40%.^[487] At the beginning of December, various state LP chapters entered crisis but Obi avoided involvement and instead released his oft-delayed manifesto with seven key policy areas.^[575]^[489]^[576]^[577] The manifesto release came just before another Arise-CDD town hall; however, Tinubu had announced his boycott of the event due to alleged media bias so only Abubakar, Obi, and Kwankwaso attended on 4 December.^[490]

Later in December, the Obi campaign was hit by a court ruling against its Director-General—Doyin Okupe, convicting him of money laundering in connection to the 2015 Dasukigate scandal.^[492] Although Okupe appealed the judgment, the controversy led to his resignation from the campaign with journalist Akin Osuntokun replacing him.^[493]^[578] Meanwhile, the reporting revealed that "Integrity Group" were deliberating over which candidate to endorse at their London meetings in late December;^[579] a side attendee of the meetings—former President Olusegun Obasanjo—reportedly advised the group to endorse Obi, which Obasanjo himself later did in a public letter on New Year's Day.^[580] Into the new year, analysis shifted to review the chances of each major candidate as the prospect of a runoff looked increasingly possible.^[581] While pundits initially contended that Tinubu would benefit from the campaign support of Buhari and the "federal might" of his administration, questions arose over the relationship between Buhari and Tinubu after Buhari skipped several campaign events and defended the controversial new naira notes that Tinubu claimed were an attempt to disrupt his campaign.^[582]^[583]^[584]^[585]^[586]^[587] For Abubakar, reporting focused on two corruption scandals along with his nationwide campaigning (especially in the North).^[494]^[588]^[589] Observers reiterated that Kwankwaso had not appeared to make significant headway outside of his native North West while reports claimed Obi's chances were based on his campaign's ability to successfully turnout voters in the South East in addition to geographically broadening his support across the nation despite the lack of significant LP party structure.^[588]^[590]^[591]

The final month of the campaign period was dominated by the naira crisis and its political implications.^[592] The new banknote policy of Buhari and CBN Governor Godwin Emefiele was intended to curb vote buying ahead of the election but poor implementation led to shortages of the new currency.^[593] Tinubu and several prominent APC figures publicly broke with Buhari for some of the first times over the policy, first suing to stop its enactment then lambasting the administration after Buhari stood by the policy.^[594]^[595]^[596] For the PDP, the G5 failed to publicize their joint preferred candidate and appeared to split as Benue Governor Samuel Ortom endorsed Obi while Wike reportedly backed Tinubu.^[597]^[598]^[599] For his part, Abubakar focused on his economic plans and national unity in his final campaign stops, rather then party divisions.^[600] Similarly, Obi rounded out the campaign with large rallies in Lagos that spotlighted his support of reforms to fight corruption and create jobs;^[601] however, the events were marred by violence as mass coordinated attacks on LP supporters before the rallies reinforced fears of further violence on Election Day.^[602] As the campaigns concluded, focus returned to polling as releases from Nextier, Stears, Premise Data for Bloomberg, NIO Polls for the Anap Foundation, and Redfield & Wilton Strategies all issued polls in the months of January and February that showed Obi in the lead and sparking discourse on the surge of polling compared to previous elections.^[603]^[495]^[604]^[605]^[606]^[607] In addition to polling, Stears notably created a predictive model that estimated that Obi would win by a significant margin if voter turnout was high while low turnout would lead to a Tinubu victory.^[495] To end the campaign, all candidates signed another peace accord at an Abuja event attended by Buhari, Abubakar, Obi, Kwankwaso, and Tinubu in addition to other candidates and major political figures on 23 February, the final day of the campaign period.^[608]

Polling

Polling organisation/client	Fieldwork date	Sample size	80x80px	80x80px	290px	80x80px	Others	Undecided	None/No response/Refused
			Tinubu APC	Obi LP	Kwankwaso NNPP	Abubakar PDP

NIO Polls for Anap Foundation	September 2022	1,000	13%	21%	3%	13%	1%	32%	17%
Premise Data for Bloomberg	5–20 September 2022	3,027	16%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\|72%	–	9%	4%	–	–
Commencement of the official campaign period. (28 September 2022)
NIO Polls for Anap Foundation	December 2022	1,000	13%	23%	2%	10%	–	29%	23%
SBM Intelligence	December 2022	7000	36%	22%	3%	33%		6%
Nextier	January 2023	3,000	24%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\|37%	6%	27%	1%	–	5%
Stears	January 2023	6,220	15.5%	27.4%	2%	12.3%	–	37.5%	–
SBM Intelligence	16 January - 3 February 2023	11534	18%	36%	1%	24%		27%
Premise Data for Bloomberg	26 January-4 February 2023	2,384	18%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\|66%	–	10%	6%	–	–
NIO Polls for Anap Foundation	February 2023	2,000	13%	21%	3%	10%	–	23%	30%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies	10-12 February 2023	3,351	22%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\|62%	3%	12%	1%	–	–

Graphical summary

Election debates and town halls

At the start of November, fora began as individual town halls moderated by Kadaria Ahmed were held throughout the month while a series of multi-candidate town halls hosted by Arise News and the Centre for Democracy and Development commenced on 6 November.^[609]^[484] With a focus on security and the economy, the four most prominent candidates were invited—Abubakar, Kwankwaso, Obi, and Tinubu—but Abubakar sent Okowa as his proxy while Tinubu declined the invitation and was replaced by Kola Abiola, the nominee of the People's Redemption Party.^[567]^[484] The non-attendance sparked controversy as Abubakar and Tinubu were criticized for non-engagement with public debates by the Obi campaign which later vowed to boycott events without the presence of Abubakar or Tinubu.^[610]^[611] During the debate, Obi labeled poverty as a key source of violence and attacked the incumbent administration on security failures while vowing to remove fuel subsidies; Okowa backed the creation of state police forces along with targeted job creation methods; Kwankwaso identified educational failures as a cause of both insecurity and economic issues; and Abiola labeled poor leadership as a key factor in security failures.^[612]

The Arise-CDD series continued with a minor candidate town hall on 14 November where alternative security methods and the economy dominated discussion.^[486]^[613] Although a Nigerian Economic Summit Group-hosted economic debate was scheduled for the next day, it was canceled due to "prevailing circumstances."^[614]^[615] Major candidates returned on 4 December to the Arise-CDD series with Obi, Kwankwaso, and Abubakar but Tinubu publicly declined the invitation and accused Arise of biased unprofessionalism.^[616] Despite Tinubu's absence, the town hall went ahead with a focus on education, healthcare, poverty, and human capital development—all three candidates lamented poor educational quality and brain drain with Obi targeting low investment in education as the source of the issue.^[617] Notably, when asked if they would commit to using Nigerian health services, Abubakar refused while Obi and Kwankwaso acceded.^[618] A few weeks later in January, a Nigerian Elections Debate Group-organized debate set for 26 January was postponed due to logistical problems;^[619] the debate was instead held on 12 February. Despite inviting all four major candidates, only Kwankwaso and Obi confirmed their attendance; however, technical issues with the Obi campaign airplane prevented him from attending and left just Kwankwaso to answer questions.^[620]^[621]^[622]

2023 Nigerian presidential election debates and town halls
Date	Organisers	P Present^{[lower-alpha 14]} S Surrogate^{[lower-alpha 15]} R Present replacement^{[lower-alpha 16]} NI Not invited A Absent invitee N No debate
		ADP	AAC	APC	APGA	LP	NNPP	PDP	PRP	SDP	Other parties	Ref.
												Ref.
6 November 2022	Arise News and the CDD	NI	NI	A Tinubu	NI	P Obi	P Kwankwaso	S Okowa	R Abiola	NI	NI Multiple	^[623]
14 November 2022	Arise News and the CDD	P Sani	P Sowore	NI	P Umeadi	NI	NI	NI	NI	P Adebayo	NI Multiple	^[624]
~~15 November 2022~~	NESG and NEDG	NI	NI	N Tinubu	NI	N Obi	N Kwankwaso	N Abubakar	NI	NI	NI Multiple	^[625]
4 December 2022	Arise News and the CDD	NI	NI	A Tinubu	NI	P Obi	P Kwankwaso	P Abubakar	NI	NI	NI Multiple	^[626]
12 February 2022	NEDG	NI	NI	A Tinubu	NI	A Obi	P Kwankwaso	A Abubakar	NI	NI	NI Multiple	^[622]

Issues

In the wake of party primaries, several major factors for the upcoming general election campaign were noted, namely: ethnic and religious identity, the role of Buhari and his incumbency power, the economy, corruption, the personal brands of candidates, and public anger with the political status quo.^[627] Ahead of the official campaign period, major candidates were to release their policy documents: Abubakar did so in late May but Obi and Tinubu did not unveil their policy documents until after the campaign period commenced in September 2022 with Tinubu releasing his manifesto in mid-October and Obi releasing his manifesto in early December. As the campaign developed, other issues like climate change and sports development rose to prominence.^[628]^[629] However, civil society reports from January 2023 claimed that the majority of campaigning was not based on policy issues as personality politics, identity politics, and negative campaigning overtook policy discussion.^[630]

Corruption

Nigeria has lost hundreds of billions of United States dollars from corruption since independence and its Corruption Perceptions Index score has worsened since 2016.^[631] However, after the primaries, analysts noted the unlikelihood of corruption becoming a massive electoral issue as both Abubakar and Tinubu have credible, longstanding major corruption allegations; Obi's candidacy slightly altered this dynamic as allegations against him are more minor. Another reason for the low focus on corruption was the failure of Buhari's anti-corruption war, the promise of which was central to his 2015 campaign.^[632] While more major issues like insecurity and poverty have taken centre stage, corruption is still a pervasive policy problem.^[633]

For Abubakar, although there are some allegations surrounding his civil service career, much of the graft alleged is based on a United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs report from 2010 that directly implicated Abubakar and his family in a massive intercontinental bribery scheme.^[634] The report, issued in the wake of the William J. Jefferson corruption case which also implicated Abubakar,^[635]^[636] stated that Abubakar's then-wife Jennifer Iwenjiora Douglas brought over $40 million in “suspect funds” into the United States while Abubakar was Vice President with the sources of those funds being bribes given to Abubakar by businesses in exchange for preferential treatment and contracts in a process akin to crony capitalism.^[633]^[634] These bribes and other suspect cash transfers led the American government's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network to later place Abubakar and his wives on an international banking surveillance watchlist.^[637] Abubakar has repeatedly denied the report's findings since its release in 2010. Accusations against Tinubu were also serious but different to Atiku's; in a form of corruption associated with the term state capture, Tinubu is alleged to have continuously hijacked billions of naira in Lagos State internal revenue for his own personal and political aims.^[633] Through a law he signed while governor, Alpha Beta Consulting—a company heavily linked to and alleged to be directly controlled by Tinubu and his allies—has the sole right to collect state taxes and receives a 10% commission^{[lower-alpha 17]} for the collection.^[633] The founder of Alpha Beta alleges that Tinubu has directly profited from the allocation for about twenty years plus Tinubu is under active investigation by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission as of June 2021.^[633]^[639] Coupled with the state capture controversy is Tinubu's forfeiture of about $460,000 to the United States government in 1993 as a result of a case asserting that the government had "probable cause" to believe Tinubu's American bank accounts held the proceeds of heroin dealing; reporting showed that Tinubu had served as a bagman for two Chicago heroin dealers in the early 1990s.^[633]^[640]^[641] For Obi, there are not major scandals although he was mentioned in the Pandora Papers leaks surrounding offshore companies for tax evasion.^[642]

In his platform, Abubakar identified corruption as a 'major problem' that "denies millions of people their fundamental freedoms and human rights" before vowing to enact "institutional reforms of anti-corruption agencies" to strengthen them along with creating a "comprehensive National Anti-corruption Strategy."^[643] However, Tinubu's manifesto noted fighting corruption as a benefit of its civil service and judicial reforms.^[644]^[645] Review of anti-corruption plans from the Premium Times noted Tinubu's focus on wealth distribution to fight corruption along with criticism of the idea's potential effectiveness.^[646] In his manifesto, Obi placed fighting corruption among his seven priorities with a direct plan to establish the "Office of Special Counsel" to prosecute abuse of power and corruption that "do not fall under the prosecutorial power of existing agencies."^[489] While analysts noted the potential difficulty Obi could have getting legislation passed to institute his anti-corruption plans, he was commended for explaining a concrete framework on the topic.^[646]

Corruption rose to prominence several times over the course of the campaign period, but mainly specific scandals rather than differences in policy on the issue. In November, news outlets published newly certified United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois' documents outlining Tinubu's drug dealing-connected money forfeiture in 1993.^[485] Although the Tinubu campaign denied the allegations, observers noted that Tinubu himself did not speak on the subject.^[647] A few weeks later in early January, Abubakar faced two scandals: a campaign speech he gave in Abeokuta and audio alleged to be of Abubakar admitting to corruption. In the speech, Abubakar said only people who won their polling units for the PDP would receive government jobs or contracts if he wins the presidency, thus inadvertently admitting that government appointments and contracts would be awarded based on party loyalty in his potential administration.^[648] In the recording (released by his estranged former aide Mike Achimugu), Abubakar describes the method—special-purpose vehicles (SPVs)—that he and then-President Olusegun Obasanjo used to siphon public funds during their 1999—2007 administration.^[494] Both controversies sparked condemnation with a Tinubu spokesperson filing a lawsuit against anti-corruption agencies hoping to compelled them to arrest Abubakar in the wake of the audio release.^[649] In response, the Atiku campaign attacked Tinubu for diverting Lagosian public funds through Alpha Beta and called on the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency to arrest Tinubu for drug trafficking.^[650]

Economy

The years ahead of the election were extremely difficult for the national economy as several debilitating recessions and high inflation greatly decelerated economic growth amid increasing unemployment.^[651] Coupled with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, food prices have skyrocketed and millions of people are projected to fall into poverty if current trends hold.^[652]^[653]^[654]^[655]^[656] In addition, the country is at risk of losing its frontier market status due to a shortage in United States dollars and the poor economic situation has led to fears to further social unrest.^[657]^[658] While Buhari has repeatedly claimed that his administration has improved the nation, some analysts blamed his economic policies for compounding the crisis as massive borrowing plus underwhelming revenue led total debt payment to exceed government's revenue by mid-2022.^[659]^[660]^[661]^[662]^[663] Other analysts have taken a still negative but more mixed view of Buhari's economic policies noting the signing of the Petroleum Industry Act and agricultural production improvements while reiterating the failures in economic growth, high inflation, rising debt, and high unemployment.^[664]

As the campaign period began, analysts noted that the three major candidates had broke with Buhari on economic issues with more business-friendly rhetoric and support for further devolution of certain resource control to the states; however, the candidates differ on messages and detailed plans.^[665] Similar to his 2019 campaign, the focus of Abubakar's economic agenda revolves around privatisation of government-owned businesses targeting the rail network, oil refineries, and power transmission along with ending the remaining government monopolies in other infrastructure sectors.^[665] The other two points of his economic plan are increased commitments to public-private partnerships and allowing "the market greater leverage in determining prices.”^[666] While critics like the electricity workers' union derided the privatisation proposal as "retrogressive" and noted the numerous failures of previous privatisations, the Abubakar campaign defended the plan as necessary for "sustainable growth" and good national budgeting.^[667]^[668] Abubakar stated that these ideas along with a close public-private sector relationship could double the GDP within seven years.^[665] For Obi, time was spent studying other countries' economics prior to the release of his policy plans; in interviews, he lamented the inefficiency of the Nigerian economy and floated reforming the fuel subsidy system—the subsidies, long-maligned by economists but popular among politicians, are projected to cost the government over 4 trillion naira in 2022 and 6.7 trillion naira in 2023.^[669]^[670] Later overview of his economic policies in addition to more interviews showed that Obi focused on financial "prudence" with emphasis on saving money and streamlining spending.^[665] Like Obi and Abubakar, Tinubu backed expansion of public-private partnerships but he is also in favor of introducing commodity exchange and futures markets.^[665] Furthermore, Tinubu backed the creation of regional economic development agencies for each geopolitical zone, blockchain regulatory reform, increased crude oil production, and tax enforcement/devolution along with the deregulation of gas prices and the phasing out of the fuel subsidy system in favor of alternative government investments.^[645]^[665]^[671]^[672]^[673]^[674] Analysis of the Tinubu plans warned of the extreme debt needed to finance the reforms and policies.^[675] When released, the Obi manifesto put emphasis on shifting the national economy to focus on exports in addition to wide-scale agrarian reform to boost productivity. Additionally, Obi planned to lessen the cost of government and backed investment to transition to a green economy amid worsening climate change.^[489]

Analysis of economic plans noted a joint focus on agricultural growth to drive economic improvement, but a severe lack of detailed blueprints from the manifestos of Tinubu and Abubakar.^[676] On the other hand, the Obi manifesto's focus on improved access to funding for farmers and standardising mechanised farming along with wider logistics reform drew praise from analysts.^[677]

Education

The Nigerian education system faced consistent challenges on all levels in the years before the election as UNICEF noted about 20 million out-of-school children in 2022 while also showcasing issues in early childhood education and primary school attendance, especially among girls and in the North.^{[lower-alpha 18]}^[678]^[679]^[680] While UNICEF and the federal government have formed plans to improve education and enroll children in school, two matters severely hurt the education at-large directly ahead of the election and have made the topic a campaign issue: the impact of insecurity on schools and four university strikes including the nine-month long and the eight-month long 2020 and 2022 Academic Staff Union of Universities strikes respectively.^[681]^[682]^[683]^[684]^[685] Amidst rising insecurity in 2021 and 2022, both mass kidnappings of schoolchildren and preemptive school closures for safety have made education extremely dangerous while the government-ASUU dispute and the union's ensuing strike led to mass protests as activists criticized the alleged indifference of the Buhari administration.^[686]

During the early part of the general election campaign, Obi called on the federal government to hold productive negotiations with ASUU to end university closures while explaining that he intended on using savings from reforming the fuel subsidy to invest in education; Obi supporters also noted the large educational improvements in Anambra State during his term as governor.^[687]^[688]^[689] In his policy document, Abubakar labeled the ASUU strike as an example of the "incessant industrial action" facing the nation while noting the failures of the public education system; one of his five points is to "improve and strengthen the education system" and later in the platform, Abubakar proposed creating "an agency for the regulation of private tertiary education," vowed to promote science and technical education, and suggested partially devolving education to the state level.^[643] For Tinubu's part, education was also one of his agenda's "points" and his manifesto noted the importance of education to national development while vowing to upgrade educational infrastructure, end classroom overcrowding, and increase the number of trained teachers.^[645] In his manifesto, Obi vowed to introduce a "No Child left Behind" educational policy along with reviewing and improving the functions of the Universal Basic Education Commission and Tertiary Education Trust Fund.^[489]

Ethnic identity

Identification as Nigerian or Member of an Ethnic Group poll^[690]
The 2022 API Social Cohesion Survey

"I feel equally (ethnic) and Nigerian" (36%)

"I feel more (ethnic) than Nigerian" (35%)

"I feel only (ethnic)" (15%)

"I feel more Nigerian than (ethnic) " (10%)

"I feel only Nigerian" (4%)

Although political questions on identity are often based on region and religion, ethnicity also plays a role as the election is the first presidential election since 1983 with three major candidates each from the three largest ethnic groups as Abubakar is Hausa–Fulani,^{[lower-alpha 19]} Obi is Igbo, and Tinubu is Yoruba.

As the Igbo are the sole group of the largest three ethnicities to have never produced an elected executive president, Igbo groups like Ohanaeze Ndigbo called for an Igbo to be elected president and protested when the major parties nominated Abubakar and Tinubu.^[691] The group also condemned Igbos who accepted the vice presidential slot, a direct slight to PDP vice presidential nominee Okowa.^{[lower-alpha 7]}^[692] For Tinubu's part, prior to the primary, he claimed that it was 'the turn of the Yorubas' to lead the country in a fiery Yoruba language campaign speech in Abeokuta.^[693] Coupled with controversy over Abubakar's northern origins was the fact that he is an ethnic Fulani, just like Buhari.^[694]

During the campaign, Abubakar was intensely rebuked by civil society organisations and opposing campaigns for stoking ethnic divisions in an October speech where he said that 'northerners did not need Yoruba or Igbo candidates.' The direct appeal to ethnic jingoism also may have violated Section 97 of the Electoral Act 2022 and led to fears of ethnic-based electoral violence.^[479]^[695]^[696] Later that month, ethnicity again rose to the forefront of the campaign as Afenifere—an influential Yoruba socio-cultural organization—became deeply divided over whether to support Tinubu or Obi.^[697] By December, Abubakar tried to change his ethnic rhetoric, referring to himself as "the stepping stone to an Igbo presidency" in an attempt to win back Igbo support;^[698] however, reporting showed a generally negative reaction to the comment.^[699]

Infrastructure

Facing major infrastructural problems across the nation like a lack of urban public transportation and a largely deteriorated highway network due to an absence of maintenance is a constant in election campaigns.^[700]^[701] In terms of performance, although the Buhari administration invested in and expanded some transportation projects—like the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway and Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport rehabilitation, the 2019–2023 term saw continued failures in providing basic access to electricity culminating in multiple massive power grid collapses in 2022.^[36]^[702]^[703] Still the billions spent on other new infrastructure projects like the Lekki Deep Sea Port and gas pipelines have proven fruitful as more projects begin operations despite setbacks and delays.^[704] However, later reporting reiterated that the nation could not afford the debts incurred for projects with little guarantee of proper maintenance.^[705]

File:Abuja Airport 3.jpg

The new Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport terminal interior.

In his manifesto, Tinubu promised to "modernise and expand public infrastructure" through his "National Infrastructure Campaign" wherein unemployed workers would be hired to upgrade infrastructure like the highway and water supply systems.^[645] Additionally, the platform announced the "Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP)" plan to use technology and improved monitoring to "eliminate attacks on vital national infrastructure" such as illegal oil bunkering.^[645] For Obi's part, his plans focused on coordinating different forms of transportation and the agencies that regulate them in addition to establishing a National Transport Commission as an integrated regulator.^[489] While Abubakar's policy document did not provide detailed infrastructural plans, he did promise to "break [the] government monopoly in all infrastructure sectors" in line with his other economically liberal policy positions. The PDP nominee's platform also vowed to accelerate infrastructural investment and, more specifically, diversify the nation's sources of power and deliver up to 25,000 MW by 2030 through "power sector reform."^[643] Review of energy infrastructure plans noted Tinubu's identification of power issues but lack of explanation on the funding sources for his proposed solutions while Abubakar's was derided for its vagueness and brevity.^[706] Obi's energy plan was praised for its structure and identification of alternative energy sources, though the viability of its wind power idea was questioned by analysts.^[677]

Insecurity

The years ahead of the election were marked by a deteriorating security situation nationwide. While further advances in the fight against terrorists in the northeast led to thousands of refugees being able to return to their communities, the situation in the rest of the nation became increasingly dire: North West—the deadly bandit conflict in addition to terrorist expansion; North Central—herder-farmer and interethnic conflicts along with more terrorist expansion, Niger Delta—pirates and illegal oil bunkering gangs, and South East—a violent separatist movement.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51] Coupled with the regional crises, the continued proliferation of kidnapping and mob violence along with an epidemic of security force brutality have affected the entire country and led to increasing reliance on vigilantes and public anger at the perceived indifference of the administration.^[707]^[54]^[708]^[709]^[710]^[711]^[712] The election itself also is affected by the security crisis as civil society groups noted the possibility for electoral violence stemming from pre-existing violent groups.^[713]

During the primaries and early general election campaign, several notable attacks^{[lower-alpha 20]} led to ever-increasing focus on the security plans of major presidential candidates as the death toll mounted and violent non-state actors increased in power.^[714] For Tinubu, his longtime support for state police was expected to be the pinnacle of his security plan but it was not included in his manifesto, which instead spotlighted plans for specialized anti-terrorist battalions (ABATTS), improving community relations, and secure forested areas often used as bandit hideouts;^[645]^[715] however, analysts had noted that the failure of the Buhari administration on security could hurt Tinubu on the issue.^[716] Obi focused on security force cooperation and reform in his manifesto while noting the root causes of insecurity in speeches by highlighting his job creation plans while Abubakar similarly pitched his job creation plan while proposing more police officers along with logistical registration and alternative conflict resolution means in his policy document.^[715]^[489]^[643] Obi's commitments to reform to address security force brutality also led his campaign to receive large amounts of support from backers of the End SARS movement.^[717]^[718] Although Tinubu, Obi, Kwankwaso, and Abubakar all had long security segments in their manifestos, reporting noted the similar vagueness of their plans.^[719]^[677]^[720] Notable differences included Obi directly supporting the establishment of state police forces along with both Kwankwaso and Abubakar proposing an increase in the amount of police officers to one million.^[721]

National unity

Unity and Division poll^[722]
The 2022 API Social Cohesion Survey

Feel that Nigeria is "Much more divided" than 2017 (66%)

Feel that Nigerian unity "stayed the same" compared to 2017 (20%)

Feel that Nigeria is "Much more united" than 2017 (10%)

"I'm not sure" (4%)

While polls showed low levels of affinity for the nation and high dissatisfaction with the status quo, reports also demonstrated that the vast majority of citizens feel connected to their Nigerian identity; however, the vast majority also fear for Nigerian unity.^[723] The Abubakar's campaign prioritized national unity by including it as the first of his five-point agenda while noting that "Nigeria's unity has never been threatened like now." His countermeasures focused on "co-operation and consensus" along with 'true federalism.'^[643] For Tinubu, his platform mentioned including "national unity and pride" in educational curricula while Obi's manifesto vowed to "operate a government of national unity" in accordance with the federal character principle.^[645]^[489]

Regional identity

File:Geopolitical Zones of Nigeria.svg

The six geopolitical zones of Nigeria.

The election marks a return to presidential elections with major candidates from around the nation after the all-Northern election in 2019. The majority of early discussion on regional identity revolved around the zoning principle and the failure of the PDP to adhere to it.^[724]^[694] While pundits noted that the regional power-sharing "federal character" principle was at times disregarded by the Buhari administration, some analysts expressed worry for a political system that normalizes regional exclusion.^[725]^[726] Further discussion centered on both major parties' failure to microzone their nominations to the South East; according to some southeastern groups, the South East should have produced the next president as it has never produced an elected president. The largest of these groups, Igbo socio-cultural organization Ohanaeze Ndigbo, accused the APC and PDP of an apparent "conspiracy" against ethnic Igbos amid other groups' calls to support Obi—a native of Anambra State.^[727]^[728]

As the campaign began, analysis reports on the candidates' prospects by region emerged with reports on if Tinubu could hold the APC's northern strength when facing a major northern opponent;^[729] similarly, questions on if Abubakar could hold the PDP's southern strength when facing two major southern opponents also took a primary role in analysis.^[730] In the search for running mate, major candidates sought to achieve regional balance as northerner Abubakar picked southerner Okowa while southerners Obi and Tinubu chose northerners Baba-Ahmed and Shettima, respectively.

During the campaign, region-based questions emerged with pundits questioning if Shettima's laudation of former dictator Sani Abacha would hurt Tinubu outside of a select few Northern areas were Abacha is not reviled;^[731] later, it was speculated that Abubakar's jingoist October statement was a play for Northern votes as Tinubu and Obi targeted the region.^[732] Additionally, questions emerged over the South as pundits noted the possibility that Obi and Abubakar could split the PDP's former southern base;^[733] there were also questions about the potential impact on southeastern turnout if separatist leader Nnamdi Kanu was released from imprisonment.^[734]

Religious identity

Due to the nation's religious diversity, a key tenet of power-sharing are tickets with running mates of the different religions;^[735]^[736] however, like zoning, this principle was challenged in the lead-up to the election as allies of then-aspirant Tinubu alleged that there were few influential Northern Christian APC politicians who could be his running mate and thus, Tinubu could pick a northern Muslim instead.^[737]^[738] As Tinubu is himself Muslim, such a pick would comprise a Muslim-Muslim ticket to the anger of groups like the Christian Association of Nigeria;^[739]^[740]^[736] a same religion ticket was also noted as untimely amid a rise in religious violence, especially against Christians.^[741]^[742]^[740] However, some prominent APC politicians stated their openness to a Muslim-Muslim ticket after Tinubu became party nominee, claiming that basing the vice presidential slot on religion was tantamount to discrimination in itself and that abandoning sentiment-based politics was vital for the progression of Nigerian democracy.^[116]^[743] Despite intense opposition to a same religion ticket in June and July 2022 by civil/religious organizations and even within the APC, Tinubu picked Shettima—a fellow Muslim—anyway with an argument that qualifications should take precedence over religious affiliation.^[740] The immediate backlash was strong as Anglican, Catholic, and Pentecostal leaders all condemned the same religion ticket while civil society groups like the Middle Belt Forum and some politicians also came out against the ticket.^[744]^[745]^[746]^[120]^[747]^[748] Another mark against the same religion ticket was a leaked State Security Service memo that warned against same religion tickets using security grounds with the claim that such a ticket would "destabilise Nigeria and embolden attacks on Christian citizens" in addition to 'harbouring distrust by Christians against the presidency;' however, the Presidency denied the memo's veracity.^[510]^[749] The appearance of people wearing liturgical garments of various Christian denominations at Shettima's nomination rally on 20 July led to further backlash as observers noted the group's lack of identification; the Christian Association of Nigeria publicly challenged the APC to name the supposed clergy, the Catholic Church said the vestment-donning "bishops" were fake, and activists derided the group as paid actors with the intent of faking Christian support for the APC ticket.^[470]^[471]^[750]^[472] To compound the issues for Tinubu, prominent northern Christian APC politicians openly began to campaign against the ticket.^[515] By later in 2022, an analyst would describe the Christian backlash to the same religion ticket and ensuing increased political activity as "arguably the most sustained spell of Christian religious mobilization" since the return of democracy in 1999.^[751]

Another issue for candidates involving religion is centered on their reactions to and plans to combat religious violence. A few days before the major parties' primaries, a Christian university student named Deborah Samuel Yakubu was lynched by a mob in Sokoto after she was accused of blaspheming the Islamic prophet Muhammad. While Buhari, Osinbajo, civil society, and religious groups along with most serving national and state leaders publicly condemned the brutal murder, Tinubu remained silent and Obi did not release a statement but condemned the killing in an interview;^[752]^[753]^[754]^[755]^[756] for Abubakar, he initially tweeted a condemnation before deleting the tweet and backtracking amid reports that he feared fundamentalist backlash.^[757]^[758] These responses were derided as insensitive by critics and civil society groups as some Islamic groups justified the murder while others and more general sentiment called for punishment for the attackers.^[759]^[760]^[761]^[762]

Social policy

The social position of women, people with disabilities, and other marginalized groups took a prominent position in policy debates before the election. A major point of contention in 2022 was the initial legislative rejection of constitutional amendments that mandating women seats in legislatures. While parliamentary leadership later partially rescinded the rejection, a wave of pro-equality protests swept the nation in March 2022 in a show of force from women's rights organizations.^[763]^[764] In addition to the constitutional amendments, the National Assembly stalled a key gender equality bill for years despite nearly three-quarters of Nigerians promoting gender equality.^[765]^[766] After the protests, groups have continued to push for legislation to combat inequality.^[767] For the status of LGBT Nigerians, no major campaign has openly discussed the topic and seem to conform with current discriminatory laws.^[768] People with disabilities also have pushed for fair participation in democratic processes amid discrimination with groups successfully getting wording in the new Electoral Act to guarantee accessibility during voting in line with INEC's goal of "the inclusion of PWDs in all aspects of the electoral process."^[769]

In his manifesto, Obi promised to equitably distribute of appointments to "men, women, youths, and people living with disabilities" as part of his pledge to "leverage" national diversity and give overlooked groups "an unfettered voice in governance."^[489] Similarly, Tinubu promised to back legislation mandating 35% participation for women in all governmental positions in his manifesto; however, a similar vow had been made by Buhari in his previous campaigns. The Tinubu campaign also stated that its proposed social welfare programs would "give priority access to persons with disabilities, women and young people."^[645] Despite these promises, Abdullahi Aliyu Usman—the President of the Joint National Association of Persons with Disabilities—claimed electoral campaigns had continuously overlooked the group and avoided detailing specific policy aims to benefit people with disabilities in their manifestos.^[770]

Projections

State or territory	2019 result	2023 result	Africa Elects^{[lower-alpha 21]} 24 Feb 2023^[771]	Dataphyte^{[lower-alpha 22]} 11 Feb 2023^[772]				Enough is Enough- SBM Intelligence^{[lower-alpha 23]} 17 Feb 2023^[773]	SBM Intelligence^{[lower-alpha 24]} 15 Dec 2022^[774]	ThisDay^{[lower-alpha 22]} 27 Dec 2022^[775]					The Nation^{[lower-alpha 25]} 12-19 Feb 2023^[776]^[777]
				Tinubu	Obi	Abubakar	Others			Tinubu	Obi	Kwankwaso	Abubakar	Others/ Undecided
Abia	Abubakar+41.65%	TBD	Safe Obi	14.38%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 62.79%	18.99%	3.84%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	10%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 60%	–	15%	15%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi
Adamawa	Abubakar+3.96%	TBD	Safe Abubakar	24.51%	20.60%	37.55%	17.34%	Abubakar	Abubakar	20%	10%	5%	60%	5%	Abubakar
Akwa Ibom	Abubakar+38.08%	TBD	Lean Obi	17.07%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 56.29%	22.75%	3.89%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Abubakar	15%	30%	–	40%	15%	Abubakar
Anambra	Abubakar+81.13%	TBD	Safe Obi	20.06%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 67.10%	6.53%	6.32%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	5%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 70%	–	10%	15%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi
Bauchi	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-57.52 \| Buhari+57.52%	TBD	Likely Abubakar	19.80%	8.07%	65.12%	7.00%	Abubakar	Abubakar	20%	5%	15%	40%	20%	Battleground
Bayelsa	Abubakar+24.58%	TBD	Lean Obi	20.87%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 45.03%	28.05%	6.05%	Abubakar	Abubakar	20%	30%	–	40%	10%	Abubakar
Benue	Abubakar+1.25%	TBD	Likely Obi	24.44%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 33.57%	24.44%	17.54%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	20%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 30%	10%	25%	15%	Battleground
Borno	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-83.14 \| Buhari+83.14%	TBD	Safe Tinubu	45.37%	4.95%	45.37%	4.32%	Abubakar	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 40%	–	20%	35%	5%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Cross River	Abubakar+42.30%	TBD	Likely Obi	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 46.74%	38.97%	7.62%	6.68%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	25%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 35%	–	20%	20%	Battleground
Delta	Abubakar+44.92%	TBD	Tossup	15.99%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 57.94%	20.84%	5.23%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Abubakar	15%	35%	–	40%	10%	Abubakar
Ebonyi	Abubakar+46.74%	TBD	Safe Obi	37.72%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 46.85%	8.24%	7.19%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	15%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 60%	–	15%	15%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi
Edo	Abubakar+1.40%	TBD	Likely Obi	25.14%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 31.46%	25.14%	18.25%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	15%	35%	–	35%	15%	Battleground
Ekiti	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-17.11 \| Buhari+17.11%	TBD	Safe Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 38.33%	33.52%	15.47%	12.62%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 45%	15%	–	20%	20%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Enugu	Abubakar+71.52%	TBD	Safe Obi	16.42%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 56.65%	21.50%	5.43%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	10%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 60%	–	15%	15%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi
FCT	Abubakar+25.42%	TBD	Likely Obi	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 33.01%	28.90%	20.68%	17.41%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Abubakar	N/A					Battleground
Gombe	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-47.72 \| Buhari+47.72%	TBD	Likely Abubakar	39.05%	11.95%	39.05%	9.95%	Abubakar	Abubakar	20%	15%	5%	40%	20%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Imo	Abubakar+38.01%	TBD	Safe Obi	30.25%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 55.10%	8.23%	6.43%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	15%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 60%	–	20%	5%	Battleground
Jigawa	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-45.63 \| Buhari+45.63%	TBD	Tossup	44.61%	6.10%	44.61%	4.69%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	25%	–	25%	35%	15%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Kaduna	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-20.67 \| Buhari+20.67%	TBD	Tossup	34.71%	16.56%	34.71%	14.02%	Abubakar	Abubakar	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| 30%	20%	20%	25%	5%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Kano	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-56.74 \| Buhari+56.74%	TBD	Lean Kwankwaso	45.57%	4.96%	45.57%	3.89%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Too close to call	30%	5%	Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 40%	20%	5%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Katsina	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-59.41 \| Buhari+59.41%	TBD	Lean Tinubu	46.27%	4.10%	46.27%	3.36%	Abubakar	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	30%	–	30%	35%	5%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Kebbi	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-56.47 \| Buhari+56.47%	TBD	Lean Abubakar	42.87%	7.91%	42.87%	6.36%	Abubakar	Too close to call	35%	–	20%	35%	10%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Kogi	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-12.99 \| Buhari+12.99%	TBD	Tossup	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 37.73%	21.55%	22.54%	18.18%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	35%	15%	5%	35%	15%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Kwara	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-37.16 \| Buhari+37.16%	TBD	Likely Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 42.54%	17.66%	25.21%	14.59%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Too close to call	35%	10%	10%	40%	5%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Lagos	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-12.19 \| Buhari+12.19%	TBD	Tossup	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 44.61%	18.53%	21.21%	15.66%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 45%	25%	5%	20%	5%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Nasarawa	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-1.05 \| Buhari+1.05%	TBD	Tossup	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 37.54%	21.11%	23.70%	17.65%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 30%	25%	10%	25%	10%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Niger	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-46.29 \| Buhari+46.29%	TBD	Tossup	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 47.59%	16.94%	20.88%	14.58%	Abubakar	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	35%	10%	10%	35%	10%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Ogun	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-15.44 \| Buhari+15.44%	TBD	Likely Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 44.95%	18.14%	21.63%	15.28%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 45%	5%	15%	20%	15%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Ondo	Abubakar+6.14%	TBD	Likely Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 37.86%	33.36%	15.85%	12.93%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 45%	10%	10%	20%	15%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Osun	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-1.43 \| Buhari+1.43%	TBD	Likely Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 38.27%	19.99%	25.18%	16.56%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Abubakar	35%	5%	5%	35%	20%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Oyo	Abubakar+0.17%	TBD	Lean Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 37.84%	19.95%	25.11%	17.10%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 40%	15%	10%	20%	15%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Plateau	Abubakar+7.74%	TBD	Lean Obi	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 33.02%	29.97%	20.12%	16.89%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	20%	35%	5%	35%	5%	Battleground
Rivers	Abubakar+50.34%	TBD	Likely Obi	14.49%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 62.46%	19.27%	3.83%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Abubakar	10%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| 35%	–	15%	40%	Battleground
Sokoto	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-14.77 \| Buhari+14.77%	TBD	Likely Abubakar	28.49%	8.32%	56.89%	6.31%	Abubakar	Abubakar	35%	–	15%	40%	10%	Battleground
Taraba	Abubakar+6.99%	TBD	Lean Abubakar	27.52%	27.37%	33.77%	16.35%	Template:Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)\| Obi	Abubakar	10%	20%	20%	40%	10%	Abubakar
Yobe	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-79.93 \| Buhari+79.93%	TBD	Likely Tinubu	46.69%	3.62%	46.69%	3.00%	Abubakar	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress\| 40%	–	15%	30%	15%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu
Zamfara	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress data-sort-value=-54.16 \| Buhari+54.16%	TBD	Lean Tinubu	43.30%	7.51%	43.30%	5.69%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu	35%	–	20%	35%	10%	Template:Party shading/All Progressives Congress \| Tinubu

General election

Results

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By geopolitical zone

Geopolitical zone	Bola Tinubu APC		Peter Obi LP		Rabiu Kwankwaso NNPP		Atiku Abubakar PDP		Others		Total Valid Votes	Turnout Percentage
Geopolitical zone	Votes	Percentage	Votes	Percentage	Votes	Percentage	Votes	Percentage	Votes	Percentage	Total Valid Votes	Turnout Percentage
North Central^{[lower-alpha 26]}	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%
North East^{[lower-alpha 27]}	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%
North West^{[lower-alpha 28]}	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%
South East^{[lower-alpha 29]}	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%
South South^{[lower-alpha 30]}	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%	TBD	%
South West^{[lower-alpha 31]}	2,279,407	53.59%	846,478	19.90%	16,644	0.39%	941,941	22.15%	168,972	3.97%	4,253,442	%
Totals	8,794,726	36.61%	6,101,533	25.40%	1,496,687	6.23%	6,984,520	29.07%	648,474	2.59%	24,025,940	26.71%

By state

State	Bola Tinubu APC		Peter Obi LP		Rabiu Kwankwaso NNPP		Atiku Abubakar PDP		Others		Total Valid Votes	Turnout Percentage
State	Votes	Percentage	Votes	Percentage	Votes	Percentage	Votes	Percentage	Votes	Percentage	Total Valid Votes	Turnout Percentage
Abia State^[778]	8,914	2.41%	327,095	88.40%	1,239	0.33%	22,676	6.13%	10,113	2.73%	370,037	18.00%
Adamawa State^[779]	182,881	25.01%	105,648	14.45%	8,006	1.10%	417,611	57.12%	16,994	2.32%	731,140	34.67%
Akwa Ibom State^[780]^[781]^[782]	160,620	28.94%	132,683	23.90%	7,796	1.41%	214,012	38.55%	39,978	7.20%	555,089	24.92%
Anambra State^[783]	5,111	0.83%	584,621	95.24%	1,967	0.32%	9,036	1.47%	13,126	2.14%	613,861	24.63%
Bauchi State^[784]	316,694	37.10%	27,373	3.21%	72,103	8.45%	426,607	49.98%	10,739	1.26%	853,516	31.10%
Bayelsa State^[785]^[786]	42,572	25.75%	49,975	30.23%	540	0.33%	68,818	41.62%	3,420	2.07%	165,325	16.38%
Benue State^[787]	310,468	40.32%	308,372	40.04%	4,740	0.62%	130,081	16.89%	16,414	2.13%	770,075	28.72%
Borno State	252,282	54.22%	7,205	1.55%	4,626	0.99%	190,921	41.03%	10,253	2.20%	465,287	19.94%
Cross River State^[788]	130,520	31.30%	179,917	43.15%	1,644	0.39%	95,425	22.89%	9,462	2.27%	416,968	26.10%
Delta State^[789]	90,183	14.66%	341,866	55.55%	3,122	0.51%	161,600	26.26%	18,570	3.02%	615,341	20.32%
Ebonyi State^[790]	42,402	13.03%	259,738	79.83%	1,661	0.51%	13,503	4.15%	8,047	2.48%	325,351	21.58%
Edo State^[791]	144,471	24.86%	331,163	56.97%	2,743	0.47%	89,585	15.41%	13,304	2.29%	581,266	24.01%
Ekiti State^[792]	201,494	65.38%	11,397	3.70%	264	0.09%	89,554	29.06%	5,462	1.77%	308,171	31.84%
Enugu State^[793]^[794]	4,772	1.05%	428,640	93.91%	1,808	0.40%	15,749	3.45%	5,455	1.20%	456,424	22.19%
Federal Capital Territory^[795]	90,902	19.76%	281,717	61.23%	4,517	0.98%	74,194	16.13%	8,741	1.90%	460,071	30.48%
Gombe State^[796]	146,977	28.82%	26,160	5.13%	10,520	2.06%	317,123	62.17%	9,263	1.82%	510,043	33.87%
Imo State^[797]	66,171	14.41%	352,904	76.84%	1,536	0.33%	30,004	6.53%	8,646	1.88%	459,261	21.61%
Jigawa State^[798]^[799]	421,390	45.78%	1,889	0.20%	98,234	10.67%	386,587	42.00%	12,431	1.35%	920,531	40.78%
Kaduna State^[800]	399,293	29.36%	294,494	21.65%	92,969	6.83%	554,360	40.76%	19,037	1.40%	1,360,153	32.33%
bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| Kano State^[801]	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 517,341	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 30.40%	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 28,513	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 1.67%	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 997,279	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 58.59%	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 131,716	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 7.74%	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 27,156	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 1.6%	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 1,702,005	bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" Template:Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party \| 30.15%
Katsina State^[802]	482,283	45.56%	6,376	0.60%	69,386	6.56%	489,045	46.19%	11,583	1.09%	1,058,673	31.03%
Kebbi State^[803]	248,088	44.34%	10,682	1.91%	5,038	0.90%	285,175	50.97%	10,539	1.88%	559,522	29.81%
Kogi State^[804]	240,751	52.70%	56,217	12.31%	4,238	0.93%	145,104	31.77%	10,480	2.29%	456,790	24.63%
Kwara State^[805]	263,572	56.08%	31,186	6.63%	3,141	0.67%	136,909	29.13%	35,203	7.49%	469,971	29.29%
Lagos State^[806]	572,606	45.04%	582,454	45.81%	8,442	0.66%	75,750	5.96%	32,199	2.53%	1,271,451	18.92%
Nasarawa State^[807]	172,922	31.99%	191,361	35.40%	12,715	2.35%	147,093	27.21%	16,475	3.05%	540,566	21.82%
Niger State^[808]	375,183	48.18%	80,452	10.33%	21,836	2.81%	284,898	36.59%	16,299	2.09%	778,668	30.14%
Ogun State^[809]	341,554	58.88%	85,829	14.79%	2,200	0.38%	123,831	21.35%	26,710	4.60%	580,124	22.75%
Ondo State^[810]	369,924	67.14%	44,405	8.06%	930	0.17%	115,463	20.95%	20,286	3.68%	551,008	28.62%
Osun State^[811]	343,945	46.91%	23,283	3.17%	713	0.10%	354,366	48.33%	10,896	1.49%	733,203	38.71%
Oyo State^[812]	449,884	55.58%	99,110	12.24%	4,095	0.51%	182,977	22.60%	73,419	9.07%	809,485	26.32%
Plateau State^[813]	307,195	28.23%	466,272	42.85%	8,869	0.81%	243,808	22.41%	62,026	5.70%	1,088,170	40.33%
Rivers State^[814]	231,591	44.23%	175,071	33.43%	1,322	0.25%	88,468	16.90%	27,199	5.19%	523,651	16.71%
Sokoto State^[815]	285,444	48.64%	6,568	1.12%	1,300	0.22%	288,679	49.19%	4,824	0.82%	586,815	29.84%
Taraba State^[816]	135,165	27.07%	146,315	29.30%	12,818	2.57%	189,017	37.85%	16,043	3.21%	499,358	26.67%
Yobe State^[817]^[818]	151,459	40.03%	2,406	0.64%	18,270	4.83%	196,567	52.47%	7,695	2.03%	378,397	26.75%
Zamfara State^[819]	298,396	59.33%	1,660	0.33%	4,044	0.81%	193,978	38.57%	4,845	0.96%	502,923	27.64%
Totals	8,794,726	36.61%	6,101,533	25.40%	1,496,687	6.23%	6,984,520	29.07%	648,474	2.59%	24,025,940	26.71%

Close states

States where the margin of victory was under 1%:

Benue State, 0.28% (2,096 votes) margin for Tinubu
Sokoto State, 0.55% (3,235 votes) margin for Abubakar
Katsina State, 0.63% (6,762 votes) margin for Abubakar
Lagos State, 0.77% (9,848 votes) margin for Obi

States where the margin of victory was between 1% and 5%:

Osun State, 1.42% (10,421 votes) margin for Abubakar
Nasarawa State, 3.41% (18,439 votes) margin for Obi
Jigawa State, 3.78% (34,803 votes) margin for Tinubu

States where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10%:

Kebbi State, 6.63% (37,087 votes) margin for Abubakar
Taraba State, 8.55% (42,702 votes) margin for Abubakar
Akwa Ibom State, 9.61% (53,392 votes) margin for Abubakar

Aftermath

The results were announced in the early hours of 1 March 2023. Bola Tinubu of the All Progressives Congress was named the president-elect in a tight election, with Atiku Abubakar and Peter Obi earning substantial votes.^[820]

Litigation

The opposition parties rejected the results, they alleged the election was not free and fair. The election can be invalidated if it is proven that the national electoral body largely did not follow the law and acted in ways that could have changed the outcome^{[citation needed]}.

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Due to disruptions—mainly violence or technical issues—on Election Day, INEC either postponed or extended voting to 26 February in certain affected areas.
↑ On Election Day, Andy Uba and Emeka Okafor were officially listed as the APC gubernatorial and deputy gubernatorial nominees, respectively. However, in December 2021, a Federal High Court nullified the APC gubernatorial primary and declared Uba's nomination illegal, null, and void.
↑ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 This candidate was recommended by the party screening committee.^[128]
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 This candidate was recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.^[100]
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 ^5.9 This candidate was not recommended by the party screening committee.^[128]
↑ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 This candidate was not recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.^[100]
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Okowa is ethnically Ika, a group alternatively classified as either a distinct ethnic group or an Igbo subgroup; Okowa has steadfastly adhered to the latter interpretation, referring to himself as "Igbo." For his part, Wike is ethnically Ikwerre—another group classified as either a distinct ethnic group or an Igbo subgroup—however, Wike follows the former definition and has long denied being Igbo.^[222]
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 The party was renamed the "Zenith Progressives Alliance" on 8 June 2022.^[349]
↑ The original deadline was 3 June; however, INEC pushed it back to 9 June at the behest of parties.^[61]
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Although there was not a comprehensive list of aggrieved PDP politicians that withdrew from the Abubakar campaign, reporters noted attendants of the meeting where withdrawal was decided upon, namely: Mohammed Bello Adoke, Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo, Donald Duke, Ayo Fayose, Jerry Gana, Bode George, Jonah David Jang, Seyi Makinde, Olusegun Mimiko, Chibudom Nwuche, and Dan Orbih along with Wike himself.^[475]
↑ As he did not send a representative, Tinubu was replaced by Kola Abiola, the nominee of the People's Redemption Party.
↑ Okezie Ikpeazu of Abia State, Samuel Ortom of Benue State, Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi of Enugu State, and Seyi Makinde of Oyo State
↑ In the APC, renewed criticism over the same religion ticket along with internal disputes about the Tinubu campaign council composition dominated the time period while in the PDP, the ongoing Wike dispute continued along with a new intraparty financial scandal.^[559]^[557]
↑ Denotes a party presidential nominee attending the event.
↑ Denotes a party presidential nominee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
↑ Denotes the attendance of a replacement invitee due to the non-attendance of an original invitee.
↑ While originally based on a share of the revenue, bank documents revealed that the yearly commission was increased by ₦1.7 billion from 2019 to 2020 without an accompanying revenue increase; the pay rise was reportedly ordered by Lagos State Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu—a longtime Tinubu ally—to fund Tinubu's presidential campaign.^[638]
↑ Hundreds of thousands of children in the Almajiranci system, mainly in the North, are counted as out-of-school children due to the often poor and/or limited form of education provided by the system.
↑ Abubakar is ethnically Fulani, a distinct group to the larger Hausa people; however, for political purposes in Nigeria, the Hausa and Fulani are often grouped together under the term Hausa–Fulani.
↑ Namely: the Abuja–Kaduna train attack which led to the killing and kidnapping of dozens of riders, the massacre of about 150 people in a series of bandit attacks in Plateau State, the ethnic-based and politically-motivated mass murder of over a dozen civilians by separatist militants in Anambra State, the fatal shooting of over 40 parishioners in Owo, and the ISWAP jailbreak of hundreds in the FCT signifying terrorist expansion into the North Central
↑ AfricaElects projections predict the likelihood of a candidate winning a state by categorizing a state as "Safe" for exceedingly likely, "Likely" for somewhat likely, and "Lean" for least likely. If no clear determination could be made, states are categorized as "tossups".
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 Dataphyte and ThisDay projections predict candidates' projected votal shares in each state.
↑ EiE-SBM projections predict which candidates will win states.
↑ SBM projections predict which candidates will win states or, if no determination could be made, categorizes states as "Too close to call" (TCC).
↑ The Nation projections predict which candidates will win states or, if no determination could be made, categorizes states as "Battlegrounds."
↑ Comprising the states of Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, and Plateau in addition to the Federal Capital Territory.
↑ Comprising the states of Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe.
↑ Comprising the states of Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara.
↑ Comprising the states of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo.
↑ Comprising the states of Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers.
↑ Comprising the states of Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, and Oyo.

References

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↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^270.0 ^270.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^272.0 ^272.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^280.0 ^280.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^284.0 ^284.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^289.0 ^289.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^303.0 ^303.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^316.0 ^316.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^320.0 ^320.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^322.0 ^322.1 ^322.2 ^322.3 ^322.4 ^322.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^337.0 ^337.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^343.0 ^343.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^346.0 ^346.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^347.0 ^347.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^349.0 ^349.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^351.0 ^351.1 ^351.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^371.0 ^371.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^384.0 ^384.1 ^384.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^385.0 ^385.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^388.0 ^388.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^397.0 ^397.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^398.0 ^398.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^399.0 ^399.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^405.0 ^405.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^467.0 ^467.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^468.0 ^468.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^470.0 ^470.1 ^470.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^471.0 ^471.1 ^471.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^472.0 ^472.1 ^472.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^474.0 ^474.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^475.0 ^475.1 ^475.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^479.0 ^479.1 ^479.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^482.0 ^482.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^483.0 ^483.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^484.0 ^484.1 ^484.2 ^484.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^485.0 ^485.1 ^485.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^486.0 ^486.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^487.0 ^487.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^489.0 ^489.1 ^489.2 ^489.3 ^489.4 ^489.5 ^489.6 ^489.7 ^489.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^490.0 ^490.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^492.0 ^492.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^493.0 ^493.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^494.0 ^494.1 ^494.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^495.0 ^495.1 ^495.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^510.0 ^510.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^515.0 ^515.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^557.0 ^557.1 ^557.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^567.0 ^567.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^588.0 ^588.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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[fnDate-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Due to disruptions—mainly violence or technical issues—on Election Day, INEC either postponed or extended voting to 26 February in certain affected areas.

[APCprimary-66] On Election Day, Andy Uba and Emeka Okafor were officially listed as the APC gubernatorial and deputy gubernatorial nominees, respectively. However, in December 2021, a Federal High Court nullified the APC gubernatorial primary and declared Uba's nomination illegal, null, and void.

[fnAPCScreeningRecommendation-126] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 This candidate was recommended by the party screening committee.^[128]

[fnAPCGovernorsNWCRecommendation-127] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 This candidate was recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.^[100]

[fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation-133] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 ^5.9 This candidate was not recommended by the party screening committee.^[128]

[fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation-134] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 This candidate was not recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.^[100]

[OkowaIka-229] 7.0 ^7.1 Okowa is ethnically Ika, a group alternatively classified as either a distinct ethnic group or an Igbo subgroup; Okowa has steadfastly adhered to the latter interpretation, referring to himself as "Igbo." For his part, Wike is ethnically Ikwerre—another group classified as either a distinct ethnic group or an Igbo subgroup—however, Wike follows the former definition and has long denied being Igbo.^[222]

[fnZPA-356] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 The party was renamed the "Zenith Progressives Alliance" on 8 June 2022.^[349]

[360] The original deadline was 3 June; however, INEC pushed it back to 9 June at the behest of parties.^[61]

[Wike_group_withdraws-484] 10.0 ^10.1 Although there was not a comprehensive list of aggrieved PDP politicians that withdrew from the Abubakar campaign, reporters noted attendants of the meeting where withdrawal was decided upon, namely: Mohammed Bello Adoke, Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo, Donald Duke, Ayo Fayose, Jerry Gana, Bode George, Jonah David Jang, Seyi Makinde, Olusegun Mimiko, Chibudom Nwuche, and Dan Orbih along with Wike himself.^[475]

[494] As he did not send a representative, Tinubu was replaced by Kola Abiola, the nominee of the People's Redemption Party.

[499] Okezie Ikpeazu of Abia State, Samuel Ortom of Benue State, Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi of Enugu State, and Seyi Makinde of Oyo State

[572] In the APC, renewed criticism over the same religion ticket along with internal disputes about the Tinubu campaign council composition dominated the time period while in the PDP, the ongoing Wike dispute continued along with a new intraparty financial scandal.^[559]^[557]

[636] Denotes a party presidential nominee attending the event.

[637] Denotes a party presidential nominee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.

[638] Denotes the attendance of a replacement invitee due to the non-attendance of an original invitee.

[655] While originally based on a share of the revenue, bank documents revealed that the yearly commission was increased by ₦1.7 billion from 2019 to 2020 without an accompanying revenue increase; the pay rise was reportedly ordered by Lagos State Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu—a longtime Tinubu ally—to fund Tinubu's presidential campaign.^[638]

[695] Hundreds of thousands of children in the Almajiranci system, mainly in the North, are counted as out-of-school children due to the often poor and/or limited form of education provided by the system.

[709] Abubakar is ethnically Fulani, a distinct group to the larger Hausa people; however, for political purposes in Nigeria, the Hausa and Fulani are often grouped together under the term Hausa–Fulani.

[733] Namely: the Abuja–Kaduna train attack which led to the killing and kidnapping of dozens of riders, the massacre of about 150 people in a series of bandit attacks in Plateau State, the ethnic-based and politically-motivated mass murder of over a dozen civilians by separatist militants in Anambra State, the fatal shooting of over 40 parishioners in Owo, and the ISWAP jailbreak of hundreds in the FCT signifying terrorist expansion into the North Central

[791] AfricaElects projections predict the likelihood of a candidate winning a state by categorizing a state as "Safe" for exceedingly likely, "Likely" for somewhat likely, and "Lean" for least likely. If no clear determination could be made, states are categorized as "tossups".

[fnDataphyteThisDay-793] 22.0 ^22.1 Dataphyte and ThisDay projections predict candidates' projected votal shares in each state.

[795] EiE-SBM projections predict which candidates will win states.

[797] SBM projections predict which candidates will win states or, if no determination could be made, categorizes states as "Too close to call" (TCC).

[800] The Nation projections predict which candidates will win states or, if no determination could be made, categorizes states as "Battlegrounds."

[803] Comprising the states of Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, and Plateau in addition to the Federal Capital Territory.

[804] Comprising the states of Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe.

[805] Comprising the states of Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara.

[806] Comprising the states of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo.

[807] Comprising the states of Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers.

[808] Comprising the states of Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, and Oyo.

[New_Dates-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[PDP_primary_results-3] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[APC_primary_results-4] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[LP_primary_results-5] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[NNPP_primary_results-6] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Atiku_picks_Okowa-7] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Obi_submits_Okupe-8] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Tinubu_submits_Masari-9] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Obi_selects_Baba-Ahmed-10] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Tinubu_picks_Shettima-11] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[12] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[NHRC_malpractices-13] 12.0 ^12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[INEC_continues_collation_despite_protests-18] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[Okowa.2C_Baba-Ahmed_reject_results-21] 20.0 ^20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[NNPP_rejects_results-22] 21.0 ^21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[23] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[24] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[TD_World_questions_results-25] 24.0 ^24.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[WSJ_Observers.2C_Opposition_criticize_election-26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[NYT_LP.2C_PDP_call_for_rerun-27] 26.0 ^26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[29] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[30] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[constitution1999-31] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[32] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Rancour-free_PDP_Convention-33] 32.0 ^32.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[34] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[35] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[36] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Lagos-Ibadan_train-37] 36.0 ^36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[38] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[39] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[42] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[43] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Unprecedented_hardship-44] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[PT_security_failure-45] 44.0 ^44.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Diverse_Security_Threats-46] 45.0 ^45.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Rampant_banditry-47] 46.0 ^46.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Communities_Sacked_by_Bandits.2C_Ethnoreligious_Conflicts-48] 47.0 ^47.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Ansaru_expansion-49] 48.0 ^48.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Farmer-Herder_Conflict_complexity-50] 49.0 ^49.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[NCentral_Endemic_Violence-51] 50.0 ^50.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Increasing_Gulf_of_Guinea_piracy-52] 51.0 ^51.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Illegal_oil_refineries-53] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Brunt_of_Nigerian_separatist_lockdowns-54] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Kidnap-for-ransom-55] 54.0 ^54.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[56] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[57] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[58] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[59] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[60] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[61] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[INEC_primary_extension-62] 61.0 ^61.1 ^61.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[63] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[64] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[65] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[67] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[68] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[69] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[70] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[71] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[72] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[73] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[74] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Tinubu_Muslim_ticket-75] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[76] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[APC_timetable_changes-77] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[APC_new_primary_date-78] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[79] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[80] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[APC_primary_date_1-81] 79.0 ^79.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[82] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[83] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[APC_primary_date_2-84] 82.0 ^82.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[NASS_Electoral_Act_amendment-85] 83.0 ^83.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[86] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Statutory_delegate_crises-87] 85.0 ^85.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[88] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[89] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[90] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[91] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[92] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[93] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[94] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[95] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[96] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[97] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[98] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[99] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[100] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[101] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[APC_Governors.2FNWC_Recommendations-102] 100.0 ^100.1 ^100.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[103] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[104] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[105] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[106] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[107] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[108] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[109] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[110] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[111] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[112] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[113] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[114] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[115] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[116] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Tinubu.2C_Atiku_search_for_running_mates-117] 115.0 ^115.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[APC_openness_to_a_Muslim-Muslim_ticket-118] 116.0 ^116.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Ibrahim_Masari_withdraws-119] 117.0 ^117.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[120] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[CAN_fumes_over_M-M_ticket-121] 119.0 ^119.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Decry_APC.27s_Muslim-Muslim_ticket-122] 120.0 ^120.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[123] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[124] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[125] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[128] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[129] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[130] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[131] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[APC_Screening_Recommendations-132] 128.0 ^128.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[135] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[136] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[137] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[138] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[139] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[140] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[141] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[142] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[143] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[144] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[145] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[146] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Boroffice.2C_Amosun.2C_Onu_pick_APC_forms-147] 141.0 ^141.1 ^141.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[148] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[149] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[150] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[151] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[152] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[153] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[154] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[155] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[156] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[157] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[158] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[159] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[160] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[161] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[162] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[163] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[164] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[165] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[166] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[167] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[168] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[169] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[170] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[171] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[172] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[173] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[174] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[175] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[176] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[177] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[178] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[179] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[180] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[181] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[182] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[183] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[184] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[185] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[186] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[187] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[188] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[189] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[190] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[191] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[North.27s_Search-192] 186.0 ^186.1 ^186.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Flagbearer_search-193] 187.0 ^187.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Buhari.27s_bloc_vote-194] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[195] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[196] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[197] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[198] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[199] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[200] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[201] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[202] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[203] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[204] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[205] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[206] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[207] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[PDP_primary_date-208] 202.0 ^202.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[209] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[PDP_Disqualification-210] 204.0 ^204.1 ^204.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[211] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[212] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[213] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[214] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[215] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[216] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[217] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[218] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[219] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[220] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Tambuwal_withdraws-221] 215.0 ^215.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[222] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[223] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[224] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[225] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[226] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[227] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Okowa_Implications-228] 222.0 ^222.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[230] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[231] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[232] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[PDP_forms_1-233] 226.0 ^226.1 ^226.2 ^226.3 ^226.4 ^226.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[234] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[235] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[236] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Anyim.2C_Bala_M..2C_Saraki_cleared-237] 230.0 ^230.1 ^230.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[PDP_forms_2-238] 231.0 ^231.1 ^231.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[239] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[240] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Fayose.2BNdukwe_buy_forms-241] 234.0 ^234.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[242] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[243] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[244] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[245] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[246] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[247] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[248] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[249] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[250] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[251] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[252] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[253] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[254] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[255] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[256] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[257] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[258] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[259] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[260] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[261] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[262] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[263] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[264] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Ex-PDP_governors-265] 258.0 ^258.1 ^258.2 ^258.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[266] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[PDP_Titans-267] 260.0 ^260.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[268] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[269] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[ZLP.2C_Accord_primary_dates-270] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Primary_date_list-271] 264.0 ^264.1 ^264.2 ^264.3 ^264.4 ^264.5 ^264.6 ^264.7 ^264.8 ^264.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Accord_primary_results-272] 265.0 ^265.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[273] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[274] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[275] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[276] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[AA_primary_results-277] 270.0 ^270.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[278] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[ADP_primary_results-279] 272.0 ^272.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[280] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[281] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[282] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[283] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[284] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[285] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[286] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[AAC_primary_results-287] 280.0 ^280.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[288] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[289] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[290] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Minor_Parties_PT-291] 284.0 ^284.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[292] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[293] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[294] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[295] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[ADC_primary_results-296] 289.0 ^289.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[297] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[298] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[299] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[300] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[301] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[302] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[303] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[304] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[305] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[306] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[307] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[308] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[309] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[APGA_primary_results-310] 303.0 ^303.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[311] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[312] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[313] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[314] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[315] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[316] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[317] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[318] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[319] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[320] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[321] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[322] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Okupe_withdraws_as_LP_VP-323] 316.0 ^316.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[324] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[325] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[326] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[NRM_primary_results-327] 320.0 ^320.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[328] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[INEC_Sept._final_nominee_list-329] 322.0 ^322.1 ^322.2 ^322.3 ^322.4 ^322.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[330] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[331] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[332] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[333] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[334] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[335] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[336] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[337] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[338] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[339] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[340] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[341] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[342] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[343] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[PRP_primary_results-344] 337.0 ^337.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[345] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[346] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[347] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[348] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[349] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[SDP_primary_results_1-350] 343.0 ^343.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[351] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[352] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[SDP_primary_results_2-353] 346.0 ^346.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[YPP_primary_results-354] 347.0 ^347.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[355] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[ZPA_primary-357] 349.0 ^349.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[358] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[INEC_Timeline-359] 351.0 ^351.1 ^351.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[361] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[362] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[363] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[364] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[365] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[366] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[367] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[368] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[369] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[370] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[371] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[372] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[373] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[374] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[375] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[376] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[377] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[378] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[12m_new_voters-380] 371.0 ^371.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[382] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[386] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[387] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[388] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[389] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[390] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[391] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[392] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[INEC_Jan._final_registration_list-393] 384.0 ^384.1 ^384.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Dec._INEC_attacks-394] 385.0 ^385.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[395] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[Africa_Report_fragile_power_transition-397] 388.0 ^388.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[398] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[HumAngle_hate_and_ethnic-based_campaigning-399] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[INEC_warns_of_postponement-406] 397.0 ^397.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[INEC_vows_not_to_postpone-407] 398.0 ^398.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Al_Jazeera_Jan._report_on_INEC_attacks-408] 399.0 ^399.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[LP-NNPP_coalition_talks_collapsed-476] 467.0 ^467.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Atiku_returns_in_July_2022-477] 468.0 ^468.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[BishopGate-479] 470.0 ^470.1 ^470.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[CAN_on_BishopGate-480] 471.0 ^471.1 ^471.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[BishopGate_reactions-481] 472.0 ^472.1 ^472.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[NOI-ANAP_September_poll-483] 474.0 ^474.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Wike_group_withdraws_from_Atiku_campaign-485] 475.0 ^475.1 ^475.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[Tinubu_returns_in_October_2022-488] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Atiku_October_anti-Yoruba.2FIgbo_comment-489] 479.0 ^479.1 ^479.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Tinubu_presents_manifesto-490] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Buhari_inaugurates_APC_campaign_council-491] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Obi_council_inauguration-492] 482.0 ^482.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Obi_campaign_commencement-493] 483.0 ^483.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[ARISE_town_hall_1-495] 484.0 ^484.1 ^484.2 ^484.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Tinubu_drug_docs-496] 485.0 ^485.1 ^485.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[ARISE_town_hall_2-497] 486.0 ^486.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Nextier_November_poll-498] 487.0 ^487.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[Obi_manifesto-501] 489.0 ^489.1 ^489.2 ^489.3 ^489.4 ^489.5 ^489.6 ^489.7 ^489.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Arise_town_hall_3-502] 490.0 ^490.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[Okupe_convicted-504] 492.0 ^492.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[Atiku_corruption_audio-506] 494.0 ^494.1 ^494.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Stears.27_Feb_poll-507] 495.0 ^495.1 ^495.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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v t e (2022 ←) 2023 Nigerian elections (→ 2024)
President	Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu FCT Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara
Senate	Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu FCT Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara
House of Representatives	Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu FCT Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara
Governors	Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Enugu Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara
Houses of Assembly	Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara
Local	Zamfara
Statewide	Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu FCT Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara

v t e Elections in Nigeria
Presidential elections	1979 1983 1993 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 *2023*
Senate elections	1979 1983 1992 1998 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023
House elections	1923 1928 1933 1938 1943 1947 1954 1959 1964 1979 1983 1992 1998 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023
Gubernatorial elections	1979 1983 1991 1999 2003 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
State elections	1951 1953 1954 1956−57 1960−61 1964 1999 2003 2007 2011 2014 2019 2023
Local elections	1950 1953 2022
Referendums	1959 1961
See also: State and local elections

2023 Nigerian presidential election

Contents

Electoral system

Background

Primary elections

All Progressives Congress

Nominated

Eliminated in primary

Withdrew

Declined

Primary results

Peoples Democratic Party

Nominated

Eliminated in primary

Disqualified by screening committee

Withdrew

Declined

Primary results

Minor parties

Conduct

Electoral timetable

Recognized parties and nominees

Election administration

Primary and post-primary period

Campaign period

Election Day and collation period

Campaign

Timeline

Pre-campaign period

Campaign period

Summary

Pre-campaign period

Campaign period

Polling

Graphical summary

Election debates and town halls

Issues

Corruption

Economy

Education

Ethnic identity

Infrastructure

Insecurity

National unity

Regional identity

Religious identity

Social policy

Projections

General election

Results

By geopolitical zone

By state

Close states

Aftermath

Litigation

See also

Notes

References

Navigation menu

Search