Biopterin
| Skeletal formula of biopterin | |
| Ball-and-stick model of the biopterin molecule | |
| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
2-Amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-1H-pteridin-4-one
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| Identifiers | |
22150-76-1  |
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| ChemSpider | 392795 |
| Jmol 3D model | Interactive image Interactive image |
| KEGG | C06313 |
| MeSH | Biopterin |
| PubChem | 445040 |
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| Properties | |
| C9H11N5O3 | |
| Molar mass | 237.216 g/mol |
| Vapor pressure | {{{value}}} |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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| Infobox references | |
Biopterins are pterin derivatives which function as endogenous enzyme cofactors in many species of animals and in some bacteria and fungi. Biopterins act as cofactors for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH), which are involved in the synthesis a number of neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, epinepherine, and serotonin, along with several trace amines; nitric oxide synthesis also utilizes biopterin derivatives as cofactors. In humans, tetrahydrobiopterin is the endogenous cofactor for AAAH enzymes.
Compounds
Biopterin compounds found within the body include both BH4 and BH2.
Synthesis
Biopterin synthesis occurs through two principal pathways; the de novo pathway involves three enzymatic steps and proceeds from GTP, while the salvage pathway converts sepiapterin to biopterin.[1] BH4 is the principal active cofactor, and a recycling pathway converts BH2 to BH4.
The link below shows how biopterin is produced in the body. http://home.sandiego.edu/~cloer/loerlab/biopterin_syn.gif
Another link shown below provides another image, but complete with molecular structures. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/38/15081/F3.expansion.html
The final image in the link below shows biopterin rearranged in three different forms. http://ebm.rsmjournals.com/content/228/11/1291/F2.expansion.html
Biopterin disorders
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A number of disorders of biopterin regulation exist.
Single-gene defects affecting the gene GCH1 block the first step in biopterin synthesis, and lead to dopamine-responsive dystonia, also known as Segawa's syndrome. This is due to the role of BH4 in synthesising neurotransmitters, including Dopamine, and is treated with supplementation with levodopa, which does not require BH4 for conversion to dopamine. GCH1 defects are autosomal dominant, meaning that only one defective gene copy is required for the condition to occur. Mouse gene knockout models that block biopterin synthesis completely die shortly after birth due to their inability to produce catecholamines and neurotransmitters.[2] Biopterin synthesis disorders are also a cause of hyperphenylalaninemia; phenylalanine metabolism requires BH4 as a cofactor.[3]
References
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- ↑ http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar332/Clinical_Cases/aa%20metab%20cases/PKU%20Cases/bioh4.htm
External links
WiseGeek. (2012). What is biopterin?. Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-biopterin.htm
