Cartonnage

A fragment of cartonnage from a New Kingdom coffin on display at the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum

Cartonnage is a type of material composing Egyptian funerary masks from the First Intermediate Period onward. It was made of layers of linen or papyrus covered with plaster. Some of the Fayum mummy portraits are also painted on panels made of cartonnage.

Cartonnage of Nespanetjerenpere, ca. 945–718 BCE. Linen or papyrus mixed with plaster, pigment, glass, lapis lazuli, 69 11/16 in. (177 cm). Brooklyn Museum, 35.1265.

Technique

This mummy of an unknown girl has a cartonnage composed of layers of linen and plaster. The Walters Art Museum.

In a technique similar to papier-mâché, scraps of linen or papyrus were stuck together with plaster or resin and used to make mummy cases and masks. After the material dried it could be painted or gilded and molded to the shape of the body, forming a type of shell. The shell could be decorated with geometric shapes, deities, and inscriptions. During Ptolemaic times the single shell method was altered to include four to six pieces of cartonnage. There would generally be a mask, pectoral, apron, and foot casing. In certain instances there were two additional pieces used to cover the ribcage and stomach.

Materials

The rear of a cartonnage Anubis Mask (Ptolomaic period) showing the layers under the painted surface

The materials used to produce cartonnage changed over time. In the Middle Kingdom it was common to use plastered linen, during the Third Intermediate period, linen and stucco, during the Ptolemaic period, old papyrus scrolls and during the Roman period, thicker fibrous materials. Reusing papyrus that was considered waste was a common practice during the Ptolemaic period. A lot of discarded documents from the government and archives were used for this purpose.

Archeological significance

The preparation of cartonnage preserved the sections of papyrus; therefore, it is a prominent source of well-preserved manuscript sections. In 1993, the city of Helsinki received fourteen fragments of cartonnages from the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. Conservators were tasked with preserving the cartonnages and publishing all Greek papyrus texts derived from them.

External links

• The Walters Art Museum – Mummies and Cartonnage
• Video – Mummy Cartonnage Conservation
• Google Art Project

References

• Shaw, Ian; and Nicholson, Paul. The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. p. 61. The British Museum Press, 1995.
• Digital Egypt, fuller history