Complex conjugate
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In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with equal real part and imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.[1][2] For example, the complex conjugate of 3 + 4i is 3 − 4i.
In polar form, the conjugate of is
. This can be shown using Euler's formula.
Complex conjugates are important for finding roots of polynomials. According to the complex conjugate root theorem, if a complex number is a root to a polynomial in one variable with real coefficients (such as the quadratic equation or the cubic equation), so is its conjugate.
Contents
Notation
The complex conjugate of a complex number is written as
or
. The first notation avoids confusion with the notation for the conjugate transpose of a matrix, which can be thought of as a generalization of the complex conjugate. The second is preferred in physics, where dagger is used for the conjugate transpose, while the bar-notation is more common in pure mathematics. If a complex number is represented as a 2×2 matrix, the notations are identical. In some texts, the complex conjugate of a previous known number is abbreviated as "c.c.". For example, writing
means
Properties
The following properties apply for all complex numbers z and w, unless stated otherwise, and can be proven by writing z and w in the form a + ib.
A significant property of the complex conjugate is that a complex number is equal to its complex conjugate if its imaginary part is zero, that is, if the complex number is real.
For any two complex numbers w,z:
The penultimate relation is involution; i.e., the conjugate of the conjugate of a complex number z is z. The ultimate relation is the method of choice to compute the inverse of a complex number if it is given in rectangular coordinates.
if z is non-zero
If is a polynomial with real coefficients, and
, then
as well. Thus, non-real roots of real polynomials occur in complex conjugate pairs (see Complex conjugate root theorem).
In general, if is a holomorphic function whose restriction to the real numbers is real-valued, and
is defined, then
The map from
to
is a homeomorphism (where the topology on
is taken to be the standard topology) and antilinear, if one considers
as a complex vector space over itself. Even though it appears to be a well-behaved function, it is not holomorphic; it reverses orientation whereas holomorphic functions locally preserve orientation. It is bijective and compatible with the arithmetical operations, and hence is a field automorphism. As it keeps the real numbers fixed, it is an element of the Galois group of the field extension
. This Galois group has only two elements:
and the identity on
. Thus the only two field automorphisms of
that leave the real numbers fixed are the identity map and complex conjugation.
Use as a variable
Once a complex number or
is given, its conjugate is sufficient to reproduce the parts of the z-variable:
- Real part:
- Imaginary part:
- Modulus (or absolute value):
- Argument:
, so
Thus the pair of variables and
also serve up the plane as do x,y and
and
. Furthermore, the
variable is useful in specifying lines in the plane:
is a line through the origin and perpendicular to since the real part of
is zero only when the cosine of the angle between
and
is zero. Similarly, for a fixed complex unit u = exp(b i), the equation:
determines the line through in the direction of u.
These uses of the conjugate of z as a variable are illustrated in Frank Morley's book Inversive Geometry (1933), written with his son Frank Vigor Morley.
Generalizations
The other planar real algebras, dual numbers, and split-complex numbers are also explicated by use of complex conjugation.
For matrices of complex numbers , where
represents the element-by-element conjugation of
.[3] Contrast this to the property
, where
represents the conjugate transpose of
.
Taking the conjugate transpose (or adjoint) of complex matrices generalizes complex conjugation. Even more general is the concept of adjoint operator for operators on (possibly infinite-dimensional) complex Hilbert spaces. All this is subsumed by the *-operations of C*-algebras.
One may also define a conjugation for quaternions and coquaternions: the conjugate of is
.
Note that all these generalizations are multiplicative only if the factors are reversed:
Since the multiplication of planar real algebras is commutative, this reversal is not needed there.
There is also an abstract notion of conjugation for vector spaces over the complex numbers. In this context, any antilinear map
that satisfies
, where
and
is the identity map on
,
for all
,
, and
for all
,
,
is called a complex conjugation, or a real structure. As the involution is antilinear, it cannot be the identity map on
. Of course,
is a
-linear transformation of
, if one notes that every complex space V has a real form obtained by taking the same vectors as in the original space and restricting the scalars to be real. The above properties actually define a real structure on the complex vector space
.[4] One example of this notion is the conjugate transpose operation of complex matrices defined above. It should be remarked that on generic complex vector spaces there is no canonical notion of complex conjugation.
See also
Notes
- ↑ Weisstein, Eric W., "Complex Conjugates", MathWorld.
- ↑ Weisstein, Eric W., "Imaginary Numbers", MathWorld.
- ↑ Arfken, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 1985, pg. 201
- ↑ Budinich, P. and Trautman, A. The Spinorial Chessboard. Springer-Verlag, 1988, p. 29
References
- Budinich, P. and Trautman, A. The Spinorial Chessboard. Springer-Verlag, 1988. ISBN 0-387-19078-3. (antilinear maps are discussed in section 3.3).