Fritillaria

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"Fritillary" redirects here. For three species of butterflies, see Fritillary (disambiguation).
Fritillaria
File:Fritillaria montana 01HD.jpg
Fritillaria montana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Liliales
Family:
Liliaceae
Subfamily:
Lilioideae
Tribe:
Lilieae
Genus:
Fritillaria
Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Petilium Ludw.
  • Imperialis Adans.
  • Amblirion Raf.
  • Rhinopetalum Fisch. ex D.Don
  • Baimo Raf.
  • Corona Fisch. ex Graham
  • Melorima Raf.
  • Eucrinum (Nutt.) Lindl.
  • Theresia K.Koch
  • Tozzettia Parl. 1854, illegitimate homonym not Savi 1799 (Poaceae)
  • Liliorhiza Kellogg
  • Lyperia Salisb.
  • Korolkowia Regel
  • Sarana Fisch. ex Baker
  • Ochrocodon Rydb.
  • Monocodon Salisb.

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Fritillaria is a genus of Eurasian, North African, and North American plants in the lily family.[1]

There are about 100[2] to 130[3] species of bulbous plants in the family Liliaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, especially the Mediterranean, southwest Asia, and western North America.[4] The name is derived from the Latin term for a dice-box (fritillus),[5] and probably refers to the checkered pattern of the flowers of many species. Plants of the genus are known in English as fritillaries. Some North American species are called mission bells.

Description

Fritillaries often have nodding, bell- or cup-shaped flowers, and the majority are spring-flowering. Certain species have flowers that emit disagreeable odors. The scent of Fritillaria imperialis has been called "rather nasty", while that of F. agrestis, known commonly as stink bells, is reminiscent of dog droppings.[6] On the other hand, F. striata has a sweet fragrance.[6]

Uses

File:Fritillaria crassifolia.JPG
Fritillaria crassifolia showing the characteristic features of most fritillaries: nodding flowers with some amount of brown and a checkerboard pattern

Fritillaria extracts are used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name chuan bei mu, and in Latin, bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae. Species such as F. cirrhosa and F. verticillata are used in cough remedies. They are listed as chuān bèi (Chinese: 川貝) or zhè bèi (Chinese: 浙貝), respectively, and are often in formulations combined with extracts of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica).

The major name of herbs and true species listed on the Chinese Pharmacopoeia & National Standards are as follows:[7][8]

  • 川贝母ChuānBèiMǔ BULBUS FRITILLARIAE CIRRHOSAE:
Classified by shape :松贝 Songbei, 青贝 Qingbei , 炉贝, Cultivated form.
Classified by species:川贝母 Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don, 暗紫贝母 Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K.C.Hsia, 甘肃贝母 Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim, 梭砂贝母 Fritillaria delavayi Franch, 太白贝母 Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y. Li, 瓦布贝母 Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia var. wabuensis(S. Y. Tang et S. C. Yueh)Z. D. Liu,S. Wang et S. C. Chen

Though there are many local farms which grow the local native Fritillaria species for the market of herb, there are only three companies (1 川贝母ChuānBèiMǔ and 2 平贝母 PingBèiMǔ) which are certified growing under the regulation of the "Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs" so far.[9]

Fritillaria verticillata bulbs are also traded as bèi mǔ or, in Kampō, baimo (Chinese/Kanji: 貝母, Katakana: バイモ). In one study fritillaria reduced airway inflammation by suppressing cytokines, histamines, and other compounds of inflammatory response.[10]

Most fritillaries contain poisonous alkaloids such as imperialin; some may even be deadly if ingested in quantity. But the bulbs of a few species, such as F. affinis, F. camschatcensis, and F. pudica, are edible if prepared carefully. They were commonly eaten by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast.[11]

At least one species, F. assyrica, has a very large genome. With approximately 130,000,000,000 base pairs, it equals the largest known vertebrate animal genome known to date, that of the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus), in size.

The emblematic and often unusually-colored fritillaries are commonly used as floral emblems. F. meleagris (snake's head fritillary) is the county flower of Oxfordshire, UK, and the provincial flower of Uppland, Sweden, where it is known as kungsängslilja ("Kungsängen lily"). In Croatia this species is known as kockavica, and the checkerboard pattern of its flowers may have inspired the šahovnica pattern on the nation's coat of arms. F. camschatcensis (Kamchatka fritillary) is the floral emblem of Ishikawa Prefecture and Obihiro City in Japan. Its Japanese name is kuroyuri (クロユリ), meaning "dark lily". F. tenella is the floral emblem of Giardino Botanico Alpino di Pietra Corva, a botanical garden in Italy.

Ecology

The scarlet lily beetle (Lilioceris lilii) eats fritillaries, and may become a pest where these plants are grown in gardens.

Species

File:Fritillaria involucrata 16052003.JPG
Fritillaria involucrata
File:Fritillaria lusitanica Wikstrom.jpg
Fritillaria lusitanica
File:Fritillaria rhodia Rhodos 01.jpg
Fritillaria rhodia
File:Fritillaria sewerzowii.jpg
Fritillaria sewerzowii
File:Fritillaria tubiformis 20052002 2.JPG
Fritillaria tubiformis
File:Fritillaria latifolia in Sochi.jpg
Fritillaria latifolia in Caucasus
accepted species[1]

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2
Formerly included[1]

Numerous names have been coined using the name Fritillaria but referring to species now considered better suited to other genera (Calochortus Disporum Erythronium Eucomis Lilium Notholirion). We provide links to help you find appropriate information.

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2

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ Flora of North America: Fritillaria
  3. ↑ Flora of China: Fritillaria
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 McGary, J. Fritillaria and the Pacific Garden. Pacific Horticulture 73(2). April, 2012.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Yeum, H. S., et al. (2007). Fritillaria cirrhosa, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, lee‐mo‐tang and cyclosporine a inhibit ovalbumin‐induced eosinophil accumulation and Th2‐mediated bronchial hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 100(3) 205-13.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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