GIM mechanism

In quantum field theory, the GIM mechanism (or Glashow–Iliopoulos–Maiani mechanism) is the mechanism by which flavour-changing neutral currents (FCNCs) are suppressed. It also explains why weak interactions that change strangeness by 2 (ΔS = 2 transitions) are suppressed while those that change strangeness by 1 (ΔS = 1 transitions) are allowed. The mechanism was put forth by Sheldon Lee Glashow, John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani in their famous paper "Weak Interactions with Lepton–Hadron Symmetry" published in Physical Review D in 1970.

At the time the GIM mechanism was proposed, only three quarks (up, down, and strange) were thought to exist. Glashow and James Bjorken predicted a fourth quark in 1964, but there was little evidence for its existence. The GIM mechanism however, required the existence of a fourth quark, and the prediction of the charm quark is usually credited to Glashow, Iliopoulos, and Maiani.