Geastrum
| Geastrum | |
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| Geastrum triplex | |
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| Geastrum saccatum | |
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Geastrum
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| Type species | |
| Geastrum pectinatum Pers.
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| Species | |
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About 50; See text |
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Geastrum (orthographical variant Geaster)[1] is a genus of mushroom in the family Geastraceae. Many species are known commonly as earthstars.
The name comes from geo meaning earth and aster meaning star.
The name refers to the behavior of the outer peridium. At maturity, the outer layer of the fruiting body splits into segments which turn outward creating a star-like pattern on the ground. The inner peridium is a spore sack. In some species, the outer peridium splits from a middle layer, causing the spore sack to arch off the ground. If the outer peridium opens when wet and closes when dry, it is described as hygroscopic.
In some species, the inner peridium is borne on a stalk or pedicel. The columella is a column-like clump of sterile tissue to be found inside the inner peridium. The network of fertile tissue inside the inner peridium, the capillitium, arises from the columella. The mouth in most species of "earth-stars" is quite prominent, often arising as a small cone at the apex of the inner peridium. It may be even or sulcate (grooved).[2]
They are generally not toxic but considered non-edible due to their fibrous texture in the mature stage that they are generally found at.
Species
Although the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) estimated roughly 50 species in Geastrum,[3] a more recent estimate (2014) suggests that there may be up to 120 species.[4] Some similar species that are otherwise difficult to differentiate using classical morphological features (such as G. triplex, G. saccatum, and G. lageniforme) can be identified using chemical spot tests that detect phenoloxidase enzymatic activity, as well as differences in the crystal structure of calcium oxalate deposits.[5] Species include:
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- Geastrum aculeatum[6]
- Geastrum albonigrum
- Geastrum andrewsii
- Geastrum argentatum
- Geastrum argentinum
- Geastrum australe
- Geastrum britannicum
- Geastrum berkeleyi
- Geastrum bushnellii
- Geastrum campestre
- Geastrum clelandii
- Geastrum congolense
- Geastrum corollinum
- Geastrum coronatum
- Geastrum dissimile
- Geastrum drummondii
- Geastrum dubowskii
- Geastrum echinulatum[6]
- Geastrum elegans
- Geastrum elliptice
- Geastrum entomophilum[7]
- Geastrum episcopale
- Geastrum fimbriatum
- Geastrum flexuosum
- Geastrum floriforme
- Geastrum fornicatum
- Geastrum fuscogleba
- Geastrum hieronymi
- Geastrum hirsutum
- Geastrum hungaricum
- Geastrum inpaense – Brazil[8]
- Geastrum kotlabae
- Geastrum lageniforme
- Geastrum leptospermum
- Geastrum lilloi[9]
- Geastrum litchiforme
- Geastrum lloydianum
- Geastrum melanocephalum[10]
- Geastrum minimum
- Geastrum mirabile
- Geastrum morganii
- Geastrum ovalisporum
- Geastrum oxylobum
- Geastrum parvisporum
- Geastrum parvistriatum
- Geastrum pectinatum
- Geastrum pleosporus[11]
- Geastrum pouzarii
- Geastrum pseudolimbatum
- Geastrum quadrifidum
- Geastrum reticulatum
- Geastrum rhizophorum
- Geastrum rufescens
- Geastrum rugulosum
- Geastrum rusticum – Brazil[12]
- Geastrum saccatum
- Geastrum schmidelii
- Geastrum schweinitzii
- Geastrum senoretiae[13]
- Geastrum setiferum
- Geastrum smardae
- Geastrum smithii
- Geastrum stiptatum
- Geastrum striatum
- Geastrum subiculosum
- Geastrum tichifer
- Geastrum triplex
- Geastrum velutinum
- Geastrum welwitschii
- Geastrum xerophilum
- Geastrum xylogenum
References
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Sources
- New Zealand Species
- British Species
- Czech Species and Photos
- Royal Botanical Gardens Melbourne
- New York Botanical Garden
- Ponce de Leon, Patricio, A Revision of the Family Geastraceae, Field Museum of Natural History 1968
- Arizona Members of the Geastraceae and Lycoperdaceae (Basidiomycota, Fungi) by Scott T. Bates
- Sunhede, Stellan, Geastraceae (Basidiomycotina) Morphology, ecology, and systematics with special emphasis on the north European species, Fungiflora, Oslo, Norway, 1989.
