Iris mandshurica

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Iris mandshurica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Iris
Section:
Psammiris
Species:
Iris mandshurica
Binomial name
Iris mandshurica
Synonyms

None known[1]

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Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China,and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple (or maroon) veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

It is thought to be similar in form to Iris bloudowii and Iris humilis,[2] having a short rhizome (like Iris bloudowii) and narrow, pointed spathes like Iris humilis.[3]

It has a short, thick rhizome.[3][4][5][6] It has branching, thick, fibrous and strong secondary stolons roots,[4][5][6][7] which are yellow and white.[5] On top of the rhizome, are the brown, fibrous remains of old leaves.[4][5][6][7]

It has green, ensiform (sword shaped) or lanceolate basal (growing from the base) leaves.[4][7] They are slightly bent or curved.[5][6] They can grow up to between 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long and 0.8–1 cm wide, at blooming time.[4][5][6][7] They then lengthen,[4] and by the time the iris has seed capsules, they are between 30 cm (12 in) long and 1.5 cm wide.[5][6] They have 2-4 longitudinal veins.[5][6]

It has a smoother stem, that can reach up to between 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

The stem has 3 green, lanceolate, (scarious) membranous, spathes or bracts (leaves of the flower bud).[3][4][5][6] They are 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long and 1-1.8 cm wide.[5][6] It also has a small pedicel (flower stalk), between 6mm to 1 cm long.[4][5][6]

The stems hold 1-2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,[4][5][6] blooming early in the season,[8][10] in May.[4][5][6][7][8]

The flowers are 4–5 cm (2–2 in) in diameter,[4][5][6] and yellow.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[12] The falls are obovate,[4][5][6] with maroon,[4][11] brown,[6] or brown purple veining.[5][9][10] They are 4–5 cm (2–2 in) long and 1.5–2 cm wide.[4][5][6] In the centre of the petal, is a yellow beard.[5][6][7] The erect standards are long and narrow,[4][7] or oblanceolate,[5] they are up to 3.5 cm (1 in) long.[4][5][6]

It has a 2-2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped perianth tube,[4][5][6] 2 cm long stamens,[4][5][6] yellow anthers and a 1-1.2 cm long green, spindle-shaped, ovary.[4][5][6] It has long and flat, style branches that are 3 cm long and 4-5mm wide, they have a large lobed (or toothed) end.[4][5]

After the iris has flowered, between June and August,[5][6] it produces a fusiform (spindle shaped) seed capsule.[6] Which is up to 6 cm (2 in) long and 1.5 cm wide, and has 6 longitudinal ribs and a long beak appendage (at the top).[4][5][6] It dehisces (splits open) below the apex.[4] The seeds have not been described.

Biochemistry

In 1986, a study was carried out on 3 iris species in China, the chromosomes of Iris mandshurica, Iris uniflora and Iris bloudowii were counted. The chromosome count of Iris mandshurica was 2n=14, which was different to previous counts such as 2n=34 (Simonet 1928,1932) and 2n=20 (Longley 1928).[13]

In 2000, an isoflavonoids (chemical compound) study was carried out on 22 species of iris. Iris cathayensis and Iris mandshurica contain glycosides and isoflavonoid aglycons.[14]

In 2007, a study was carried out on the anatomical structure of the leaves of Iris mandshurica.[15]

In 2009, a genetic study study was carried out on Iris vorobievii, Iris mandshurica and Iris humilis. It confirmed that they were independent species.[16]

In 2011, a study was carried out on the cell growth of Iris mandshurica.[17]

In 2013, a Molecular phylogenetic (genetic evolution) study was carried out on 16 species of Iris found in Korea. It placed Iris mandshurica in a clade with other basal irises, including Iris dichotoma and Iris tectorum.[18]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[12] It has been counted several times; 2n=20 (Longley 1928).[13] 2n=34 (Probatova 1988), 2n=14 (Zakharjeva 1990), 2n=14 (Starodubtsev & Mironova 1990) and 2n=28 (Sha et al., 1995).[8] It is normally published as 2n=34,[4][6][9] or 2n=14.[6][7]

Taxonomy

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (mandshurica) man-SHEU-ree-ka.[10]

It is written as 长白鸢尾 in Chinese script,[6] and known as chang bai yuan wei in Pidgin in China.[5][6][19]

It has the common name of 'manchu Iris'.[8][20] or 'Manchurian iris'.[10][19][21][22]

The Latin specific epithet mandshurica refers to Manchuria, coming from the Chinese region.[23][24]

It was first published and described by Karl Maximovich in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg Volume 26 page530 in 1880.[5][8][19][25]

It was also published in Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg' Vol.10 page724 in 1880.[19]

Specimens used for the description were collected from China.[5]

It was thought to be within the Pseudoregelia section in Waddick & Zhao, Iris of China, in 1992,[8] but most sources place it within the Psammiris section.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, it was updated on 5 April 2013.[19]

Iris mandshurica is an accepted name by the RHS.[26]

Distribution and habitat

Iris mandshurica is native to temperate areas of Asia.[19][21]

Range

It is found in the Russian Federation,[5][6][7][9][11] in the state of Primorye.[4][19][20] Beside the Ussuri River.[4] It is also found in China,[21][26] (or Manchuria[2][4][7][9][11][20]) in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning.[5][6][19] It is also though to be found in Korea,[4][5][6][7][9][11][19][20][26] and Mongolia.[21]

Habitat

It grows on sunny dry slopes,[5][6][7][20] on steppes,[21] in open woodlands,[6] (of oak[20]) in shrubberies,[4][5] and on woodland edges.[4]

They can be found at an altitude of 400 to 800 m (1,300 to 2,600 ft) above sea level.[6][7]

Conservation

It is considered as an 'endangered' species in Russia,[7][20] and listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation.[22]

It is protected in a reserve of 'Senkina Shapka Hill, in Oktyabrsky District,[22] beside the Tsukanovki river.[7][20]

It has been endangered due to the economic developments in the territory.[20]

Cultivation

It is hardy to between USDA Zone 5 and Zone 11,[10] or between Zone 3 to 10.[21] It prefers dry winters.[21]

It prefers to grow in well drained,[21] or soils with loam.[20]

It can tolerate strongly acidic or mildly acidic soils (PH levels between 5.1 to 6.5).[10]

It can tolerate positions in full sun to partial shade.[10]

It has average to high water needs during the growing season.[10]

It was tested (for hardiness) in the botanical gardens of Alma Ata in Moscow (TAA) and Tomsk.[20]

It has been also grown in the botanical garden of Vladivostok.[20][22]

It can grow in rockeries or rock gardens.[22]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing.[22]

Propagation Methods: By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets) Seed Collecting: Allow pods to dry on plant; break open to collect seeds[10]

In 2006, a study was carried out on the pollen viability of Iris mandshurica. It was found that time is a significant factor as well as climate.[27]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 62, at Google Books
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Horticulture - Plant Names Explained: Botanical Terms and Their Meaning, p. 129, at Google Books
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Other sources

  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). (as 'I. humilis Georgi').
  • Dykes, W. R. 1913. Gen. Iris 140.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 40. ["mandshurica"].
  • Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
  • Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
  • Liu Ying, 1936. Chinese Journal of Botany Vol.3. Issue2 page949.
  • Kitagawa, 1939. Lineam Fl Mansb 148.

External links

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