List of former toponyms in Grevena Prefecture
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Many inhabited places in Grevena Prefecture of Greece have both Slavic and Greek forms. Some of the forms are identifiably of Greek origin, others of Slavic, yet others of Turkish or more obscure origins. Following the First World War and the Graeco-Turkish War which followed, the Greek government undertook a renaming program to place Greek names first on places with Turkophonic, and later on those with Slavophonic names.[1]
| Former name(s)[2] | Current official name other Greek names |
Prefecture | Geographic Coordinates |
Citation[3] | Population (2001)[4] |
Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdela (Абдела) |
Avdela (Αβδέλλα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 107 | 448 | |
| Agalush, Angelush (Агалуш, Ангелуш) |
Agalea (Αγαλαίοι) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 107 | 72 | |
| Agii Teodori (Агии Теодори) |
Agii Theodoro (Άγιοι Θεόδωρο) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 107 | 299 | |
| Agija Trijas (Агија Тријас) |
Agia Trias, Grevena (Αγία Τριάς) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 107 | 93 | |
| Sveti Gorgi (Агиос Георгиос) |
Agios Georgios (Άγιος Γεώργιος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 107 | 824 | |
| Ano Eklisiya, Gorno Vidishte (Ано Еклисия, Горно Видище) |
Ano Ecclesia (Άνω Εκκλησία) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 108 | 79 | |
| Arap (Арап) |
Dimitra, Arapis (Δήμητρα, Αράπις) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 108 | 712 | |
| Asprokamb (Аспрокамб) |
Asprokampos (Ασπρόκαμπος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 108 | 121 | |
| Baltino, Boltino (Балтино, Болтино) |
Kallithea, Katafygion (Καλλιθέα, Καταφύγιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 108 | 169 | |
| Bishovo (Бишово) |
Kyparissi, Lysvaton (Κυπαρίσσιον, Κυπαρίσσι, Λύσβατον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 109 | 111 | |
| Bozovo (Бозово) |
Prionia (Πριόνια) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 109 | 166 | |
| Bura (Бура) |
Doxaras (Δοξαράς) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 109 | 212 | |
| Vantsiko, Vansko (Ванцико, Ванско) |
Kydonies, Kydonia (Κυδωνίες, Κυδωνίαι) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 109; GeoNames |
163 | |
| Varishte, Vartsa (Варище, Варца) |
Varis (Βάρης) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 109; GeoNames |
76 | |
| Veloni (Велони) |
Velonion (Βελόνιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 110 | ||
| Ventsi, Ventsiya (Венци, Венция) |
Kentro (Κέντρον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 110 | 114 | |
| Vidishte, Vivisti (Видище, Вивисти) |
Ecclesia (Εκκλησία) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 110 | 45 | |
| Vilya, Velya (Виля, Веля) |
Oropedi (Οροπέδιο, Οροπέδιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 110 | 189 | |
| Vich, Vitsa, Vicho (Вич, Вица, Вичо) |
Lochmi (Λόχμη) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 110 | 47 | |
| Vodensko, Vudinsko (Воденско, Вудинско) |
Polyneri, Polynerion, Vodentsiko (Πολυνέρι, Πολυνέριον, Βοδετσικό) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 110 | 221 | |
| Vravonishta (Вравонища) |
Kallirachi (Καληράχη) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 111 | 222 | |
| Varbovo, Vurbovo (Върбово, Вурбово) |
Itea (Ιτέα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 111 | 242 | |
| Vreashtino, Vrashen (Вреаштино, Врашен) |
Anavryta, Vrastinon, Vraston (Αναβρυτά, Βράστινον, Βραστόν) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 111 | 43 | |
| Goblaraki (Гоблараки) |
Mikron (Μικρόν) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 112; GeoNames |
||
| Goblari, Koblar (Гоблари, Коблар) |
Myrsina (Μυρσίνα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 112 | 266 | |
| Golemo Serin (Големо Серин) |
Mega Sirini, Mega Sirinion (Μέγα Σειρήνιο, Μέγα Σειρήνι, Μέγα Σειρήνιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 112 | 696 | |
| Gostum, Gustam (Гостум, Густам) |
Poros (Πόρος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 112 | 148 | |
| Greben (Гребен) |
Grevena (Γρεβενά) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 112 | 10,177 | Capital of prefecture; Aromanian: Grebini |
| Greus, Greausa (Греус, Греауса) |
Anoixi, Anoixis, Gria (Άνοιξη, Άνοιξις, Γρία) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 113 | 151 | |
| Grintades, Kritades (Гринтадес, Критадес) |
Aimilianos (Αιμιλιανός) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 113 | 61 | |
| Gurnaki (Гурнаки) |
Neochori, Neochorion, Gournakion (Νεοχώρι, Νεοχώριον, Γουρνάκιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 113 | 138 | |
| Delvino, Delnon (Делвино, Делнон) |
Prosvoro, Prosvoron (Πρόσβορρο, Πρόσβορον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 113 | 186 | |
| Dimenitsa, Diminitsa (Дименица, Диминица) |
Karpero, Karperon (Καρπερό, Καρπερόν) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 114 | 745 | |
| Dobratovo (Добратово) |
Vatolakos (Βατόλακκος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 114 | 386 | |
| Dovrani, Dobrani (Доврани, Добрани) |
Elatos (Έλατος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 114; GeoNames |
233 | |
| Duvrunishta, Dervenishta (Дуврунища, Дервенища) |
Klimataki, Klimatakion (Κληματάκι, Κληματάκιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 115 | 156 | |
| Dusko, Dontsiko (Дуско, Донцико) |
Dotsiko, Dontsikon (Δοτσικό, Δοντσικόν) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 115 | 187 | |
| Eksarkhos (Ексархос) |
Exarchos (Έξαρχος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 115 | 103 | |
| Zhitovo, Sitovo (Житово, Ситово) |
Sitara (Σιταράς) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 116 | 84 | |
| Zalovo (Залово) |
Trikomo, Trikomon (Τρίκωμο, Τρίκωμον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 116 | 201 | |
| Zapandei (Запандеи) |
Lagkadia (Λαγκαδιά) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 116 | ||
| Zemnyach, Zimnyatsi (Земяч, Зимяци) |
Paliouria (Παλιουριά) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 116 | 412 | |
| Zigost, Zigosti (Зигост, Зигости) |
Mesolakos (Μεσόλακκος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 116; GeoNames |
88 | |
| Kalamach, Kalamitsa (Каламач, Каламица) |
Kalamitsi, Kalamitsion (Καλαμίτσι, Καλαμίτσιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 117 | 58 | |
| Kaloki (Калоки) |
Kalochio (Καλόχι, Καλόχιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 117 | 90 | |
| Katakal (Катакал) |
Katakali (Κατάκαλη) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 117 | 220 | |
| Kipurgyo (Кипургьо) |
Kipourio, Kipourion (Κηπουρείο, Κηπουρείον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 117 | 437 | |
| Kolokitaki (Колокитаки) |
Levkakion, Kolokithanion (Λευκάκιον, Κολοκυθάκιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 118 | ||
| Konsko, Kusko (Конско, Куско) |
Elefthero (Ελεύθερο, Ελεύθερον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 118 | 81 | |
| Kopriva (Коприва) |
Knidi (Κνίδη) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 118; GeoNames |
443 | |
| Koskondi, Konokisti (Косконди, Конокисти) |
Taxiarchis, Kosku (Ταξιάρχης, Κοσκού) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 119 | 408 | |
| Kosmat (Космат) |
Kosmati (Κοσμάτι, Κοσμάτιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 119 | 330 | |
| Krivtsi (Кривци) |
Kivotos (Κιβωτός) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 119 | 708 | |
| Kritapak (Критапакь) |
Kritharakia (Κριθαράκια) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 119 | 15 | |
| Kuruna (Куруна) |
Kourouna (Κουρούνα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 120 | 0 | |
| Labanitsa (Лабаница) |
Mikrolivado (Μικρολίβαδο, Μικρολίβαδον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 120 | 96 | |
| Lavda (Лавда) |
Lavdas (Λάβδας) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 120 | 132 | |
| Lefterokhor (Лефтерохор) |
Eleftherochori (Ελευθεροχώρι, Ελευθεροχώριον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 120 | 82 | |
| Libinovo (Либиново) |
Diakos (Διάκος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 120 | ||
| Lipintsi, Lepenitsa (Липинци, Лепеница) |
Perivolaki (Περιβολάκι, Περιβολάκιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 121 | 30 | |
| Lochishno, Lunchishno (Лочишно, Лунчишно) |
Lagkadakia (Λαγκαδάκια) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 121 | ||
| Lubinishta (Лубинища) |
Valanion (Βαλάνιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 121 | ||
| Luntsi, Lunch (Лунци, Лунч) |
Kalloni (Καλλονή) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 121 | 171 | |
| Mavran, Mavronishta (Мавран, Мавронища) |
Mavranei (Μαυραναίοι) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 122 | 229 | |
| Mager (Магер) |
Dasyllio, Mageron (Δασύλλιο, Δασύλλιον, Μαγέρον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 122 | 43 | |
| Malo Serin (Мало Серин) |
Mikro Sirini, Apano Sirini (Μικρόν Σειρήνιον, Απάνω Σειρήνι) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 122 | 162 | |
| Manastir Zapurta (Манастир Запурта) |
Agiou Nikolanoros Monastery (Μονή Αγίου Νικάνορος, Μονή Ζαπούρτα, Μονή Οσίου Νικάνορος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 122 | 3 | |
| Manash (Манаш) |
Anthrakia, Manes (Ανθρακιά, Μάνες) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 123 | 124 | |
| Mesolovo, Mesolur (Месолово, Месолур) |
Mesolouri (Μεσολούρι, Μεσολούριον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 123 | 139 | |
| Milea, Nova Milea (Милеа, Нова Милеа) |
Milea (Μηλέα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 123 | 306 | |
| Milya (Миля) |
Palaia Milea (Παλαιά Μηλέα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 123 | ||
| Monakhit (Монахит) |
Monachiti (Μοναχίτι, Μοναχίτιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 124 | 183 | |
| Nasinokos (Насинокос) |
Nisi, Nision (Νησί, Νησίον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 124 | 120 | |
| Paleokopriva (Палеокоприва) |
Paleoknidi (Παλαιοκνίδη) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 124 | ||
| Paleokopriya (Палеокоприя) |
Dasaki (Δασάκι, Δασάκιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 124 | 19 | |
| Paleokhori (Палеохори) |
Stavros (Σταυρός) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 125 | 77 | |
| Palyokhori (Пальохори) |
Paliochori (Παλαιοχώρι, Παλαιοχώριον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 125 | 388 | |
| Perivoli (Периволи) |
Perivoli, Perivolion (Περιβόλι, Περιβόλιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 125 | 454 | |
| Pesko, Peskavo (Песко, Пескаво) |
Pistiko, Pistikon, Pisko (Πιστικό, Πιστικόν, Πισκό) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 126 | 80 | |
| Pikrovenitsa, Prevenitsa (Пикровеница, Превеница) |
Amygdalies (Αμυγδαλιές, Αμυγδαλέαι) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 126 | 714 | |
| Pinyari (Пиняри) |
Elafion (Ελάφιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 127 | ||
| Pichugja (Пичуѓа) |
Dasachori (Δασοχώρι) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 127 | 205 | |
| Plyasa, Plisiya (Пляcа, Плисия) |
Melissi, Plesia (Μελίσσι, Μελίσσιον, Πλέσια) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 127 | 0 | |
| Radovishte (Радовище) |
Rodia, Radovistion (Ροδιά, Ραδοβίστιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 127 | 383 | |
| Radunishta, Radosinishta (Радунища, Радосинища) |
Megaro (Μέγαρον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 128 | 561 | |
| Ratsi (Раци) |
Agapi (Αγάπη) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 128 | 58 | |
| Ryahovo (Ряхово) |
Paroreion (Παρόρειο, Παρόρειον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 128 | 33 | |
| Santovishta (Сантовища) |
Mikroklisoura (Μικροκλεισούρα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 129 | 133 | |
| Sarakin (Саракин) |
Sarakina (Σαρακήνα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 129 | 313 | |
| Selisma (Селисма) |
Diasellakion (Διασελλάκιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 129 | 8 | |
| Sinitsa, Slenitsa (Синица, Сленица) |
Trifylion (Τριφύλλι, Τριφύλλιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 129 | 184 | |
| Smiksi (Смикси) |
Smixi (Σμίξη) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 130 | 509 | |
| Snikhovo (Снихово) |
Despoti (Δεσπότης) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 130 | 36 | |
| Spata (Спата) |
Polydendri (Πολύδενδρο, Πολύδενδρον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 130; GeoNames |
250 | |
| Spilyo (Спильо) |
Spilio (Σπήλαιο, Σπήλαιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 130 | 447 | |
| Stihazi, Stizyahi (Стихази, Стизяхи) |
Edonia (Αηδόνια) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 131 | 136 | |
| Suvin, Svolyani (Сувин, Своляни) |
Kokkinia, Sumpino (Κοκκινιά, Σούμπινο) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 131 | 229 | |
| Tista (Тиста) |
Zakas (Ζάκας) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 131; GeoNames |
341 | |
| Torishte, Torishta (Ториште, Торища) |
Pontini (Ποντινή) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 131 | 322 | |
| Trivesht, Trivish (Тривешт, Тривиш) |
Sindendro (Σύνδενδρο, Σύνδενδρον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 132 | 345 | |
| Tritsko, Tritsiko (Трицко, Трицико) |
Trikorfo (Τρίκορφο, Τρίκορφον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 132 | 65 | |
| Tuz, Tost (Туз, Тост) |
Alatopetra (Αλατόπετρα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 132 | 140 | |
| Turye (Турйе) |
Kranea (Κρανέα) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 132 | 589 | |
| Turyuki, Toronik (Турюки, Тороник) |
Panagia, Tournikion (Παναγία, Τουρνίκιον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 133 | 116 | |
| Fil (Фил) |
Felli (Φελλίο, Φελλίον, Φιλί) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 133 | 289 | |
| Filishta (Филища) |
Filippei (Φιλιππαίοι) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 133 | 206 | |
| Khisar (Хисар) |
Kastro, Kastron (Κάστρο, Κάστρον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 133 | 29 | |
| Kholenishta (Холенища) |
Diporo (Δίπορο, Δίπορον) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 133 | 119 | |
| Tsuryaka (Цуряка) |
Aetia (Αετιά) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 134 | 48 | |
| Chaturnyja (Чатурня) |
Trikokia, Tsapournia (Τρικοκκιά, Τσαπουρνιά) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 134 | 305 | |
| Chirak (Чирак) |
Agios Kosmas, Tsiraki (Άγιος Κοσμάς, Τσιράκι) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 134 | 68 | |
| Chuka (Чука) |
Gilofos (Γήλοφος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 134 | 141 | |
| Churkhli, Zurlukhli, Dzhurkhli (Чурхли, Зурлухли, Джурхли) |
Agios Georgios (Άγιος Γεώργιος) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 135 | 10 | |
| Shargan (Шарган) |
Panorama, Sarganaia (Πανόραμα, Σαργκαναίοι) |
Grevena | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | p. 135 | 126 |
References
- ↑ Todor Hristov Simovski, The Inhabited Places of the Aegean Macedonia (Skopje 1998), ISBN 9989-9819-4-9, pp. XXXVIII-XLII.
- ↑ The Slavic is in the Bulgarian alphabet
- ↑ All citations are to Todor Hristov Simovski, The Inhabited Places of the Aegean Macedonia (Skopje 1998), ISBN 9989-9819-4-9
- ↑ [1].(Greek) Data from the 2001 census, at the National Statistical Service of Greece (ΕΣΥΕ), www.statistics.gr
External links
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. List compiled by the Institute for Neohellenic Research
