Phengaris alcon
| Alcon Blue | |
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| File:Glaucopsyche alcon-01 (xndr).jpg | |
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P. alcon
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| Binomial name | |
| Phengaris alcon |
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Glaucopsyche alcon |
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Phengaris alcon, more commonly known as Alcon Blue or Alcon Large Blue, is a butterfly of the Lycaenidae family and is found in Europe and Northern Asia.[1] There are four subspecies - Phengaris alcon alcon (Central Europe), Phengaris alcon jeniseiensis (Shjeljuzhko, 1928) (South Siberia), Phengaris alcon sevastos Rebel & Zerny, 1931 (Carpathians), Phengaris alcon xerophila Berger, 1946 Central Europe.
It can be seen flying in mid to late summer. Like some other species of Lycaenidae, its larva (caterpillar) stage depends on support by certain ants; it is therefore known as a myrmecophile.
The butterfly lays its eggs onto the Marsh Gentian (Gentiana pneumonanthe); in the region of the Alps they are sometimes also found on the related Willow Gentian (Gentiana asclepiadea).[2] The caterpillars eat no other plants.
Alcon larvae leave the food plant when they have grown sufficiently (4th instar) and wait on the ground below to be discovered by ants. The larvae emit surface chemicals (allomones) that closely match those of ant larvae, causing the ants to carry the Alcon larvae into their nests and place them in their brood chambers, where they are fed by worker ants and where they devour ant larvae.[3] This is a method known as the "cuckoo" strategy which differs from the predatory strategy that is employed by other members of the genus such as Phengaris arion.[4]
When the Alcon larva is fully developed it pupates. Once the adult hatches it must run the gauntlet of escaping. The ants recognise the butterfly to be an intruder, but when they go to attack it with their jaws they can't grab anything substantial as the newly emerged adult butterfly is thickly clothed in loosely attached scales.[5]
Over time, some ant colonies that are parasitized in this manner will slightly change their larva chemicals as a defense, leading to an evolutionary "arms race" between the two species.[6]
Generally, Lycaenidae species which have a myrmecophilous relationship with the ant genus Myrmica are locked to primary host specificity. The Alcon Blue is unusual in this regard in that it uses different host species in different locations throughout Europe. It is known to use Myrmica scabrinodis, Myrmica ruginodis, and Myrmica rubra as the primary host within differing European zones.
The Phengaris alcon larvae are sought underground by the Ichneumon eumerus wasp. On detecting a P. alcon larva the wasp enters the nest and sprays a pheromone that causes the ants to attack each other. In the resulting confusion the wasp locates the butterfly larva and injects it with its eggs. On pupation, the wasp eggs hatch and consume the chrysalis from the inside.[7]
There has been controversy over whether it should be classified a different species from the Phengaris rebeli, as researchers have determined that the two butterflies have similar morphology as well as DNA genomes and allozymes and many have claimed that any differences can be attributed to intraspecific variation.[8] Others, however, argue that they are separate species, because they parasitize different host ant colonies and parasitize these ants at different rates.[9]
Orachrysops niobe, another member of the Lycaenidae from South Africa, has a very similar life-cycle.
See also
- Phengaris alcon arenaria (Extinct Dutch subspecies)
- Orachrysops niobe Brenton Blue butterfly from South Africa
References
- ↑ Gimenez Dixon (1996). Maculinea alcon. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 8 May 2006.
- ↑ Bellmann, Heiko (2003): Der neue Kosmos-Schmetterlingsführer. ISBN 3-440-09330-1. (German)
- ↑ Caterpillars con ants with smell, BBC News, 4 January 2008
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
- ↑ The battle of the butterflies and the ants, Nature News, 3 January 2008
- ↑ Butterfly and Wasp: A Devious, Deceitful Cycle of Life
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
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