Calochortus

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Calochortus
Sego lily cm.jpg
Sego Lily (Calochortus nuttallii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Liliales
Family:
Liliaceae
Subfamily:
Calochortoideae
Genus:
Calochortus
Type species
Calochortus elegans Pursh[1]
Synonyms[2]

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Calochortus /ˌkæloʊˈkɔːrtəs/[3] is a genus of North American plants in the lily family. The group includes herbaceous, perennial and bulbous species, all native to North America (primarily the Western United States).[4][5]

The genus Calochortus includes mariposas (or mariposa lilies) with open wedge-shaped petals, globe lilies and fairy lanterns with globe-shaped flowers, and cat's ears and star tulips with erect pointed petals. The word Calochortus is derived from Greek and means "beautiful grass".[4]

Description

Calochortus produce one or more flowers on a stem that arises from the bulb, generally in the spring or early summer. Unlike most other Liliaceae, Calochortus petals differ in size and color from their sepals.[6] Flowers can be white, yellow, pink, purple, bluish, or streaked. The insides of the petals are often very 'hairy'. These hairs, along with the nectaries, are often used in distinguishing species from each other.[4]

Species[2][7][8][9][10]
Calochortus catalinae
File:Calochortus clavatus.jpg
Calochortus clavatus
File:Calochortus eurycarpus.jpg
Calochortus eurycarpus
File:Calochortus flexuosus 1.jpg
Calochortus flexuosus
File:Calochortus gunnisonii gunnisonii crop.jpg
Calochortus gunnisonii var. gunnisonii
File:Mariposa Lily in Frankin Canyon.jpg
Calochortus plummerae
File:Calochortus subalpinus 3138f.JPG
Calochortus subalpinus
File:Calochortus tolmiei 4622.JPG
Calochortus tolmiei

Distribution and habitat

The genus Calochortus includes approximately 70 species distributed from southwestern British Columbia, through California and Mexico, to northern Guatemala and eastwards to New Mexico, Nebraska and the Dakotas. Calochortus is the most widely dispersed genus of Liliaceae on the North American Pacific Coast.[6] Of these, 28 species are endemic to California.[11]

In 1998, T.B. Patterson conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the genus, dividing it into seven main clades. The study indicated highly localized speciation, so that different clades were strongly linked to specific habitats, as follows:[12]

  • Mariposas: dry grasslands, open chaparral, semideserts
  • Star-tulips: wet meadows
  • Cat’s ears: montane woodlands
  • Fairy lanterns: oak woodlands, closed forests.

Uses

Culinary

The bulbs of many species were eaten by Native Americans. [13] They bulbs were eaten raw or gathered in the fall and boiled, and the flower buds when young and fresh. [13] They were eaten by the Mormon settlers during the first winter or two as new immigrants in the Great Salt Lake Valley, due to crop failures.

Native Americans also used Calochortus ceremonially and as a traditional medicinal plant. [13]

Cultivation

Some Calochortus species are cultivated as ornamental plants by specialty nurseries and botanic gardens to sell. [14] The bulbs are planted for their flowers, in traditional, native plant, and wildlife gardens; in rock gardens; and in potted container gardens for those needing unwatered Summer dormancy.

Notes

  1. ↑ Tropicos, Calochortus Pursh
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Flora of North America, Vol. 26 Page 119 Calochortus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 240. 1814.
  5. ↑ Pursh, Frederick Traugott. 1813. Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, A systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America. Containing, besides what have been described by preceding authors, many new and rare species, collected during twelve years travels and residence in that country 1: 240 in English and Latin
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dale, Nancy; Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, Capra Press, 1986; pg. 28
  7. ↑ Gerritsen, Mary E and Parsons, R. Calochortus. Mariposa Lilies and Their Relatives. Timber Press, 2007.
  8. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2034 county distribution maps
  9. ↑ Espejo Serena, A. & López-Ferrari, A.R. (1994). Las Monocotiledóneas Mexicanas una Sinopsis Florística 1(3): 1-74. Consejo Nacional de la Flora de México, México D.F..
  10. ↑ Gerritsen, M.E. & Parsons, R. (2007). Calochortus: Mariposa lilies & their relatives: 1-232. Timber press, Inc. Portland, U.S.A.
  11. ↑ USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, Plant Profile for Calochortus Pursh; Data contributed by John K. Kartesz and USDA-NRCS National Plant Data Center
  12. ↑ P. L. Fiedler & R. K. Zebell, Flora of North America; 18. Calochortus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 240. 1814.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 University of Michigan at Dearborn, Native American Ethnobotany: Calochortus
  14. ↑ Telos Rare Bulbs Nursery database: Calochortus

References

External links

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