Space flight participant
Space flight participant (Russian: Участник космического полёта, uchastnik kosmicheskogo polyota) is the term used by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA),[1] the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA),[citation needed] and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)[2] for people who travel into space, but who are not professional astronauts.
While the term gained new prominence with the rise of space tourism, it has also been used for participants in programs like NASA's Teacher in Space and astronauts designated by inter-government agreements like the Angkasawan program and the Korean Astronaut Program.
Other terms used for space travelers who are not career astronauts include NASA's Payload Specialist and the RKA's Researcher-Cosmonaut.
Contents
Background
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The Soviet Interkosmos program included participants selected from Warsaw Pact members and later from allies of the USSR and non-aligned countries. Most of these people received full training for their missions and were treated as equals, but especially after the Mir program began, were generally given shorter flights than Soviet cosmonauts. The European Space Agency took advantage of the program as well.
The United States Space Shuttle program included Payload Specialist positions which were usually filled by representatives of companies or institutions managing a specific payload on that mission. These individuals did not receive the same level of training as career NASA astronauts and were not employed by NASA, so they were essentially private astronauts.
In the early days of the Shuttle program, NASA was also eager to prove its capability to Congressional sponsors, and Senator Jake Garn and (then-Representative, now Senator) Bill Nelson were both given opportunities to fly on a Shuttle mission.
As the Shuttle program expanded, NASA developed the Space Flight Participant Program, where civilians, with an emphasis on creative people, would be sent into space to increase public awareness of NASA's mission. The initial goal was that two or three shuttle missions a year would include a civilian participant.[3] The first of these would be the Teacher in Space Project, which would combine publicity and educational opportunities for NASA. Christa McAuliffe would have been the first Teacher in Space, but she was killed in the Challenger disaster and the program was canceled. At the time of the Challenger disaster, NASA was planning to include a Journalist in Space on a mission scheduled to launch in September of 1986. The program continued briefly, with the initial candidate pool being narrowed to 100 in March and 40 in April before being postponed indefinitely in July.[4][5] Walter Cronkite and Miles O'Brien were considered front-runners.[6][7][8]
With the realities of the post-perestroika economy in Russia, its space industry was especially starved for cash. The Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) offered to pay for one of its reporters to fly on a mission. For $28 million, Toyohiro Akiyama, was flown in 1990 to Mir with the eighth crew and returned a week later with the seventh crew. Akiyama gave a daily television broadcast from orbit and also performed scientific experiments for Russian and Japanese companies.
Since then, the Russian Federal Space Agency has also sold seats to a consortium of British companies for Project Juno, to seven self-funded space tourists, to the Malaysian government as part of a contract to sell military planes, and to the South Korean government as part of the Korean Astronaut Program.
List of space flight participants
Name | Nationality | Program/Sponsor | Flight | Date | Comments |
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Christa McAuliffe[9] | ![]() |
Teacher in Space Project | STS-51-L | 28 January 1986 | Killed alongside six fellow crew members in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Back-up was Barbara Morgan, who was selected in 1998 to train as a Mission Specialist. Morgan finally flew to space aboard STS-118 in 2007, but as a "teacher-turned-astronaut", not a space flight participant. |
Dennis Tito | ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Soyuz TM-32 / Soyuz TM-31 | April 28 - May 6, 2001 | First space tourist |
Mark Shuttleworth | ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Soyuz TM-34 / Soyuz TM-33 | April 25 - May 5, 2002 | Shuttleworth was the first person with South African citizenship to fly in space. |
Lance Bass | ![]() |
Corporate-funded space tourist | Completed training but seat on Soyuz TMA-1 in 2002 was cancelled after funding fell through. | ||
Gregory Olsen | ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Soyuz TMA-7 / Soyuz TMA-6 | October 1–11, 2005 | |
Daisuke Enomoto | ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Expected to fly on Soyuz TMA-9 in September 2006, but was grounded for medical reasons and seat was given to Ansari. | ||
Anousheh Ansari | ![]() ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Soyuz TMA-9 / Soyuz TMA-8 | September 18–29, 2006 | Trained as back-up to Enomoto. Was the first person with Iranian citizenship to fly in space. |
Charles Simonyi | ![]() ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Soyuz TMA-10 / Soyuz TMA-9 | April 7–21, 2007 | |
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor | ![]() |
Angkasawan program | Soyuz TMA-11 / Soyuz TMA-10 | 10–21 October 2007 | Back-up was Faiz Khaleed. |
Yi So-yeon | ![]() |
Korean Astronaut Program | Soyuz TMA-12 / Soyuz TMA-11 | 8–19 April 2008 | Back-up was Ko San. |
Richard Garriott | ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Soyuz TMA-13 / Soyuz TMA-12 | 12 October 2008 - 23 October 2008 | Back-up was Nik Halik.[10][11] |
Charles Simonyi | ![]() ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Soyuz TMA-14 / Soyuz TMA-13 | 26 March 2009 - 8 April 2009 | Backup was Esther Dyson.[12] Simonyi was the first repeat space tourist. |
Guy Laliberté | ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Soyuz TMA-16 / Soyuz TMA-14 | 30 September 2009 - 11 October 2009 | First Canadian space tourist.[13] Backup was Barbara Barrett[14] |
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Vladimir Gruzdev | ![]() |
Political party-sponsored trip | Was expected to fly in 2009. The United Russia political party may pay the estimated $25 million for the flight from the party funds.[15] | ||
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Sarah Brightman | ![]() |
Self-funded space tourist | Soyuz TMA-18M / Soyuz TMA-16M | Scheduled for 1 September 2015 - 11 September 2015[16] | Space Adventures announced on Oct. 10, 2012, that Sarah Brightman would fly to the International Space Station on an upcoming Soyuz flight. Backup will be Satoshi Takamatsu.[17] She subsequently pulled out of the flight.[18] |
All eight space tourism trips went to and from the International Space Station on Soyuz spacecraft and were arranged through the space tourism company, Space Adventures.[19]
Other missions
While not labeled as "space flight participants", the following people participated in spaceflight missions under the auspices of special programs outside the professional astronaut corps.
Name | Nationality | Program/Sponsor | Flight | Date | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jake Garn | ![]() |
US Government | STS-51-D | 12–19 April 1985 | To demonstrate the capabilities of the Space Shuttle, NASA offered a seat to Garn, a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee.[20] |
Bill Nelson | ![]() |
US Government | STS-61-C | 12–18 January 1986 | NASA also provided a seat to Nelson, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.[21] He was originally scheduled to be aboard STS-51-L. |
Edward C. Aldridge, Jr. | ![]() |
US Government | STS-62-A | NASA assigned a seat to Aldridge, the Secretary of the Air Force, on mission STS-62-A, the first Shuttle mission scheduled to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base.[22] After the Challenger disaster, the mission was cancelled and Aldridge never flew. | |
Toyohiro Akiyama | ![]() |
Tokyo Broadcasting System | Soyuz TM-11 / Soyuz TM-10 | 2–10 December 1990 | As an employee of TBS, Akiyama could be considered the first space business traveler. |
Helen Sharman | ![]() |
Project Juno | Soyuz TM-12 / Soyuz TM-11 | 18–26 May 1991 | Through Project Juno, a consortium of British companies partially funded a seat on a Soyuz flight to Mir (the Soviet Union covered the rest of the cost) in order to put the first Briton into space.[23] |
See also
References
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- ↑ FAA regulations, Commercial Space Transportation, 14 C.F.R. § 401.5
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- ↑ ap.google.com, US game designer blasts into space with DNA cargo Archived October 16, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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External links
- Charles in Space Charles Simonyi's blog and video blog about his trip to the ISS.