William Henry Harrison Hart
| William Henry Harrison Hart | |
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| File:William Henry Harrison Hart.jpg
Professor Hart
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| Born | October 30, 1857 Eufaula, Alabama, U.S. |
| Died | Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist. Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Professor, Lawyer, Activist, and Entrepreneur |
| Spouse(s) | Mary M. Olney |
| Children | William H. H. Hart, Jr., Clementine Hart |
| Parent(s) | Henry Clay Hart, Jennie Dunn |
William Henry Harrison Hart (October 30, 1857 – January 6, 1934) was an African American attorney and Professor of Criminal Law at Howard University for from 1887 to 1922. He won an important legal case, Hart v. State, 100 MD 595 (1905).[1]
Contents
Biography
Hart was born in Eufaula, Alabama, on October 31, 1857. His father was Henry Clay Hart, a white slave trader born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1829. He was a descendant of Thomas Hart, an English jurist who embarked at Baddow, Essex county, England, in the Desire, in 1635, landing at Ipswich, Massachusetts in 1639.[2] He attended the American Missionary Association School in Eufaula from 1867 to 1874. In 1874, when conservative whites attempted to oust the Reconstruction Era state government, Hart campaigned in favor of Reconstruction. His life was threatened, and he fled Eufaula. He walked all the way to Washington, D.C.[3]
Upon arriving in Washington, D.C., Hart enrolled in the college preparatory program at Howard University in 1876 and graduated with a Preparatory Department Certificate in 1880. He enrolled in the undergraduate program, and received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1885.[3] He entered the Howard University School of Law, and received his Bachelor of Laws (LLB) in 1887.[4] From Howard University he also received a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1889, and a Master of Laws (LLM) degree in 1891.[5] While a law student, he worked for Senator William M. Evarts as a private secretary.[5] In 1890, Hart was selected as the Dean of the Howard's Criminal Law Department and the Dean of the Agriculture Department in 1897.[6]
In 1890, Hart joined the faculty of Howard University's law school with a starting salary of $1,500.[5] He taught there for the next 25 years.[3] He became a recognized authority on corporate law, criminal law, and torts.[4] Along with fellow law school professor William Henry Richards, Hart secured $10,000 from Congress to build the law school's first building.[4]
Hart augmented his income by working for the United States Treasury, United States Department of Agriculture, and as the Assistant Librarian of Congress at the Library of Congress from 1893 to 1897.[6] Hart was the first black lawyer appointed as special U.S. District Attorney for the District of Columbia in 1889.[3][5]
In 1904, in a groundbreaking case,[6] Hart challenged Maryland's Jim Crow laws. He was traveling in a whites-only section of a railroad car when a conductor ordered him to move into the blacks-only car as the train crossed the Maryland state line. Hart refused, and was arrested, charged, convicted of violating the "separate-car" law, and fined $5.[6][7] He appealed to The Maryland Court of Appeals, which held that Maryland's Jim Crow laws were an improper restriction on interstate commerce. So long as Hart was crossing state lines (rather than engaged in intrastate travel), the racial segregation laws could not apply.[8]
Hart Farm School and Junior Republic for Dependent Colored Boys
In 1897 Hart started the Hart Farm School and Junior Republic for Dependent Colored Boys on 700 acres of land along the Potomac River near Fort Washington, MD, that he purchased from Senator Evarts. The school was capable of housing up to two hundred students.[6]
Niagara Movement
On July 11, 1905, Hart, along with twenty-eight other black intellectuals, including W. E. B. DuBois, founded the Niagara Movement with the drafting of the Niagara Movement's Declaration of Principles. It formally incorporated in 1906 and was the precursor organization to the NAACP in 1910.[6]
Personal life
A forty-seven-year-old Hart married the twenty-one-year-old, Caucasian, Mary M. Olney in Washington D.C. on March 27, 1905. Hart lived at 216 Arthur Place N.W. in Washington D.C. in 1902. Also in 1902, Hart had a thriving law practice that was located at 420 5th Street, N.W., Washington D.C.[9] Hart had three children with Mary, William H. H. Hart (deceased), Jr., Clementine Hart (deceased), and one stillborn. Hart's descendant are numerous and many still reside in the Washington D.C. area.
Death
Hart died in New York City on January 6, 1934. His body was transported to Washington, D.C., where he was interred at Columbian Harmony Cemetery.[10] His remains were transferred to National Harmony Memorial Park in Landover, Maryland, when Columbian Harmony Cemetery closed in 1959.
References
- ↑ Welke, p. 383.
- ↑ Hart, Genealogy of Samuel Hartt of Lynn Mass. 1640-1903 and Eight Others and Their Descendants. (1903), p. 314.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Notes." Journal of Negro History. 19:2 (April 1934), p. 211.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Smith, Emancipation, p. 47.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Gates, Jr. and Higginbotham, African American National Biography, Volume 4. (2008), p. 103.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Gates, Jr. and Higginbotham, African American National Biography, Volume 4. (2008), p. 104.
- ↑ Smith, Here Lies Jim Crow, p. 65.
- ↑ Alexander, p. 274.
- ↑ Hart, Genealogy of Samuel Hart of Lynn Mass. 1640-1903 and Eight Others and Their Descendants. (1903), p. 314.
- ↑ "Negro Benefactor's Rites Here Today." Washington Post. January 10, 1934.
Bibliography
- Alexander, Shawn Leigh. An Army of Lions: The Civil Rights Struggle Before the NAACP. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
- Smith, J. Clay. Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.
- Smith, C. Fraser. Here Lies Jim Crow: Civil Rights in Maryland. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.
- Welke, Barbara Young. Recasting American Liberty: Gender, Race, Law, and the Railroad Revolution, 1865-1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Gates Jr., Henry Lewis and Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. African American National Biography, Volume 4. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2008.
- Hart, James M. Genealogy of Samuel Hartt of Lynn Mass. 1640-1903 and Eight Others and Their Descendants Pasadena, California: James M. Hart, 1903.
- Logan, Rayford and Michael R. Winston Dictionary of American Negro Biography New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1982
