2024 Taiwan earthquake

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2024 Taiwan earthquake
File:04.03 副總統前往花蓮瞭解災害情形及救援進度 - 53629407644.jpg
Rescue workers near the collapsed nine-story Uranus building
Magnitude 7.4 ṃ
Depth 34.8 km (22 mi)
Epicenter Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
near Hualien City, Hualien County, Taiwan
Type Reverse
Areas affected Taiwan
Max. intensity Template:CWB

VIII (Severe)
Tsunami 82 cm (2.69 ft)
Landslides Yes
Aftershocks ṃ6.4, ṃ5.7
Casualties 10 dead, 1,011 injured, 152 trapped

On 3 April 2024, at 07:58:11 NST (23:58 UTC), a ṃ 7.4 earthquake struck 18 km (11 mi)[1] south-southwest of Hualien City, Hualien County, Taiwan. It was the largest earthquake in Taiwan since the 1999 Jiji earthquake, and there have been several aftershocks above ṃ 5.0.

Tectonic setting

Taiwan has a history of many strong earthquakes.[2] The island is located within a complex zone of convergence between the Philippine Sea Plate and Eurasian Plate. At the location of the earthquake, these plates converge at a rate of 75 millimetres (3.0 in) per year. To the south of Taiwan, oceanic crust of the Eurasian Plate is subducting beneath the Philippine Sea Plate creating an island arc, the Luzon Arc. At Taiwan the oceanic crust has all been subducted and the arc is colliding with continental crust of the Eurasian Plate. To the north of Taiwan the Philippine Sea Plate is in contrast subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate, forming the Ryukyu Arc.[3]

Earthquake

File:Macroseismic Intensity Map USGS ShakeMap 18 km SSW of Hualien City, Taiwan, TW Apr 02, 2024 M7.4.pdf
USGS ShakeMap

Taiwan's Central Weather Administration measured the earthquake's local magnitude at 7.2.[4] At least 44 aftershocks were recorded following the earthquake.[5] A ṃ6.4 aftershock struck at 00:11 UTC,[6] followed by a ṃ5.7 event at 00:35,[7] a ṃ5.5 at 00:43[8] and a ṃ5.7 at 00:46.[9] The mainshock was the strongest earthquake to hit Taiwan since the 1999 Jiji earthquake, which measured ṃ7.7.[10]

The earthquake had a maximum CWB seismic intensity of 6+ in Hualien City and 5- in Taipei.[11] Intensity 4 or higher was felt across much of the island except its southern extent, which felt intensities 2 to 3.[4] In China, shaking was felt in Shanghai, Suzhou, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shantou, and parts of Fujian,[12][13] Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces.[14] It was also felt in Hong Kong[15] and on the island of Yonaguni, Japan, where it measured Shindo 4 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale.[16]

The earthquake had a focal mechanism corresponding to reverse-faulting at a 34.8 km (21.6 mi) depth. According to the United States Geological Survey, the rupture occurred on a northeast–southwest-striking, moderately dipping, reverse fault within the Eurasian Plate. The estimated rupture dimensions for a similarly sized reverse-faulting earthquake is 60 km (37 mi) by 35 km (22 mi). Its finite fault model indicated rupture on an east-southeast dipping plane. Slip occurred within an elliptical rupture area 60 km (37 mi) by 60 km (37 mi) on the plane. The maximum displacement was estimated at 1.2471 m (4 ft 1.10 in).[17] The shock's magnitude was identical to a 1986 earthquake that killed 15 people in Hualien.[18]

Tsunami

A 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) tsunami was observed in Chenggong, Taitung while a 82 cm (32 in) wave was recorded in Wushi Harbor. The Central Weather Administration of Taiwan issued an alert advising residents to evacuate to higher ground.[19][20]

The Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China issued a second-highest level orange tsunami alert, warning of potential localized waves that could cause significant damage in affected coastal areas.[21]

In the Philippines, evacuations were ordered by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council in the provinces of Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela and Ilocos Norte following a warning by PHIVOLCS. An advisory was issued to 23 provinces for "high tsunami waves" measuring 3 m (9.8 ft), which was later reduced to 30 cm (12 in).[22][12][23][24] At 10:03 (PST), the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said "the tsunami threat has now largely passed," prompting PHIVOLCS to cancel the tsunami warning.[25]

The Japan Meteorological Agency issued a tsunami warning for Okinawa Prefecture and as waves of 3 m (9.8 ft) were expected,[26] which was later downgraded to a "tsunami advisory."[27] A 30 cm (12 in) wave was observed at Yonaguni about 15 minutes after the earthquake. Waves were also expected along the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands,[28] with 20 cm (7.9 in)-waves reaching the islands of Miyako and Ishigaki.[29] The tsunami warning was the first to be issued in Okinawa Prefecture since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami,[30] while the tsunami was the first to strike the area since 1998.[19] These warnings prompted flight suspensions in Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefectures; evacuations to the third floors were held at Naha Airport and Miyako Airport.[31][32][33] China's Tsunami Warning Centre, which is under the Ministry of Natural Resources, issued its highest alert level at level 1, or red.[13]

Impact

Ten fatalities have been reported,[34] while at least 1,011 people were reported injured[35] and 152 others were trapped, according to the National Fire Agency, which also recorded at least 1,151 earthquake-related incidents.[36][37] All fatalities occurred in Hualien County. Among the dead were four killed in Taroko National Park, including three hikers[36] who were caught in a rockfall. Another person died when rockfalls occurred at the Daquingshui Tunnel along the Suhua Highway and crushed his truck.[15][38] One person also died after their car was hit by a falling boulder at the parking lot of the Huide Tunnel along the Suhua Highway, while another fatality was reported inside a mine in Hejen after being hit by falling rocks.[15][39] A woman in Hualien died after she returned to her building to retrieve her cat, during which she was pinned down by a column following an aftershock.[40] Six hundred people were left stranded in Taroko National Park.[35] Twelve park visitors, including two Canadian nationals were trapped along a trail,[19] while 40 others were injured. Injuries were also reported across Hualien, Yilan, Taipei, New Taipei City, Keelung, Taichung and Taoyuan due to falls or toppled objects.[13][38] Sixty people were trapped inside the 400 m (1,300 ft) Jinwen Tunnel along the Suhua Highway, while 50 employees of the Silk’s Place Hotel Taroko who were traveling in four minibuses were also declared trapped after none of them could be contacted by authorities over the phone.[19] The hotel management later said that the employees were safe, citing three staff who had reached the hotel on foot.[35] The road immediately outside the Qingshui Tunnel caved in, trapping several people inside.[41] Seventy people were also trapped in two rock quarries.[42]

At least 125 buildings and 35 road infrastructures were damaged by the earthquake.[42][13] Of the 28 reported building collapses, 17 of them occurred in Hualien, while the remainder occurred in Yilan, New Taipei and Keelung.[39] Collapses trapped at least 20 people in the immediate aftermath.[43] In Hualien City, two houses, the nine-story Uranus building and a restaurant collapsed, trapping many people inside.[44][45] One person was found dead[36] while 22 others were later rescued from the Uranus building.[19] A high school building in the city also sustained heavy damage.[46] In Taipei, 249 people were injured, six of them seriously, and 10 houses were severely damaged.[47] A warehouse collapsed in New Taipei City, causing three minor injuries.[48] Fifty people were subsequently rescued from the building.[15] Tiles were dislodged and fell off older buildings and some newer structures in the capital.[28] The Legislative Yuan building also sustained damage to its walls and ceilings,[24] while debris fell from the archway of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall.[16] Subsidence in Xindian District caused seven houses to collapse, forcing 12 people to evacuate.[49] A viaduct of the New Taipei Circular Line was reported to be misaligned, and all service on the Taipei Metro was briefly suspended for safety checks.[50] A portion of the ceiling in Taoyuan International Airport collapsed.[13] Another 68 people were injured in Yilan City, where walls collapsed and water pipes ruptured.[51]

Power outages affected 371,869 homes in Taiwan according to the Ministry of Economic Affairs,[35] of which, 14,833 were in Taichung; 5,306 were restored within approximately 25 minutes of the earthquake.[52] Electricity was restored in 70 percent of households within two hours of the earthquake by Taipower,[53] leaving around 91,000 homes without power.[19] Water shortages affected 125,675 households,[35] while outages of gas and internet were also reported.[54][55] Eighty cell phone base stations were damaged.[35] There were reports of damaged walls, debris and toppled bricks across much of the island.[13] High-speed railway services across Taiwan were partially suspended and major expressways in the eastern part of the island were closed.[16] No anomalies were recorded in any of Taiwan's three nuclear plants.[56]

Twenty-four landslides were recorded following the earthquake.[42] A massive landslide occurred near Xiulin.[57] The Suhua Highway was closed after sections of it were struck by at least nine rockfalls. Rockfalls occurred on another highway which hit at least 12 cars and injured nine people.[58] A landslide along Provincial Highway 9 between Su'ao and Hualien blocked traffic at Chongde railway station, while a rockfall also occurred in the Heren-Chongde section of the Eastern Trunk line in Hualien.[53] A section of the Central Cross-Island Highway between Dayuling and Taroko was also closed.[38] Two German nationals were reported to have been trapped in a tunnel in Hualien.[19] In Taichung, rockfalls blocked a road, damaging three cars and injuring a driver.[59] A large portion of Guishan Island collapsed into the sea.[60]

Taiwan's earthquake alert system did not send an advanced alert of the mainshock unlike in previous instances.[61]

Railway services were temporarily suspended in parts of eastern China due to the earthquake.[14]

Response

Outgoing Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen expressed concern about the damage and ordered the Republic of China Armed Forces to support the local government in Hualien and others parts of the island in rescue missions. Vice-president and president-elect Lai Ching-te called on the public to be careful and stay calm and announced the formation of an emergency centre to deal with the disaster.[13] Later that afternoon, Lai visited Hualien County to inspect rescue and relief efforts.[62] The Ministry of Transportation and Communications initiated maritime ferry services between Su'ao Port in Yilan County and the Port of Hualien beginning on 4 April, while Mandarin Airlines and UNI Air added seven extra flights between Hualien Airport and the rest of Taiwan.[63] The Health Ministry placed medical staff in Yilan and Taitung on stand-by to help victims in Hualien.[39] The New Taipei City Government opened 15 shelters for 269 displaced residents.[35] Taipei 101 was lit up on the night of 3 April in memory of the victims of the earthquake.[15]

Several semiconductor firms, including Powerchip, InnoLux, UMC, King Yuan Electronics Company (zh), Taimide Tech, and TSMC temporarily suspended operations and evacuated their facilities in Hsinchu. TSMC said it expected losses of about $60 million from the earthquake[13][64][65] and reported minimal damage to some of its facilities and equipment.[15] The Taiwan Stock Exchange continued regular operations on 3 April despite the earthquake.[24]

The Taiwan Affairs Office of the People's Republic of China said it was highly concerned with the earthquake and was willing to provide disaster relief assistance.[66] In response, Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council expressed thanks for its concern but said that there would be no request for assistance from Taiwan.[41]

Japan deployed military aircraft to observe possible damage in Okinawa Prefecture following the tsunami alert.[24] The Japanese government later announced that no damage had occurred.[28] Prime Minister Fumio Kishida expressed condolences and sympathy with Taiwan and offered the government's support.[67] Guatemala and Paraguay also expressed solidarity with Taiwan and offered support.[68] The United States said that it was “ready to provide any necessary assistance.”[69]

See also

Notes

References

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  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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