Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc

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Not to be confused with Batkivshchyna.
Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc
Leader Yulia Tymoshenko
First Deputy Oleksandr Turchynov[1]
Parliamentary leader Andriy Kozhemiakin[1]
Founded 9 February 2001 (2001-02-09)
Dissolved 15 December 2012[2]
Preceded by National Salvation Committee
Succeeded by Dictatorship Resistance Committee
Headquarters Kiev, Ukraine
Ideology Solidarism,[3] Pro-Europeanism, social democracy,[4] liberal nationalism[5] However, parties in the Tymoshenko Bloc can have stances on some issues that vary considerably from other member parties.
Political position Centre-right
European affiliation None
International affiliation None
Colours Red heart on a white background
Website
http://www.byut.com.ua
Politics of Ukraine
Political parties
Elections
1The alliance contained different political groups with diverging ideological outlooks[6]

The Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc[7] (Ukrainian: Блок Юлії Тимошенко, БЮТ; Blok Yuliyi Tymoshenko, BYuT) was since 2001 the name of the bloc of political parties in Ukraine led by Yulia Tymoshenko. In November 2011 the participation of blocs of political parties in parliamentary elections was banned.[8] The core party of the alliance Fatherland stayed a major force in Ukrainian politics.[9][10]

Overview

Founded for the 2002 parliamentary elections the alliance attracted most of its voters from Western Ukrainian (Ukrainian speaking) provinces (Oblasts) and from central Ukraine.[11] The alliance had low support in the east and the south of Ukraine (where the Russian language is dominant).[11] They did recruited several politicians from these Russian speaking provinces like Crimea (Lyudmyla Denisova[12]) and Luhansk Oblast (Natalia Korolevska[13]). The alliance was often associated with the 2004 Orange Revolution (the alliance's leader Yulia Tymoshenko was one of the leaders of the Orange Revolution) and thus named an Orange Party in media publications.[14] The alliance had some prominent members who used to be associated with the opponents of the Orange Revolutions (the Blue camp) like the former[15] faction leader of the Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko (BYuT) faction in the Ukrainian Parliament Ivan Kyrylenko.[16] Other noticeable (former) BYuT deputies are Soviet dissident Levko Lukyanenko[17][18] and former UNA-UNSO leader Andriy Shkil.[19][20]

BYuT was intending to include more representatives from the education sector into voting for its lists. According to the party's leader Tymoshenko: "Certain branches and sectors have powerful lobbies. And there are only three to four lobbyists who represent the spheres of education and health care in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament). Therefore some sectors lack financing, while others have excessive funding".[21]

According to party-leader Tymoshenko representatives of business had no dominant influence on decision making in her political force. "Business is represented in the parliament, but it doesn't shape politics this is what distinguishes my political force from the Party of Regions for instance."[22] Several billionaires have been member of the BYuT faction in the Verkhovna Rada.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]

History

Creation

After her dismissal by President Leonid Kuchma in January 2001 as Deputy Prime Minister for fuel and energy sector in the cabinet of Viktor Yushchenko and during the Ukraine without Kuchma-protests Yulia Tymoshenko initiated the loose organization the National Salvation Committee[30] on 9 February 2001.[31] This organisation later merged into the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc in November 2001.[30][31]

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe noted at the time that there were physical assaults and harassment of candidates and campaign workers associated with the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc as well as other opposition political parties prior to the March election.[32] The Bloc itself complained of campaign related violations including "an informal 'media blackout,' [and] negatively slanted coverage".[32]

At the parliamentary elections on 30 March 2002 the alliance comprised the following liberal and nationalist member parties:[33][34]

Top 10 members

The bloc won 7.2%[35] of the popular vote and 22 out of 450 seats. This result was better than expected,[36] because BYuT had limited access to the media and limited support from local authorities.[37][38]

The alliance supported Viktor Yushchenko during the Ukrainian presidential election of 2004, and played an active role in the widespread acts of civil non-violent protest that became known as the Ukrainian Orange Revolution.

In January 2005 Tymoshenko became Prime Minister of Ukraine under Yushchenko's presidency.[39][40]

After a it had lost a few seats in the years 2002 and 2003; in September 2005 the parliamentary faction of the alliance had grown to 40 members.[41]

Electoral breakthrough

Map showing the results of BYuT (% of total national vote) per region for the 2006 parliamentary election.
Map showing the results of BYuT (% of total national vote) per region for the 2007 parliamentary election.

To the parliamentary elections on 26 March 2006 the Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko went only with Fatherland and Ukrainian Social Democratic Party after both republican parties left the alliance. Nonetheless the elections saw BYuT move into second place with 22,27%[35] of the vote behind Party of Regions which had 33% and ahead of Our Ukraine which received less than 14% support. They won 129 seats out of 450. Note after the merger of the Ukrainian Republican Party "Sobor" and the Ukrainian Republican Party, the party went through a schism which led the majority party led by Anatoliy Mativienko to switch to Our Ukraine Bloc. The rest left the party and stayed with Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc. After the elections in 2006 Levko Lukyanenko managed to reinstate the original Ukrainian Republican Party.

Top 10 members

It was widely expected that a coalition between supporters of the orange movement would form Ukraine's next government, but after 3 months of negotiations and a failure to reach an agreement the proposed coalition collapsed following the decision of the Socialist Party of Ukraine to support the formation of the "anti-crisis coalition" with Party of Regions and the Communist Party of Ukraine.

During the 2007 parliamentary elections, the bloc consisted of:

The Ukrainian Republican Party "Sobor" was part of the Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc this time[42] (the Ukrainian Republican Party had merged with this party in April 2002).[43]

Top 10 members

In the parliamentary elections on 30 September 2007, the bloc won 156 out of 450 seats (and thus 30.71% of the total votes[35]), securing an additional 1.5 million votes (8.24%) in comparison with the 2006 election.[35][44] In 2007 Yulia Tymoshenko received a swing of 8.24% in comparison their 2006 vote. Most of the swing came as a result of consolidation of the vote in regions in which BYuT already was the leading party. Statistics published by Ukraine's Central Electoral Commission[45] indicate that most of the swing came from minor parties and a swing away from the Socialist Party and to a lesser extent Our Ukraine.

On 15 October 2007, Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc agreed to form a majority coalition in the new parliament of the 6th convocation.[46] On 29 November, a coalition was signed between the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc and Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (representing 45% of the national vote[45]). On 18 December 2007 Yulia Tymoshenko, with a margin of two votes, was elected Prime Minister.[47]

During the 2008 Ukrainian political crisis the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT) and Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (OU-PSD) coalition was haltered and among the negations with a.o. OU-PSD there were negotiations between BYuT and Party of Regions to form a coalition[48] but after Volodymyr Lytvyn was elected Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (parliament of Ukraine) 9 December 2008 he announced the creation of a coalition between his Lytvyn Bloc, BYuT and OU-PSD.[49] After negotiations[50][51] the three party's officially signed the coalition agreement on 16 December.[52] It was unsure if this coalition would stop the snap election[53][54][55] although Speaker Volodymyr Lytvyn predicts the Verkhovna Rada will work until the (then scheduled) next elections in 2012.[56] President Viktor Yushchenko's decree to dissolve the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) made during the 2008 Ukrainian political crisis was never put into action.[57]

On 3 July 2009 the Verkhovna Rada terminated the mandate of BYuT deputy Viktor Lozinskyi. At the time there was a criminal proceedings against Lozinskyi instituted on suspicion of deliberately inflicting grave bodily harm causing death; the Prosecutor-General's Office had applied to the Verkhovna Rada for permission to arrest Viktor Lozinskyi. 416 out of 444 deputies registered in Parliament, including 133 deputies of the Tymoshenko Bloc, voted for removal of the Lozinskyi's parliamentary immunity.[58][59]

Return to opposition

In October 2009 Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko endorsed Yulia Tymoshenko, then incumbent Prime Minister, as their candidate for the 2010 Presidential election.[60][61] She was not elected.[57]

After the fall of the second Tymoshenko Government on 3 March 2010 (seven BYuT lawmakers had supported the motion of no confidence[62][63]) BYuT moved into opposition.[64][65] On 11 March 2010 BYuT appealed to the Central Election Commission of Ukraine to terminate the parliamentary mandates of six parliamentarians who had joined a the new parliamentary coalition.[66] Ten representative of BYuT joined the coalition supporting the Azarov Government as an independent MP in April 2010.[67]

On 16 March a shadow government including BYuT was established.[68]

Late May 2010 BYuT deputies had to submit new applications for faction membership.[69] On 26 June 2010 The Political Council Presidium of All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" expelled Oleksandr Feldman, a Verkhovna Rada deputy of the Yulia Tymoshenko bloc faction, from the party because he had joined the coalition supporting the Azarov Government the previous month.[70] 28 members of the faction where officially expelled from it, because they had joined the majority coalition, on 21 September 2010.[71]

On 16 November 2010 the ByuT faction was officially renamed "Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko-Batkivschyna".[72]

By late 2010 the BYuT faction consisted of 113 lawmakers of the original 156 elected in September 2007. Most BYuT leavers became members of the "Stability and Reforms" coalition supporting the Azarov Government (17 of these became founding members of Reforms for the Future in February 2011[73][74]).[75] Four joined the Party of Regions faction in October 2010 (followed by five others in March 2011).[76][77][78] Early February 2011 seven more deputies where expelled from the faction.[79] On 2 February 2011 party-leader Tymoshenko claimed members of the "Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko-Batkivschyna"-faction had been offered money and places in the election list of the Party of Regions and have been blackmailed into voting for laws introduced by the Azarov Government.[80] In 2011 the faction of BYuT lost 11 more deputies.[81] On 29 December 2011 it consisted of 102 deputies.[81] Alliance leader Tymoshenko was sentenced to seven years in jail in October 2011 on abuse of power charges.[82][83]

Ukrainian President Yanukovych and the Party of Regions have been accused of trying to create a "controlled democracy" in Ukraine and as a means to this tried to "destroy" main opposition party BYuT, but both have denied this charges.[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]

Dissolution

In November 2011 the participation of blocs of political parties in parliamentary elections was banned.[8] The People's Self-Defense Political Party merged with All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland".[94][95]

"Fatherland" and Reforms and Order Party (with People's Movement of Ukraine) announced to compete one single party list during the parliamentary elections in 2012 in March 2012.[96] On 7 April 2012 Arseniy Yatsenyuk announced his party Front of Changes will join them on this (single) party list.[97]

On 15 March 2012 the Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party was expelled from the bloc for alleged "cooperation with the presidential administration and the ruling regime"; the day before the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party party-leader Natalia Korolevska had been expelled from the "Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko-Batkivschyna"-faction (formerly BYuT faction) in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament).[98][99] The Ukrainian Social Democratic Party had stated in December 2011 "that we are doing nothing that can harm the Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko… Our task is to collect the most votes in parliament at the 2012 parliamentary elections".[100] On 22 March 2012 party congress the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party was renamed Party of Natalia Korolevska "Ukraine – Forward!".[101][102]

Results for "Fatherland" in the 2012 elections

Eventually "Fatherland" became the "umbrella" party which election list included members of Reforms and Order Party, People's Movement of Ukraine, Front of Changes, For Ukraine, People's Self-Defense, Civil Position and Social Christian Party.[103][104][105][106] In July 2012 members of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People joined this list.[107] This list named themselves: United Opposition "Fatherland".[107] During the election the list won 62 seats and 25.55% of the votes under the proportional party-list system (falling from 30.71% in 2007 for Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko[35]) and another 39 by winning 39 simple-majority constituencies (this sum gave them a total of 101 seats and 22.67% of the 450 seats in the Ukrainian Parliament).[108] The party lost about 2 million voters compared with the results of Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko in the previous election.[9]

By late November 2012 the BYuT faction consisted of 97 lawmakers of the original 156 elected in September 2007.[35][75]

On 15 June 2013 Reforms and Order Party and Front for Change merged into "Fatherland".[109]

The ideology of BYuT

The official ideology of the block is solidarism.[110] But in the block includes parties with different ideology:[6] pro-Europe,[4] liberal nationalistic and social democratic.[111][112] The hostile parties claim that the ideology of BYuT is populism.[112][113]

Bloc's electoral results

Parliamentary since 2002[35]
(year links to election page)
Year Votes % Mandates
2002
1,882,087
7,26
21
2006
5,652,876
22,29
129
2007
7,162,193
30,71
156
Presidential since 1999 (year links to election page)
Year Candidate Votes %
2004 Viktor Yushchenko (not a member of BYuT but supported by BYuT during the election[114])
15,115,712
51.99
2010 Yulia Tymoshenko
11,593,357
45.47

Issue stances

Constitution

BYuT proposes a national referendum on the system of governance (Presidential or Parliamentary) and the adoption a new Constitution. On 15 February 2010 BYuT faction leader Ivan Kyrylenko stated "We think that that there is a post that is unnecessary in the state" (without mentioning which post he meant).[115]

Justice

Raise salaries for judges and abolish the requirement for them to hear specific cases. Legal aid schemes for poor citizens so that income is not the final determinant of judicial representation and consideration.

Media

The creation of public broadcast television, greater transparency and disclosure of ownership of media interests, the establishment of agreements between owners of media outlets and journalists in order to facilitate open and honest editorial policy, and increased internet availability.

Anti-corruption

The implementation of a systematic program to combat corruption.

Social reform

Provide improved social welfare services while encouraging an expansion of the population. Specific plans include obligatory medical insurance, free state medical services for those in need, affordable medication, a rural doctor program, and increased payments for each newborn child. In addition, there are proposals for increased baby care allowances and long-term low interest loans for young families.

Education

Stop the brain drain by restoring the status and raising the standards of the education system. Measures include incentives for investment in professional and higher education, and, most importantly, research and development.

Transit

Building new oil and gas pipelines and expanding public-private partnership investments to improve roads, railways and airports. Liberalization of the current regime for the transit of passengers and goods.

Business

Address the imbalance between large enterprises, which dominate the business sector, and small by encouraging the growth of wealth-creating small- and medium-sized enterprises. Reduce the tax burden through the adoption of a new tax code while expanding assessment, minimizing tax remissions, and abolishing VAT. Simplify the process to set up and administer businesses and establishing lower business lending rates in line with European levels. Also proposed are measures to liberalize banking and insurance services and to encourage longer-term lending. Shareholder rights will be protected, the permit system reformed, and the governmental bureaucracy reduced.

Energy

Overturn the nation's dependence on monopolies for importing energy while strengthening collaboration and coordination of energy policy with the EU. Specific policies include integration with the European market for the supply and consumption of electricity, measures to reduce oil and gas consumption, an increase in utilization of brown coal and the production of synthetic fuel. Complete the Odessa-Brody-Plotsk (Gdańsk) transit pipeline and build a gas transit pipeline linking the Caspian Sea (running through Azerbaijan and Georgia) and the Black Sea. Encourage domestic production both onshore and offshore in the Black and Azov Seas.

Investment

Encouragement of domestic and foreign investment. Changing and eliminating legislation and legal contradictions that currently hinder investment. Procedures must be streamlined to allocate land under long-term leases to investors who will build new facilities in Ukraine, especially in the technology sector. Other proposals include transparent and open privatization and tender processes and the establishment of a network of regional ombudsman to simplify processes for obtaining import certificates. Special emphasis will be made to attract investment in the power sector and all new legislation enacted will be in accordance with WTO practices.

Construction

BYuT proposes a system of mortgage lending with lower interest rates for house purchases along with governmental targets designed for public housing projects. Decentralization to the regional level will be implemented to facilitate these targets for both housing and commercial facilities. Special tax incentives are also envisioned for industrial projects to complement planning for investment described above.

Agriculture

A program aimed at establishing a stronger, more profitable and environmentally responsible agricultural sector will be implemented. Crucial measures include the availability of development funds, agricultural exchanges, insurance funds and land-banks. Other initiatives involve the promotion of agricultural products to overseas markets. To facilitate a functioning land market, agricultural producers will have access to low interest loans, with incentives put in place for the development of cooperative banks and credit unions in rural areas.

Relationships with other parties

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Late May was marked with another story on a boring subject – betrayal, conspiracy, coup d'état, the usurpation of power and other terrible things. This has already become a political characteristic of Ukraine.

BYuT faction leader Ivan Kyrylenko during a Verkhovna Rada speech (2 June 2009)[116]

Our Ukraine has been the main ally of the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT) during the Orange Revolution and in its aftermath.[117][118][119][120][121] Relations with archrival Party of Regions (PoR)[122][123][124] has always been sour but at times seemed to improve. In 2009 a coalition government between these two seemed to become a reality.[125][126][127][128][129] But early June talks to build a broad coalition to address the economic crisis collapsed; Yulia Tymoshenko accused PoR leader Viktor Yanukovych of betrayal.[130] Then-Ukrainian President Viktor Yuschenko at the time showed little enthusiasm for a BYuT-PoR coalition.[131]

See also

References and Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 BYT-Batkivschyna replaces its leader, Kyiv Post (7 December 2011)
  2. ↑ You Scratch My Back, and I’ll Scratch Yours, The Ukrainian Week (26 September 2012)
  3. ↑ (Russian language) Tymoshenko bloc elected (at the Party Congress) as its ideology solidarism. 8 December 2005.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Against All Odds:Aiding Political Parties in Georgia and Ukraine by Max Bader, Vossiuspers UvA, 2010, ISBN 978-90-5629-631-5 (page 82)
  7. ↑ It may refer to one or several of the following:
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Parliament passes law on parliamentary elections, Kyiv Post (17 November 2011)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012)
  10. ↑ Who will meet with Yanukovych in the second round. American Sociological Service Gallup measured the mood of the Ukrainians. 11 October 2013.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Poll: Political forces of Tigipko, Yatseniuk, Communist Party in Top 5 of April rating of parties, Kyiv Post (12 May 2010)
  12. ↑ Новый состав Кабмина принят единогласно, news.mediaport.ua(Russian)
  13. ↑ (Ukrainian)Народна депутатка з Луганська від БЮТу раніше підтримувала Віктора Януковича, Gazeta.ua (23 March 2007)
  14. ↑ Q&A: Ukrainian parliamentary poll, BBC News (1 October 2007)
  15. ↑ Tymoshenko aware of change in leadership of BYT-Batkivschyna faction, Kyiv Post (7 December 2011)
  16. ↑ Yulia Tymoshenko’s orbits, Ukrayinska Pravda (20 March 2006)
  17. ↑ Black Sea Politics: Political Culture and Civil Society in an Unstable Region by Ayse Ayata and Ayca Ergun, I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84511-035-2, page 90
  18. ↑ Levko Lukyanenko, Verkhovna Rada
  19. ↑ Shkil Andriy, Kyiv Post (25 February 2009)
  20. ↑ Andriy Shkil, Verkhovna Rada
  21. ↑ Tymoshenko to include more education sector's representatives into voting lists during parliamentary election, Kyiv Post (5 October 2009)
  22. ↑ Business has hardly any influence in BYT, says Tymoshenko, Interfax-Ukraine (7 December 2009)
  23. ↑ No. 50 Richest: Tariel Vasadze, 63, Kyiv Post (17 December 2010)
  24. ↑ No. 40 Richest: Serhiy and Oleksandr Buryak, 44 and 40, Kyiv Post (17 December 2010)
  25. ↑ No. 43 Richest: Oleksandr Feldman, 50, Kyiv Post (17 December 2010)
  26. ↑ No. 26 Richest: Yevhen Sihal, 55, Kyiv Post (17 December 2010)
  27. ↑ Kostyantin Valentynovych Zhevago, Bloomberg L.P. (2009)
  28. ↑ No. 11 Richest: Andriy Verevsky, 36, Kyiv Post (17 December 2010)
  29. ↑ Eight Ukrainians make Forbes magazine's list of world billionaires, Kyiv Post (8 March 2012)
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Europa World Year Book 2, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8, page 4295
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 About Tymoshenko, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Ukraine:Treatment of the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (SDPU); relationship with the National Salvation Forum (FNB); treatment of FNB members, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada via UNHCR (14 August 2003)
  33. ↑ (Ukrainian) Виборчий блок політичних партій "Виборчий блок Юлії Тимошенко", Central Election Commission of Ukraine (22 December 2001)
  34. ↑ (Ukrainian) Вони – Блок Юлії Тимошенко, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 January 2002)
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 (Ukrainian) Всеукраїнське об'єднання „Батьківщина", Database DATA
  36. ↑ The countries of the former Soviet Union at the turn of the twenty-first century: the Baltic and European states in transition (page 551) by Ian Jeffries, ISBN 978-0-415-25230-0 (published in 2004)
  37. ↑ 2001 Political sketches: too early for summing up, Central European University (4 January 2002)
  38. ↑ Ukraine's election frontrunners, BBC News (28 March 2002)
  39. ↑ Ukraine's Gold-Plaited Comeback Kid, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (23 September 2008)
  40. ↑ Laws of Ukraine. Presidential decree No. 144/2005: On the recognition of Y. Tymoshenko as the Prime Minister of Ukraine. Adopted on 4 February 2004. (Ukrainian)
  41. ↑ Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, Andrew Wilson, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-09545-7
    Ukraine on Its Meandering Path Between East and West by Andrej Lushnycky and Mykola Riabchuk, Peter Lang, 2009, ISBN 303911607X
    Ukraine at the Crossroads: Velvet Revolution or Belarusification by Olexiy Haran, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, October 2002
  42. ↑ (Ukrainian) Українська республіканська партія „Собор", Database DATA
  43. ↑ (Ukrainian) Злилися УРП і "Собор": Матвієнко – голова партії, Лук'яненко – голова ради старійшин, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 April 2002)
  44. ↑ Yanukovych Loses 300,000 While Tymoshenko Receives Additional 1.5 Million, Ukrainska Pravda
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Source: Central Election Commission of Ukraine (English)
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Experts Admit Party Of Regions-Tymoshenko Bloc Coalition If Pliusch Nominated For Speaker’s Position, Ukrainian News Agency (3 December 2008)
  49. ↑ Ukraine coalition set to reform, BBC News (9 December 2008)
  50. ↑ New parliamentary majority receives name, Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (11 December 2008)
  51. ↑ Lavrynovych Speaking About Majority Between BYuT, OU PSD, Lytvyn Bloc And Communist Party Faction At Rada, Ukrainian News Agency (13 December 2008) "Lytvyn announced about creating a coalition between BYuT, the Our Ukraine – People's Self-Defense Bloc faction and the Lytvyn Bloc. However, the coalition agreement has not been signed so far."
  52. ↑ Tymoshenko Bloc, OU-PSD, And Lytvyn Bloc Sign Rada Coalition Agreement, Ukrainian News Agency (16 December 2008)
  53. ↑ President calls on VR to focus on overcoming economic crisis, UNIAN (11 December 2008)
  54. ↑ Yushchenko categorically opposed to "coalition of three" – Hrytsenko, UNIAN (15 December 2008)
  55. ↑ Presidential Secretariat urges parliament to include early election funds in 2009 budget, Interfax-Ukraine (15 December 2008)
  56. ↑ Lytvyn Predicts Rada’s Work Until 2012, Ukrainian News Agency (13 December 2008) "I can reassure everyone that snap elections will not be held... If the Rada is working adequately and the public sees its efficiency, the Parliament will work next four-year", he said.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Ukraine timeline, BBC News
  58. ↑ Rada lifts Lozynskiy's immunity in connection with murder investigation, Kyiv Post (3 July 2009)
  59. ↑ Parliament takes away deputy mandate of Lozinsky, Interfax-Ukraine (3 July 2009)
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ MPs desert defeated Ukraine candidate Yulia Tymoshenko, BBC News (21 September 2010)
  63. ↑ Sobolev: Seven MPs from BYT bribed to vote for Tymoshenko's resignation, Kyiv Post (3 March 2010)
  64. ↑ Tymoshenko says cabinet won't stay on as caretaker, Kyiv Post (3 March 2010)
  65. ↑ Tymoshenko: Government members will immediately leave offices after Rada's decision on cabinet dismissal, Kyiv Post (3 March 2010)
  66. ↑ Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc wants its members joining coalition to be stripped of mandates, Kyiv Post (11 March 2010)
  67. ↑ Another MP from BYT joins coalition, Kyiv Post (13 April 2010)
  68. ↑ Eight parties sign agreement on creation of united opposition, Kyiv Post (16 March 2010)
  69. ↑ Tymoshenko urges BYuT deputies to submit new applications for faction membership, Kyiv Post (29 May 2010)
  70. ↑ Batkivschyna Expels Feldman From Party, Kyiv Post (26 June 2010)
  71. ↑ BYuT-Batkivschyna parliament faction expels 28 members, Kyiv Post (21 September 2010)
  72. ↑ (Ukrainian) Фракція БЮТ змінила свою назву, STB (16 November 2010)
  73. ↑ (Ukrainian) Завтра в Раді може з'явитися нова фракція, Ukrainian News Agency (15 February 2011)
  74. ↑ (Ukrainian) Група "Реформи заради майбутнього" у Верховній Раді України, Verkhovna Rada
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 (Ukrainian) Депутатські фракції, Verkhovna Rada
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Seven BYT deputies who voted for constitutional amendments expelled from faction, Kyiv Post (1 February 2011)
  80. ↑ Tymoshenko: 'I'm praying for – not condemning – faction traitors', Kyiv Post (2 February 2011)
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 (Ukrainian) 2011 року фракція БЮТ втратила 11 депутатів, The Ukrainian Week (6 January 2012)
  82. ↑ Tomenko:Batkivschyna not planning to change its leader Tymoshenko, Kyiv Post (4 December 2012)
  83. ↑ Yulia Tymoshenko ends hunger strike after hospital move, BBC News (9 May 2012)
  84. ↑ Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle?, openDemocracy.net (3 January 2011)
  85. ↑ Ukraine ex-PM Tymoshenko charged with misusing funds, BBC News (20 December 2010)
  86. ↑ The Party of Regions monopolises power in Ukraine, Centre for Eastern Studies (29 September 2010)
  87. ↑ Ukraine viewpoint: Novelist Andrey Kurkov, BBC News (13 January 2011)
  88. ↑ Ukraine launches battle against corruption, BBC News (18 January 2011)
  89. ↑ Ukrainians' long wait for prosperity, BBC News (18 October 2010)
  90. ↑ Ukraine:Journalists Face Uncertain Future, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting (27 October 2010)
  91. ↑ Yanukovych Tells U.K's Cameron No Fears for Ukraine's Democracy, Turkish Weekly (6 October 2010)
  92. ↑ Yulia Kovalevska:Only some bankrupt politicians try to use the Day of Unification with the aim of self-PR, Party of Regions official website (21 January 2011)
  93. ↑ President: Ukraine must fulfill its commitments to Council of Europe, president.gov.ua (13 January 2011)
  94. ↑ Turchynov: Batkivschyna, People's Self-Defense start unification (updated), Kyiv Post (28 December 2011)
  95. ↑ Tymoshenko, Lutsenko aware of their parties' unification, Kyiv Post (29 December 2011)
  96. ↑ Opposition to form single list to participate in parliamentary elections, Kyiv Post (2 March 2012)
  97. ↑ (Ukrainian) "ФРОНТ ЗМІН" ІДЕ В РАДУ З "БАТЬКІВЩИНОЮ", 'Ukrayinska Pravda (7 April 2012)
    Yatseniuk wants to meet with Tymoshenko to discuss reunion of opposition, 'Kyiv Post     (7 April 2012)
  98. ↑ (Ukrainian) Королевську викинули ще й з блоку Тимошенко, 'Ukrayinska Pravda (15 March 2012)
  99. ↑ Korolevska expelled from Batkivschyna faction, Kyiv Post (14 March 2012)
  100. ↑ Korolevska promises not to change ideology of Ukrainian Social Democratic Party, Kyiv Post (24 December 2011)
  101. ↑ (Ukrainian) Королевська перейменувалася та обіцяє звинувачувати лідерів БЮТ, 'Ukrayinska Pravda (22 March 2012)
  102. ↑ (Ukrainian) УСДП перейменувалася в партію "Україна – Вперед!", BBC Ukrainian (22 March 2012)
  103. ↑ (Ukrainian) Соціально-християнська партія вирішила приєднатися до об'єднаної опозиції, Den (newspaper) (24 April 2012)
  104. ↑ Opposition to form single list to participate in parliamentary elections, 'Kyiv Post (2 March 2012)
    (Ukrainian) "ФРОНТ ЗМІН" ІДЕ В РАДУ З "БАТЬКІВЩИНОЮ", 'Ukrayinska Pravda     (7 April 2012)
    Yatseniuk wants to meet with Tymoshenko to discuss reunion of opposition, 'Kyiv Post (7 April 2012)
  105. ↑ (Ukrainian) Tymoshenko and Yatsenyuk united ("Тимошенко та Яценюк об'єдналися"), 'Ukrayinska Pravda (23 April 2012)
  106. ↑ Civil Position party joins Ukraine's united opposition, Kyiv Post (20 June 2012)
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 Mustafa Dzhemiliov is number 12 on the list of the United Opposition "Fatherland", Den (2 August 2012)
  108. ↑ (Ukrainian) Proportional votes & Constituency seats, Central Electoral Commission of Ukraine
    % of total seats, Ukrayinska Pravda
  109. ↑ Sobolev: Front for Change and Reform and Order Party to join Batkivschyna, Interfax-Ukraine (11 June 2013)
    Front for Change, Reforms and Order to dissolve for merger with Batkivshchyna - Sobolev, Ukrinform (11 June 2013))
  110. ↑ (Russian language) BYT has chosen for himself ideology of solidarity. 8 December 2005.
  111. ↑ Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe by Uwe Backes and Patrick Moreau, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-36912-8 (page 399)
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy by Anders Åslund, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009, ISBN 978-0-88132-427-3 (page 155)
  113. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  114. ↑ Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough by Anders Aslund and Michael A. McFaul, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006, ISBN 978-0-87003-221-9
  115. ↑ BYT proposes discussing form of government, constitutional amendments to referendum, Kyiv Post (15 February 2010)
  116. ↑ BYT faction leader describes talk of coup d'etat or conspiracy as groundless, Interfax-Ukraine (2 June 2009)
  117. ↑ Design for a New Europe by John Gillingham and Wang Yuanhe, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-86694-4 (page 205)
  118. ↑ Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy by Sharon Wolchik and Jane Curry, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007, ISBN 0-7425-4068-5 (page 355)
  119. ↑ The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Successes and Failures (Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series) by Donnacha Ó Beacháin and Abel Polese, Routledge, 2010, ISBN 0-415-58060-9 (page 35)
  120. ↑ Understanding Ukrainian Politics: Power, Politics, And Institutional Design by Paul D'Anieri, M.E. Sharpe, 2006, ISBN 0-7656-1811-7 (page 117)
  121. ↑ The Report: Emerging Ukraine 2007, Oxford Business Group, 2007, ISBN 1-902339-68-1 (page 3)
  122. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  123. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  124. ↑ The Report: Ukraine 2007, Oxford Business Group, 2008, ISBN 978-1-902339-03-0 (page 6)
  125. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  126. ↑ BYT says union Party of Regions highly improbable, Interfax-Ukraine (13 March 2008)
  127. ↑ BYT ready to join efforts with Regions Party to pass law on aviation development, says Tymoshenko, Interfax-Ukraine (17 March 2008)
  128. ↑ Yanukovych does not believe in coalition with BYUT, UNIAN (30 March 2009)
  129. ↑ Party of Regions holding talks with BYuT – Yanukovych, UNIAN (25 May 2009)
  130. ↑ Ukraine Premier Fails to Form Alliance to Oppose President, The New York Times (8 June 2009)
  131. ↑ Yuschenko considers secret talks on constitutional amendments as anti-constitutional coup, says Vannykova, Interfax-Ukraine (2 June 2009)

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