Fort Andrews
- Distinguish from Fort Andrew, Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA.
Fort Andrews was created in 1897 as part of the Coast Defenses of Boston, Massachusetts.[1] It occupies the entire northeast end of Peddocks Island in Boston Harbor. Once an active Coast Artillery post, it was manned by hundreds of soldiers and bristled with mortars and guns that controlled the southern approaches to Boston and Quincy Bay. Today, the fort is abandoned, and is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, as part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. The fort was named after Maj. Gen. George Leonard Andrews, an engineer and Civil War commander, who assisted in the construction of Fort Warren in Boston Harbor.
By the 1920s, Fort Andrews consisted of some 30 structures (see map at left, below), ranging from large brick barracks buildings that housed over 100 soldiers each to elegant officers' quarters and a 50-bed hospital. The fort even had a radio transmitting station, one of the Army's earliest.
Fort Andrews was one of two forts of this size in Boston Harbor,[2] the other being Fort Strong, on Long Island, and after the demolition of almost all of Fort Strong's wooden structures in about 2005 to make way for a children's camp, Fort Andrews is now the sole survivor of its type in Massachusetts.
In 2010, most of these structures are seriously dilapidated or in danger of collapse, and Peddocks Island, normally reachable by ferry from Hull, was temporarily closed to the public. The island was reopened on July 8, 2011
The fort was active prior to and during World War I and, after having been put on maintenance status ("mothballed"), was brought back into action again during World War II. In 1942 the fort's massive coast defense mortars were scrapped, but its 6-inch and 3-inch guns served out the war guarding the southern approaches to Boston Harbor. In 1946, Ft. Andrews was decommissioned by the Army, and in the 1970s, it was purchased, along with the rest of Peddocks Island, by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.[3]
Armament
In its heyday, the fort's armament was impressive. Fort Andrews was the site of one of Boston Harbor's two coast defense mortar batteries, meant to protect the southern approaches to Boston Harbor. The two pits of Battery Whitman at the northwest end of the fort were initially planned to be the first two pits of a four-pit (16-mortar) battery, in a so-called Abbott Quad design.[4] With a range of 7 miles, these batteries could in fact have reached both the northern and southern channels into the harbor, interlocking with the fire of the Ft. Banks mortars.
As it was, only two pits (in a north-south alignment) were built for Battery Whitman (Whitman Pit A is the southerly one, with Pit B behind it), and two more, of a slightly different design, became Battery Cushing, built just to the east and in an east-west alignment). When fully equipped, these pits contained 12 12-inch coast defense mortars, able to bombard the southern approaches to the harbor with projectiles weighing over 1000 lbs. each. Three of the mortar pits are still visible. The fourth (most easterly of Cushing's two pits—Pit A) has been partially filled with debris from the recent demolition of other structures at the fort.[5]
The Boston press reported that when the mortars were test-fired in the 1920, they literally blew doors off of nearby barracks buildings and broke windows at the fort. Island residents also told of the blast from the mortar barrels igniting brush fires on the grassy slopes of the mortar pits.
In addition, the fort had the two 6-inch guns of Battery McCook and the two 3-inch guns of Battery Bumpus in concrete emplacements at the top of the bluff northeast of the fort, overlooking Nantasket Roads (the main channel to Quincy Bay), the shipyards beyond, and (formerly) the southern entrance to Boston Harbor itself.[6] The gun emplacements can still be seen, but they are seriously deteriorated and somewhat dangerous to visit.
Fire Control Structures
Ft. Andrews is unusual in the number of different types of fire control structures it exhibits. These were constructed beginning in 1904 and running up through World War II.
The oldest fire control structure at the fort is the so-called East Side fire control building, completed in 1904. Its position (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.), 100 ft. high on the hill to the northeast of the parade ground, gave it a commanding view of the southern harbor channels and out to sea.[7] This structure originally contained a vertical base end station for Battery McCook, as well as observation instruments for the Commander of the fort and a plotting room.
A second east side fire control station was the coincidence range finder (CRF) station that was located (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)in a blockhouse constructed in 1925 on the gun platform for Gun #1 of Battery Rice, a 5-inch battery built in the early 20th century but for which the guns were never delivered. This small (13-foot square) structure housed a Barr and Stroud CRF device that, with a length of 9 ft., must have made for very cramped quarters.
The third fire control station on the east side, also built in 1925, was the small pillbox that housed a second depression position finder (DPF) for Battery McCook. The position of this emplacement (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.), about 350 ft. northwest of the battery, near the lip of the tall northern bluffs of the island, gave it a commanding view over toward Ft. Warren on Georges Island and the surrounding channels into Boston.[8]
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File:Andrews-East-FCT-x2.jpg
The East Side fire control station.
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File:1944 Base End Station.jpg
1944 Base End Station
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Atop the tall hill on the west side of the parade ground were two more stations. In 1944, a single-story concrete bunker was built to house base end station #1 for Battery McCook. Located at a height of 128 feet above sea level (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.), this structure housed a depression position finder (DPF). Today, the structure is thickly overgrown with trees and brush, but during World War II controlled burns kept the brow of the hill clear of obstructions.
The final fire control structure is a two-bay wood and plaster building that was 40 ft. long overall, constructed in 1907, and had dual observation platforms and plotting rooms for mortar batteries Whitman and Cushing, northwest of the parade ground. Located (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.) about 80 ft. northwest of the 1944 bunker described above, this building has now collapsed under the weight of fallen trees, and its remaining walls are shaky. The building was built in a 15 ft. deep pit, with only its observation windows likely projecting above ground level, and today (in 2010) this renders it almost invisible until a visitor is virtually on the edge of the pit. The ruins are significant for being the only remains of one of the early wood and plaster fire control buildings that were so prevalent throughout Boston's harbor defenses in the period 1905-1925.
See also
Notes
- ↑ Construction dates and structure or battery details used in this article come from period documents such as Quartermaster's records and Army Engineers Reports of Completed Works (RCWs), as reproduced from National Archives originals and distributed on DVD by the Coast Defense Study Group, 2010.
- ↑ Fort Warren, on Georges Island, also covered a large area, but most of its structures were obsolete, dating from the pre-Civil War era.
- ↑ A few retired non-commissioned Army officers were permitted to continue to occupy quarters at the fort late into the last century, but today there is only one year-round resident on the island.
- ↑ This was also the design that was used to build Boston's other two mortar batteries, at Fort Banks in Winthrop, MA. For a discussion of the Abbott Quad and an inventory and discussion of all U.S. coast defense mortar batteries, see "Analysis of Seacoast Mortar Battery Design Types (1890-1925), by Thomas Vaughan, Version 1.0. Stoughton. MA 27 February 2004.
- ↑ On the map above, the four mortar pits are indicated by small rectangles, each with four dots(indicating the planned number of mortars) within it.
- ↑ Before the causeway to Long Island was constructed, ships could pass between Moon Island and Deer Island. These passages were protected by anti-ship and anti-submarine booms during World War II.
- ↑ Today, this building is surrounded by 50-foot-tall (15 m) trees and heavy brush. Up through WW2, it was totally exposed on a bare ridge line.
- ↑ The remains of a 1920s era coastal searchlight emplacement can be found about 40 ft. southwest of this pillbox. The searchlight was of the type that could be lowered into a concrete pit when not in use. Both this pit and the access hatch of the pillbox are now open and heavily overgrown, making them dangerous for an unwary visitor.
External links
- [1] A website on Coast Defense in New England, with extensive photo galleries.
Bibliography
- Berhow, Mark A., Ed., "American Seacoast Defenses: A Reference Guide", CDSG Press, McLean, VA, 2004.
- Butler, Gerald, "The Military History of Boston's Harbor Islands", Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, et al., 2000.
- Silvia, Matilda, "Once Upon an Island", Hot House Press, 2003.
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