Jarosław Dąbrowski

For the person after whom the Polish national anthem is named, see Jan Henryk Dąbrowski. For the film, see Jarosław Dąbrowski (film).

Jarosław Dąbrowski
File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg Coat of arms: Radwan
Nickname(s)	Żądło, Łokietek
Born	(1836-11-13)13 November 1836 Żytomierz, Volhynian governorate, Russian Empire
Died	Paris, France
Allegiance	Russian Empire Congress Poland 22px Central National Committee Polish National Government 1871 Government of Paris
Service/branch	Russian Empire Imperial Russian Army 22px Central National Committee Communards National Guard
Rank	Staff captain and Quartermaster assigned to 6th Infantry Division of the Imperial Russian Army Insurgent leader Commander-in-chief / General
Commands held	Insurgent leader: January Uprising Commander-in-chief/General: Army of the 1871 Government of Paris (Communards, National Guard)
Battles/wars	Caucasian War January Uprising Paris Commune
Awards	27px Order of Saint Stanislaus

Jarosław Żądło-Dąbrowski (Polish pronunciation: [jaˈrɔswav ˈʐɔndwɔ dɔmˈbrɔfskʲi]; 13 November 1836 – 23 May 1871), also known as Jaroslav Dombrowski, was a Polish nobleman and military officer in the Imperial Russian Army, a left-wing independence activist and radical republican for Poland, and general and military commander of the Paris Commune in its final days. He was a participant in the Polish 1863 January Uprising and one of the leaders of the "Red" faction among the insurrectionists as a member of the Central National Committee and the Polish Provisional National Government.

Biography

Dąbrowski was born in 1836, after the Partitions of Poland, in Żytomierz, in the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire, in what is now Zhytomyr in Ukraine. He was the offspring of the old szlachta family Żądło-Dąbrowski z Dąbrówki. He bore the Radwan coat of arms. His father was Wiktor Żądło-Dąbrowski, his mother was Zofia née Falkenhagen-Zaleska.

• Будинок, в якому народився Ярослав Домбровський.jpg

  Zhytomyr house where Dąbrowski was born

• Житомир. Памятник Ярославу Домбровскому..JPG

  Monument dedicated to Dąbrowski in Zhytomyr

• Jaroslaw Dabrowski house Zhytomyr 2008.jpg

  Memorial on the Zhytomyr house where Dąbrowski was born

Military career

File:Dombrowsky.jpg

Dąbrowski in 1861

In 1845 at age 9, Dąbrowski joined the Imperial Russian Army, enrolling in the officer training corps at the Brest-Litovsk Fortress, where he spent 8 years. He graduated from the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps in 1855. He fought as a Russian officer against uprisings of the local mountain populations in the Caucasian War. In 1859 he enrolled in the General Staff Academy in St. Petersburg. There he was one of the leaders of the secret "Officers' Committee of the First Army". Members included several hundred Russian and Polish officers, cooperating with the revolutionary "Zemlya i Volya" (Land and Liberty) movement. He became involved in the preparation of the January Uprising, but was arrested on 14 August 1862, and exiled to Siberia for his participation in a plot against the Tsar, Alexander II. In 1865, he escaped and fled to France.

On the Barricades in Paris

Dąbrowski caricatured in Le Père Duchesne Illustré: "Un bon bougre!... Nom de Dieu!..." ("A Good Guy!... For God's Sake!!..."); May 1871

In early March 1871, following months of siege by the Prussians and the capture of Napoleon III by the Prussian Army, a socialist-anarchist coalition called the Paris Commune seized power in Paris and declared itself independent of the French government. Dąbrowski was elected to the Council of the Paris Commune, using the nom de guerre, Jaroslav Dombrowski. As one of the few Commune soldiers with military experience, he was soon named Commander-in-Chief of the Commune forces.

On 21 May 1871, shortly after he was named commander, the French Army attacked and entered Paris. The first reaction of many of the National Guard was to find someone to blame, and Dąbrowski was the first to be accused. Rumors circulated he accepted a million francs to give up the city. He was deeply offended by the rumors. They stopped when he died two days later from wounds received on the barricades. His last reported words were, "Do they still say I was a traitor?" The Commune fell on 28 May 1871.

Misidentification with pianist Henri Dombrowski

A photographic portrait, taken before 1870, of Paris pianist Henri Dombrowski was falsely portrayed as depicting General Jarosław Dąbrowski by photographer Pierre Petit. Petit sold 200,000 copies of the photo. Henri Dombrowski demanded damages. The misidentification with pianist Henri Dombrowski can be seen in many monuments and portrayals of Jarosław Dąbrowski as a result of Petit's actions.

Legacy

See also: Polish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War

Several schools and roads are named after him in Poland; among them most notable is the Military University of Technology in Warsaw. In the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), – the Dabrowski Battalion and various brigade-strength units (known in Polish as the Dąbrowszczacy) – were named in his honour.

See also

• Paris Commune
• Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith
• James H. Billington
• List of Poles

Bibliography

• .
• .
• .
• .
• .
• .
• .
• .

External links

• The Library of Congress: James Hadley Billington
• Banknote, featuring JAROSŁAW DĄBROWSKI - Denomination: 200 złoty; Country of Issue: Poland; Year Issued: 1986
• Theme music from the movie: JAROSŁAW DĄBROWSKI (1976); Music by Wojciech Kilar
• Movie (in Polish): JAROSŁAW DĄBROWSKI (released: 26 January 1976) directed by Bohdan Poręba (length: 2 hours, 12 minutes)
• (SEA VESSEL) S.S. JAROSŁAW DĄBROWSKI: Built: 1950; Gross Tonnage: 3,196; Deadweight Tonnage: 2,667; Builder: Blyth Shipbuilding Company, Blyth, Northumberland county, England, UK; Owner: Polish Ocean Lines, Gdynia, Pomerania province, Poland
• (SEA VESSEL) S.S. JAROSŁAW DĄBROWSKI: Rendsburg, Rendsburg-Eckernförde district, Schleswig-Holstein state, Kiel Canal, Germany; 04-September-1966; Built: 1950; Gross Tonnage: 3,196; Deadweight Tonnage: 2,667; Builder: Blyth Shipbuilding Company, Blyth, Northumberland county, England, UK; Owner: Polish Ocean Lines, Gdynia, Pomerania province, Poland
• Song "March of Dąbrowski Brigade" (in Polish) - See: Dąbrowski Brigade and Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939)
• Photographic Portrait, Taken Before 1870, of Paris Pianist Henri Dombrowski, Falsely Portrayed as Depicting General Jarosław Dąbrowski by photographer Pierre Petit.